Executive functioning, metacognition, and self-perceived competence in elementary school children: An explorative study on their interrelations and their role for school achievement

In the present study, associations between executive functioning, metacognition, and self-perceived competence in the context of early academic outcomes were examined. A total of 209 children attending first grade were initially assessed in terms of their executive functioning and academic self-concept. One year later, children’s executive functioning, academic self-concept, metacognitive monitoring and control, as well as their achievement in mathematics and literacy were evaluated. Structural equation modeling revealed that executive functioning was significantly related to metacognitive control, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and that self-concept was substantially associated with metacognitive monitoring, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Individual differences in executive functioning and metacognitive control were significantly related to academic outcomes, with metacognitive control appearing to yield a more circumscribed influence on academic outcomes (only literacy) compared to executive functioning (literacy and mathematics).

Improving executive functions in 5- and 6-year-olds: Evaluation of a small group intervention in prekindergarten and kindergarten children

Research suggests a central role of executive functions for children's cognitive and social development during preschool years, especially in promoting school readiness. Interventions aiming to improve executive functions are therefore being called for. The present study examined the effect of a small group intervention implemented in kindergarten settings focusing on basic components of executive functions, i.e., working memory, interference control and cognitive flexibility. A total of 135 children enrolled in Swiss prekindergarten (5-year-olds) and kindergarten (6-year-olds) were involved. Results revealed that the small group intervention promoted gains in all three included components of executive functions: prekindergarten children substantially improved their working memory and cognitive flexibility processes, whereas significant training effects were found for the kindergarten children in interference control. Implications of these findings for early intervention programs and for tailoring preschool curricula are discussed, particularly with respect to children's school readiness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A point mutation in cpsE renders Streptococcus pneumoniae nonencapsulated and enhances its growth, adherence and competence

BackgroundThe polysaccharide capsule is a major virulence factor of the important human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, S. pneumoniae strains lacking capsule do occur.ResultsHere, we report a nasopharyngeal isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae composed of a mixture of two phenotypes; one encapsulated (serotype 18C) and the other nonencapsulated, determined by serotyping, electron microscopy and fluorescence isothiocyanate dextran exclusion assay.By whole genome sequencing, we demonstrated that the phenotypes differ by a single nucleotide base pair in capsular gene cpsE (C to G change at gene position 1135) predicted to result in amino acid change from arginine to glycine at position 379, located in the cytoplasmic, enzymatically active, region of this transmembrane protein. This SNP is responsible for loss of capsule production as the phenotype is transferred with the capsule operon. The nonencapsulated variant is superior in growth in vitro and is also 117-fold more adherent to and more invasive into Detroit 562 human epithelial cells than the encapsulated variant.Expression of six competence pathway genes and one competence-associated gene was 11 to 34-fold higher in the nonencapsulated variant than the encapsulated and transformation frequency was 3.7-fold greater.ConclusionsWe identified a new single point mutation in capsule gene cpsE of a clinical S. pneumoniae serotype 18C isolate sufficient to cause loss of capsule expression resulting in the co-existence of the encapsulated and nonencapsulated phenotype. The mutation caused phenotypic changes in growth, adherence to epithelial cells and transformability. Mutation in capsule gene cpsE may be a way for S. pneumoniae to lose its capsule and increase its colonization potential.

Trypanosoma brucei eflornithine transporter AAT6 is a low-affinity low-selective transporter for neutral amino acids

Amino acid transporters are crucial for parasite survival since the cellular metabolism of parasitic protozoa depends on the uptake of exogenous amino acids. Amino acid transporters are also of high pharmacological relevance because they may mediate uptake of toxic amino acid analogues. In the present study we show that the eflornithine transporter AAT6 from Trypanosoma brucei (TbAAT6) mediates growth on neutral amino acids when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. The transport was electrogenic and further analysed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Neutral amino acids, proline analogues, eflornithine and acivicin induced inward currents. For proline, glycine and tryptophan the apparent affinities and maximal transport rates increased with more negative membrane potentials. Proline-induced currents were dependent on pH, but not on sodium. Although proline represents the primary energy source of T. brucei in the tsetse fly, down-regulation of TbAAT6-expression by RNAi showed that in culture TbAAT6 is not essential for growth of procyclic form trypanosomes in the presence of glucose or proline as energy source. TbAAT6-RNAi lines of both bloodstream and procyclic form trypanosomes showed reduced susceptibility to eflornithine, whereas the sensitivity to acivicin remained unchanged, indicating that acivicin enters the cell by more than one transporter

Transvenous demand Pacemaker Treatment for intermittent complete Heart Block in a Cat

A 13-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat had repeated syncopal episodes over a 6 month period, which had variable duration and continued to increase in frequency. Intermittent ventricular asystole, due to complete heart block, and hyperthyroidism were documented. As the syncopal episodes did not respond to a 4-week medical treatment and symptoms became severe, a transvenous ventricular demand pacemaker system (VVIM) was implanted via the external jugular vein. The unipolar lead was tunneled subcutaneously and connected with the generator in a preformed ventral abdominal muscle pocket. During follow up of 18-months there were no recurrences of the syncopal episodes.

Jeremias Gotthelf. Neue Studien

Das literarische Werk, die amtlichen Tätigkeiten, das pfarrerliche, pädagogische und politische Engagement des Schweizer Schriftstellers Jeremias Gotthelf (Albert Bitzius, 1797–1854) sind in den vergangenen Jahren wieder in das Zentrum der literaturwissenschaftlichen Forschung gerückt. Seit 2004 erarbeiten Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer und Christian von Zimmermann mit einem Editionsteam die neue Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe der Werke und Briefe. Innerhalb von 10 Jahren sind nicht allein die ersten, umfassend kommentierten Editionsbände zu den Predigten des Pfarrers, zur politischen und volkspädagogischen Publizistik entstanden, sondern vielfältige neue Blicke auch auf das erzählerische Werk gerichtet worden. Der vorliegende Band trägt vor diesem Forschungshintergrund neue Studien zu Leben und Werk von Jeremias Gotthelf zusammen. Die in der Kommentierungsarbeit erschlossenen theologischen, kirchlichen, schulgeschichtlichen, politischen und literarischen Kontexte werden für neue Schlaglichter auf das Gesamtwerk und die exemplarische Analyse bekannter Einzeltexte wie Leiden und Freuden eines Schulmeisters, Die schwarze Spinne, Das Erdbeeri Mareili oder Die Frau Pfarrerin genutzt.

Geschichte, Ziele und Perspektiven der "Historisch-kritischen Gesamtausgabe" der Werke und Briefe von Jeremias Gotthelf.

In diesem Beitrag wird die editorische und politische Vorgeschichte der HKG nachgezeichnet.

The relation between cognitive and motor performance and their relevance for children’s transition to school: A latent variable approach

Both theoretically and empirically there is a continuous interest in understanding the specific relation between cognitive and motor development in childhood. In the present longitudinal study including three measurement points, this relation was targeted. At the beginning of the study, the participating children were 5-6-year-olds. By assessing participants' fine motor skills, their executive functioning, and their non-verbal intelligence, their cross-sectional and cross-lagged interrelations were examined. Additionally, performance in these three areas was used to predict early school achievement (in terms of mathematics, reading, and spelling) at the end of participants' first grade. Correlational analyses and structural equation modeling revealed that fine motor skills, non-verbal intelligence and executive functioning were significantly interrelated. Both fine motor skills and intelligence had significant links to later school achievement. However, when executive functioning was additionally included into the prediction of early academic achievement, fine motor skills and non-verbal intelligence were no longer significantly associated with later school performance suggesting that executive functioning plays an important role for the motor-cognitive performance link.

Giftiges Insektenvolk und faule, flüchtige Winde: Überlegungen zur Bildlichkeit für den politischen Radikalismus bei Jeremias Gotthelf

Jeremias Gotthelf, Anhänger eines christlichen Republikanismus, polemisierte öffentlich heftig gegen die Vertreter des politischen Radikalismus. Der Aufsatz versucht, die von ihm verwendeten Bilder (Pflanzen-, Aggregatsmetaphorik, chemische Prozesse) für den Radikalismus zu kontextualisieren. Zu diesem Zweck werden Gotthelfs Roman "Jacobs, des Handwerksgesellen, Wanderungen durch die Schweiz" (1846/47) und seine Erzählung "Doktor Dorbach, der Wühler und die Bürglenherren in der heiligen Weihnachtsnacht Anno 1847" (1849) untersucht; z.T. wird auch auf publizistische und Kalendertexte der 1840er-Jahre zurückgegriffen. Die Untersuchung legt die vielfältigen Bezügen zwischen Gotthelf und zeitgenössischen Debatten in einer viel bewegten Zeit offen.