After the Critique of Rights: For a Radical Democratic Theory and Practice of Human Rights

The critique of human rights has proliferated in critical legal thinking over recent years, making it clear that we can no longer uncritically approach human rights in their liberal form. In this article I assert that after the critique of rights one way human rights may be productively re-engaged in radical politics is by drawing from the radical democratic tradition. Radical democratic thought provides plausible resources to rework the shortcomings of liberal human rights, and allows human rights to be brought within the purview of a wider political project adopting a critical approach to current relations of power. Building upon previous re-engagements with rights using radical democratic thought, I return to the work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe to explore how human rights may be thought as an antagonistic hegemonic activity within a critical relation to power, a concept which is fundamentally futural, and may emerge as one site for work towards radical and plural democracy. I also assert, via Judith Butler's model of cultural translation, that a radical democratic practice of human rights may be advanced which resonates with and builds upon already existing activism, thereby holding possibilities to persuade those who remain sceptical as to radical re-engagements with rights.

Metabonomics of human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnostics

O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve como principais objectivos contribuir para o conhecimento da composição do líquido amniótico humano (LA), colhido no 2º trimestre de gravidez, assim como investigar possíveis alterações na sua composição devido à ocorrência de patologias pré-natais, recorrendo à metabonómica e procurando, assim, definir novos biomarcadores de doenças da grávida e do feto. Após uma introdução descrevendo o estado da arte relacionado com este trabalho (Capítulo 1) e os princípios das metodologias analíticas usadas (Capítulo 2), seguida de uma descrição dos aspectos experimentais associados a esta tese (Capítulo 3), apresentam-se os resultados da caracterização da composição química do LA (gravidez saudável) por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), assim como da monitorização da sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e após ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (Capítulo 4). Amostras de LA armazenadas a -20°C registaram alterações significativas, tornando-se estas menos pronunciadas (mas ainda mensuráveis) a -70°C, temperatura recomendada para o armazenamento de LA. Foram também observadas alterações de composição após 1-2 ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (a ter em conta aquando da reutilização de amostras), assim como à temperatura ambiente (indicando um período máximo de 4h para a manipulação e análise de LA). A aquisição de espectros de RMN de 1H de alta resolução e RMN acoplado (LC-NMR/MS) permitiu a detecção de 75 compostos no LA do 2º trimestre, 6 dos quais detectados pela primeira vez no LA. Experiências de difusão (DOSY) permitiram ainda a caracterização das velocidades de difusão e massas moleculares médias das proteínas mais abundantes. O Capítulo 5 descreve o estudo dos efeitos de malformações fetais (FM) e de cromossomopatias (CD) na composição do LA do 2º trimestre de gravidez. A extensão deste trabalho ao estudo dos efeitos de patologias no LA que ocorrem no 3º trimestre de gravidez é descrita no Capítulo 6, nomeadamente no que se refere ao parto pré-termo (PTD), pré-eclampsia (PE), restrição do crescimento intra-uterino (IUGR), ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM) e diabetes mellitus gestacional (GDM). Como complemento a estes estudos, realizou-se uma análise preliminar da urina materna do 2º trimestre para o estudo de FM e GDM, descrita no Capítulo 7. Para interpretação dos dados analíticos, obtidos por espectroscopia RMN de 1H, cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massa (UPLC-MS) e espectroscopia do infravermelho médio (MIR), recorreu-se à análise discriminante pelos métodos dos mínimos quadrados parciais e o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais ortogonal (PLS-DA e OPLS-DA) e à correlação espectral. Após análise por validação cruzada de Monte-Carlo (MCCV), os modelos PLS-DA de LA permitiram distinguir as FM dos controlos (sensibilidades 69-85%, especificidades 80-95%, taxas de classificação 80-90%), revelando variações metabólicas ao nível do metabolismo energético, dos metabolismos dos aminoácidos e glícidos assim como possíveis alterações ao nível do funcionamento renal. Observou-se também um grande impacto das FM no perfil metabólico da urina materna (medido por UPLC-MS), tendo no entanto sido registados modelos PLS-DA com menor sensibilidade (40-60%), provavelmente devido ao baixo número de amostras e maior variabilidade da composição da urina (relativamente ao LA). Foram sugeridos possíveis marcadores relacionados com a ocorrência de FM, incluindo lactato, glucose, leucina, valina, glutamina, glutamato, glicoproteínas e conjugados de ácido glucurónico e/ou sulfato e compostos endógenos e/ou exógenos (<1 M) (os últimos visíveis apenas na urina). No LA foram também observadas variações metabólicas devido à ocorrência de vários tipos de cromossomopatias (CD), mas de menor magnitude. Os perfis metabólicos de LA associado a pré- PTD produziram modelos que, apesar do baixo poder de previsão, sugeriram alterações precoces no funcionamento da unidade fetoplacentária, hiperglicémia e stress oxidativo. Os modelos obtidos para os grupos pré- IUGR pré- PE, pré- PROM e pré-diagnóstico GDM (LA e urina materna) registaram baixo poder de previsão, indicando o pouco impacto destas condições na composição do LA e/ou urina do 2º trimestre. Os resultados obtidos demonstram as potencialidades da análise dos perfis metabólicos do LA (e, embora com base em menos estudos, da urina materna) do 2º trimestre para o desenvolvimento de novos e complementares métodos de diagnóstico, nomeadamente para FM e PTD.

Metabolic signature of lung cancer: a metabolomic study of human tissues and biofluids

This thesis reports the application of metabolomics to human tissues and biofluids (blood plasma and urine) to unveil the metabolic signature of primary lung cancer. In Chapter 1, a brief introduction on lung cancer epidemiology and pathogenesis, together with a review of the main metabolic dysregulations known to be associated with cancer, is presented. The metabolomics approach is also described, addressing the analytical and statistical methods employed, as well as the current state of the art on its application to clinical lung cancer studies. Chapter 2 provides the experimental details of this work, in regard to the subjects enrolled, sample collection and analysis, and data processing. In Chapter 3, the metabolic characterization of intact lung tissues (from 56 patients) by proton High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is described. After careful assessment of acquisition conditions and thorough spectral assignment (over 50 metabolites identified), the metabolic profiles of tumour and adjacent control tissues were compared through multivariate analysis. The two tissue classes could be discriminated with 97% accuracy, with 13 metabolites significantly accounting for this discrimination: glucose and acetate (depleted in tumours), together with lactate, alanine, glutamate, GSH, taurine, creatine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, uracil nucleotides and peptides (increased in tumours). Some of these variations corroborated typical features of cancer metabolism (e.g., upregulated glycolysis and glutaminolysis), while others suggested less known pathways (e.g., antioxidant protection, protein degradation) to play important roles. Another major and novel finding described in this chapter was the dependence of this metabolic signature on tumour histological subtype. While main alterations in adenocarcinomas (AdC) related to phospholipid and protein metabolisms, squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC) were found to have stronger glycolytic and glutaminolytic profiles, making it possible to build a valid classification model to discriminate these two subtypes. Chapter 4 reports the NMR metabolomic study of blood plasma from over 100 patients and near 100 healthy controls, the multivariate model built having afforded a classification rate of 87%. The two groups were found to differ significantly in the levels of lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, LDL+VLDL lipoproteins and glycoproteins (increased in patients), together with glutamine, histidine, valine, methanol, HDL lipoproteins and two unassigned compounds (decreased in patients). Interestingly, these variations were detected from initial disease stages and the magnitude of some of them depended on the histological type, although not allowing AdC vs. SqCC discrimination. Moreover, it is shown in this chapter that age mismatch between control and cancer groups could not be ruled out as a possible confounding factor, and exploratory external validation afforded a classification rate of 85%. The NMR profiling of urine from lung cancer patients and healthy controls is presented in Chapter 5. Compared to plasma, the classification model built with urinary profiles resulted in a superior classification rate (97%). After careful assessment of possible bias from gender, age and smoking habits, a set of 19 metabolites was proposed to be cancer-related (out of which 3 were unknowns and 6 were partially identified as N-acetylated metabolites). As for plasma, these variations were detected regardless of disease stage and showed some dependency on histological subtype, the AdC vs. SqCC model built showing modest predictive power. In addition, preliminary external validation of the urine-based classification model afforded 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity, which are exciting results in terms of potential for future clinical application. Chapter 6 describes the analysis of urine from a subset of patients by a different profiling technique, namely, Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Although the identification of discriminant metabolites was very limited, multivariate models showed high classification rate and predictive power, thus reinforcing the value of urine in the context of lung cancer diagnosis. Finally, the main conclusions of this thesis are presented in Chapter 7, highlighting the potential of integrated metabolomics of tissues and biofluids to improve current understanding of lung cancer altered metabolism and to reveal new marker profiles with diagnostic value.

Evaluation of quinazolin-4-piperidine sulfamides as inhibitors of human NPP1: relevance in the treatment of pathologic mineralization of valve interstitial cells

Le rétrécissement valvulaire aortique calcifié (RAC) est le trouble valvulaire le plus fréquent chez les personnes âgées des pays développés. La seule option de traitement possible le remplacement de la valve aortique. L’identification du rôle de l’enzyme ecto-nucleotidase NPP1 dans le processus de calcification suggère que cette enzyme pourrait être une cible potentielle pour le développement d’un inhibiteur pharmacologique contre la calcification de la valve aortique. Jusqu’à présent, les composés qui ont été développés en tant qu’inhibiteurs de NPP1 manquent de puissance et de spécificité. Dans la présente étude, nous avons démontré que les dérivés de sulfonamides quinazolin-4-pipéridine sont des inhibiteurs puissants, spécifiques, et non-compétitifs de NPP1. In vitro, dans des cellules isolées de valve aortique nous avons fourni des preuves que l’inhibition de NPP1 par ces dérivés bloque la minéralisation, l’apoptose et la transition ostéogénique des cellules interstitielles de valve aortique.

Aquaporins in adipocytes:insights into the pathophysiology of human obesity

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Bioquímica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

New approaches for the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection:relevance for clinical practice and cancer prevention

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Microbiologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Language evolution and recursion : an empirical investigation of human hierarchical processing

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Neurociências), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

Towards the therapeutic use of regulatory T cells for the treatment of human autoimmune diseases

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Imunologia Clínica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2016

Wavelet analysis of human DNA

This paper studies the human DNA in the perspective of signal processing. Six wavelets are tested for analyzing the information content of the human DNA. By adopting real Shannon wavelet several fundamental properties of the code are revealed. A quantitative comparison of the chromosomes and visualization through multidimensional and dendograms is developed.

Effects of antihypertensive drugs in the differentiation and activation of human bone cells

O osso é um tecido metabolicamente ativo e a sua remodelação é importante para regular e manter a massa óssea. Esse processo envolve a reabsorção do material ósseo por ação dos osteoclastos e a síntese de novo material ósseo mediado pelos osteoblastos. Vários estudos têm sugerido que a pressão arterial elevada está associada a alterações no metabolismo do cálcio, o que leva ao aumento da perda de cálcio e da remoção de cálcio do osso. Embora as alterações no metabolismo ósseo sejam um efeito adverso associado a alguns fármacos antihipertensores, o conhecimento em relação a este efeito terapêutico ligado com os bloqueadores de canais de cálcio é ainda muito escasso. Uma vez que os possíveis efeitos no osso podem ser atribuídos à ação antihipertensiva dessas moléculas, ou através de um efeito direto nas atividades metabólicas ósseas, torna-se necessário esclarecer este assunto. Devido ao facto de que as alterações no metabolismo ósseo são um efeito adverso associado a alguns fármacos antihipertensores, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito que os bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio exercem sobre as células ósseas humanas, nomeadamente osteoclastos, osteoblastos e co-culturas de ambos os tipos celulares. Verificou-se que os efeitos dos fármacos antihipertensores variaram consoante o fármaco testado e o sistema de cultura usado. Alguns fármacos revelaram a capacidade de estimular a osteoclastogénese e a osteoblastogénese em concentrações baixas. Independentemente da identidade do fármaco, concentrações elevadas revelaram ser prejudiciais para a resposta das células ósseas. Os mecanismos intracelulares através dos quais os efeitos foram exercidos foram igualmente afetados de forma diferencial pelos diferentes fármacos. Em resumo, este trabalho demonstrou que os bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio utilizados possuem a capacidade de afetar direta- e indiretamente a resposta de células ósseas humanas, cultivadas isoladamente ou co-cultivadas. Este tipo de informação é crucial para compreender e prevenir os potenciais efeitos destes fármacos no tecido ósseo, e também para adequar e eventualmente melhorar a terapêutica antihipertensora de cada paciente.

Characterization of the glycosylation of human tumor cells

Ovarian cancer is within the most lethal gynecological malignancies in woman. Therefore, many investigators study its biological aspects with the purpose of discovering more rapid diagnostic methods and efficient treatment. Resembling many other tumors, in ovarian cancer, aberrant glycosylation occurs with the appearance of novel or altered carbohydrate structures. These can be terminal motifs, such as the Lewis determinants, or entire carbohydrate sequences, which have been related to tumorigenesis and its outcome.(...)

Full-scale biological phosphorus removal: quantification of storage polymers, microbial performance and metabolic modelling

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Intracoronary Delivery of Human Mesenchymal/Stromal Stem Cells: Insights from Coronary Microcirculation Invasive Assessment in a Swine Model

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have unique properties favorable to their use in clinical practice and have been studied for cardiac repair. However, these cells are larger than coronary microvessels and there is controversy about the risk of embolization and microinfarctions, which could jeopardize the safety and efficacy of intracoronary route for their delivery. The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) is an invasive method for quantitatively assessing the coronary microcirculation status. OBJECTIVES: To examine heart microcirculation after intracoronary injection of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells with the index of microcirculatory resistance. METHODS: Healthy swine were randomized to receive by intracoronary route either 30x106 MSC or the same solution with no cells (1% human albumin/PBS) (placebo). Blinded operators took coronary pressure and flow measurements, prior to intracoronary infusion and at 5 and 30 minutes post-delivery. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) and the IMR were compared between groups. RESULTS: CFR and IMR were done with a variance within the 3 transit time measurements of 6% at rest and 11% at maximal hyperemia. After intracoronary infusion there were no significant differences in CFR. The IMR was significantly higher in MSC-injected animals (at 30 minutes, 14.2U vs. 8.8U, p = 0.02) and intragroup analysis showed a significant increase of 112% from baseline to 30 minutes after cell infusion, although no electrocardiographic changes or clinical deterioration were noted. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study provides definitive evidence of microcirculatory disruption upon intracoronary administration of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, in a large animal model closely resembling human cardiac physiology, function and anatomy.

Development of human central nervous system 3D in vitro models for preclinical research

Neurological disorders are a major concern in modern societies, with increasing prevalence mainly related with the higher life expectancy. Most of the current available therapeutic options can only control and ameliorate the patients’ symptoms, often be-coming refractory over time. Therapeutic breakthroughs and advances have been hampered by the lack of accurate central nervous system (CNS) models. The develop-ment of these models allows the study of the disease onset/progression mechanisms and the preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics. This has traditionally relied on genetically engineered animal models that often diverge considerably from the human phenotype (developmentally, anatomically and physiologically) and 2D in vitro cell models, which fail to recapitulate the characteristics of the target tissue (cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cell polarity). The in vitro recapitulation of CNS phenotypic and functional features requires the implementation of advanced culture strategies that enable to mimic the in vivo struc-tural and molecular complexity. Models based on differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSC) in 3D cultures have great potential as complementary tools in preclinical research, bridging the gap between human clinical studies and animal models. This thesis aimed at the development of novel human 3D in vitro CNS models by integrat-ing agitation-based culture systems and a wide array of characterization tools. Neural differentiation of hNSC as 3D neurospheres was explored in Chapter 2. Here, it was demonstrated that human midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells from fetal origin (hmNPC) can generate complex tissue-like structures containing functional dopaminergic neurons, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Chapter 3 focused on the development of cellular characterization assays for cell aggregates based on light-sheet fluorescence imaging systems, which resulted in increased spatial resolu-tion both for fixed samples or live imaging. The applicability of the developed human 3D cell model for preclinical research was explored in Chapter 4, evaluating the poten-tial of a viral vector candidate for gene therapy. The efficacy and safety of helper-dependent CAV-2 (hd-CAV-2) for gene delivery in human neurons was evaluated, demonstrating increased neuronal tropism, efficient transgene expression and minimal toxicity. The potential of human 3D in vitro CNS models to mimic brain functions was further addressed in Chapter 5. Exploring the use of 13C-labeled substrates and Nucle-ar Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy tools, neural metabolic signatures were evaluated showing lineage-specific metabolic specialization and establishment of neu-ron-astrocytic shuttles upon differentiation. Chapter 6 focused on transferring the knowledge and strategies described in the previous chapters for the implementation of a scalable and robust process for the 3D differentiation of hNSC derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Here, software-controlled perfusion stirred-tank bioreactors were used as technological system to sustain cell aggregation and dif-ferentiation. The work developed in this thesis provides practical and versatile new in vitro ap-proaches to model the human brain. Furthermore, the culture strategies described herein can be further extended to other sources of neural phenotypes, including pa-tient-derived hiPSC. The combination of this 3D culture strategy with the implemented characterization methods represents a powerful complementary tool applicable in the drug discovery, toxicology and disease modeling.

mRNA metabolism: nonsense mediated mRNA decay as a tool for gene therapy and the role of human DIS3L2 in transcript degradation

Tese de mestrado em Biologia Humana e Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015