Contrastive terminology: semitic, anglo-germanic and latin concept building through complex terms. (avoiding one-way method procedures in translation

This paper aims to present a contrastive approach between three different ways of building concepts after proving the similar syntactic possibilities that coexist in terms. However, from the semantic point of view we can see that each language family has a different distribution in meaning. But the most important point we try to show is that the differences found in the psychological process when communicating concepts should guide the translator and the terminologist in the target text production and the terminology planning process. Differences between languages in the information transmission process are due to the different roles the different types of knowledge play. We distinguish here the analytic-descriptive knowledge and the analogical knowledge among others. We also state that none of them is the best when determining the correctness of a term, but there has to be adequacy criteria in the selection process. This concept building or term building success is important when looking at the linguistic map of the information society.

Simulação, em software adequado, da sintomatologia vibracional de avarias mecânicas de máquinas rotativas

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica na Área de Manutenção e Produção

Sistema de aquisição de dados em tempo real

Neste trabalho propus-me realizar um Sistema de Aquisição de Dados em Tempo Real via Porta Paralela. Para atingir com sucesso este objectivo, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas operativos de tempo real, salientando e exemplificando quais foram marcos mais importantes ao longo da sua evolução. Este levantamento permitiu perceber o porquê da proliferação destes sistemas face aos custos que envolvem, em função da sua aplicação, bem como as dificuldades, científicas e tecnológicas, que os investigadores foram tendo, e que foram ultrapassando com sucesso. Para que Linux se comporte como um sistema de tempo real, é necessário configura-lo e adicionar um patch, como por exemplo o RTAI ou ADEOS. Como existem vários tipos de soluções que permitem aplicar as características inerentes aos sistemas de tempo real ao Linux, foi realizado um estudo, acompanhado de exemplos, sobre o tipo de arquitecturas de kernel mais utilizadas para o fazer. Nos sistemas operativos de tempo real existem determinados serviços, funcionalidades e restrições que os distinguem dos sistemas operativos de uso comum. Tendo em conta o objectivo do trabalho, e apoiado em exemplos, fizemos um pequeno estudo onde descrevemos, entre outros, o funcionamento escalonador, e os conceitos de latência e tempo de resposta. Mostramos que há apenas dois tipos de sistemas de tempo real o ‘hard’ que tem restrições temporais rígidas e o ‘soft’ que engloba as restrições temporais firmes e suaves. As tarefas foram classificadas em função dos tipos de eventos que as despoletam, e evidenciando as suas principais características. O sistema de tempo real eleito para criar o sistema de aquisição de dados via porta paralela foi o RTAI/Linux. Para melhor percebermos o seu comportamento, estudamos os serviços e funções do RTAI. Foi dada especial atenção, aos serviços de comunicação entre tarefas e processos (memória partilhada e FIFOs), aos serviços de escalonamento (tipos de escalonadores e tarefas) e atendimento de interrupções (serviço de rotina de interrupção - ISR). O estudo destes serviços levou às opções tomadas quanto ao método de comunicação entre tarefas e serviços, bem como ao tipo de tarefa a utilizar (esporádica ou periódica). Como neste trabalho, o meio físico de comunicação entre o meio ambiente externo e o hardware utilizado é a porta paralela, também tivemos necessidade de perceber como funciona este interface. Nomeadamente os registos de configuração da porta paralela. Assim, foi possível configura-lo ao nível de hardware (BIOS) e software (módulo do kernel) atendendo aos objectivos do presente trabalho, e optimizando a utilização da porta paralela, nomeadamente, aumentando o número de bits disponíveis para a leitura de dados. No desenvolvimento da tarefa de hard real-time, foram tidas em atenção as várias considerações atrás referenciadas. Foi desenvolvida uma tarefa do tipo esporádica, pois era pretendido, ler dados pela porta paralela apenas quando houvesse necessidade (interrupção), ou seja, quando houvesse dados disponíveis para ler. Desenvolvemos também uma aplicação para permitir visualizar os dados recolhidos via porta paralela. A comunicação entre a tarefa e a aplicação é assegurada através de memória partilhada, pois garantindo a consistência de dados, a comunicação entre processos do Linux e as tarefas de tempo real (RTAI) que correm ao nível do kernel torna-se muito simples. Para puder avaliar o desempenho do sistema desenvolvido, foi criada uma tarefa de soft real-time cujos tempos de resposta foram comparados com os da tarefa de hard real-time. As respostas temporais obtidas através do analisador lógico em conjunto com gráficos elaborados a partir destes dados, mostram e comprovam, os benefícios do sistema de aquisição de dados em tempo real via porta paralela, usando uma tarefa de hard real-time.

Síntese sol-gel de biomateriais à base de água de fontes hidrotermais para otimização do comportamento celular e regeneração dos tecidos ósseos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, 18 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Desenvolvimento do método de Índice de Qualidade ("QIM-Quality Index Method") para as lapas (Patella candei e Patella aspera) e estudo das suas condições de transporte

Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 15 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish: evaluation of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method

QuEChERS method was evaluated for extraction of 16 PAHs from fish samples. For a selective measurement of the compounds, extracts were analysed by LC with fluorescence detection. The overall analytical procedure was validated by systematic recovery experiments at three levels and by using the standard reference material SRM 2977 (mussel tissue). The targeted contaminants, except naphthalene and acenaphthene, were successfully extracted from SRM 2977 with recoveries ranging from 63.5–110.0% with variation coefficients not exceeding 8%. The optimum QuEChERS conditions were the following: 5 g of homogenised fish sample, 10 mL of ACN, agitation performed by vortex during 3 min. Quantification limits ranging from 0.12– 1.90 ng/g wet weight (0.30–4.70 µg/L) were obtained. The optimized methodology was applied to assess the safety concerning PAHs contents of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and farmed seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Although benzo(a)pyrene, the marker used for evaluating the carcinogenic risk of PAHs in food, was not detected in the analysed samples (89 individuals corresponding to 27 homogenized samples), the overall mean concentration ranged from 2.52 l 1.20 ng/g in horse mackerel to 14.6 ± 2.8 ng/ g in farmed seabass. Significant differences were found between the mean PAHs concentrations of the four groups.

A multiresidue method for the analysis of carbamate and urea pesticides from soils by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection

A multiresidue approach using microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was investigated for the determination of butylate, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpropham, ethiofencarb, linuron,metobromuron, and monolinuron in soils. The critical parameters of the developed methodology were studied. Method validation was performed by analyzing freshly and aged spiked soil samples. The recoveries and relative standard deviations reached using the optimized conditions were between 77.0 ± 0.46% and 120 ± 2.9% except for ethiofencarb (46.4 ± 4.4% to 105 ± 1.6%) and butylate (22.1 ± 7.6% to 49.2 ± 11%). Soil samples from five locations of Portugal were analysed.

Square-wave voltametric method for determination of molinate concentration in a biological process using a hanging mercury drop electrode

A square-wave voltammetric (SWV) method using a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) has been developed for determination of the herbicide molinate in a biodegradation process. The method is based on controlled adsorptive accumulation of molinate for 10 s at a potential of -0.8 V versus AgCl/Ag. An anodic peak, due to oxidation of the adsorbed pesticide, was observed in the cyclic voltammogram at ca. -0.320 V versus AgCl/Ag; a very small cathodic peak was also detected. The SWV calibration plot was established to be linear in the range 5.0x10-6 to 9.0x10-6 mol L-1; this corresponded to a detection limit of 3.5x10-8 mol L-1. This electroanalytical method was used to monitor the decrease of molinate concentration in river waters along a biodegradation process using a bacterial mixed culture. The results achieved with this voltammetric method were compared with those obtained by use of a chromatographic method (HPLC–UV) and no significant statistical differences were observed.

A New Method to Determine the Density and Water Absorption of Fine Recycled Aggregates

The construction industry keeps on demanding huge quantities of natural resources, mainly minerals for mortars and concrete production. The depletion of many quarries and environmental concerns about reducing the dumping of construction and demolition waste in quarries have led to an increase in the procuring and use of recycled aggregates from this type of waste. If they are to be incorporated in concrete and mortars it is essential to know their properties to guarantee the adequate performance of the end products, in both mechanical and durability-related terms. Existing regulated tests were developed for natural aggregates, however, and several problems arise when they are applied to recycled aggregates, especially fine recycled aggregates (FRA). This paper describes the main problems encountered with these tests and proposes an alternative method to determine the density and water absorption of FRA that removes them. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate solutions in the water absorption test has proven to improve its efficiency, minimizing cohesion between particles and helping to release entrained air.

Development and validation of a novel method for the analysis of chlorinated pesticides in soils using microwave-assisted extraction–headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A new procedure for determining eleven organochlorine pesticides in soils using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is described. The studied pesticides consisted of mirex, α- and γ-chlordane, p,p’-DDT, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide isomer A, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, endrin, aldrine and hexachlorobenzene. The HS-SPME was optimized for the most important parameters such as extraction time, sample volume and temperature. The present analytical procedure requires a reduced volume of organic solvents and avoids the need for extract clean-up steps. For optimized conditions the limits of detection for the method ranged from 0.02 to 3.6 ng/g, intermediate precision ranged from 14 to 36% (as CV%), and the recovery from 8 up to 51%. The proposed methodology can be used in the rapid screening of soil for the presence of the selected pesticides, and was applied to landfill soil samples.

Multiresidue method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in still wine and fortified wine using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography – Tandem mass spectrometry

A SPME-GC-MS/MS method for the determination of eight organophosphorus pesticides (azinphos-methyl, chlorpyriphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, diazinon, fenitrothion, fenthion, malathion, and methidathion) in still and fortified wine was developed. The extraction procedure is simple, solvent free, and without any sample pretreatment. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) values in the range 0.1–14.3 lg/L and 0.2–43.3 lg/L, respectively, were obtained. The LOQ values are below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European Regulation for grapes, with the exception of methidathion. Coefficients of correlation (R2) higher than 0.99 were obtained for the majority of the pesticides, in all different wines analyzed.

Quantification of endocrine disruptors and pesticides in water by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation using weighted linear regression schemes

Amulti-residue methodology based on a solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed for trace analysis of 32 compounds in water matrices, including estrogens and several pesticides from different chemical families, some of them with endocrine disrupting properties. Matrix standard calibration solutions were prepared by adding known amounts of the analytes to a residue-free sample to compensate matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement observed for certain pesticides. Validation was done mainly according to the International Conference on Harmonisation recommendations, as well as some European and American validation guidelines with specifications for pesticides analysis and/or GC–MS methodology. As the assumption of homoscedasticity was not met for analytical data, weighted least squares linear regression procedure was applied as a simple and effective way to counteract the greater influence of the greater concentrations on the fitted regression line, improving accuracy at the lower end of the calibration curve. The method was considered validated for 31 compounds after consistent evaluation of the key analytical parameters: specificity, linearity, limit of detection and quantification, range, precision, accuracy, extraction efficiency, stability and robustness.

Flow-injection potentiometric method for the routine determination of chloride: application to bread analysis

Bread is consumed worldwide by man, thus contributing to the regular ingestion of certain inorganic species such as chloride. It controls the blood pressure if associated to a sodium intake and may increase the incidence of stomach ulcer. Its routine control should thus be established by means of quick and low cost procedures. This work reports a double- channel flow injection analysis (FIA) system with a new chloride sensor for the analysis of bread. All solutions are prepared in water and necessary ionic strength adjustments are made on-line. The body of the indicating electrode is made from a silver needle of 0.8 mm i.d. with an external layer of silver chloride. These devices were constructed with different lengths. Electrodes of 1.0 to 3.0 cm presented better analytical performance. The calibration curves under optimum conditions displayed Nernstian behaviour, with average slopes of 56 mV decade-1, with sampling rates of 60 samples h-1. The method was applied to analyze several kinds of bread, namely pão de trigo, pão integral, pão de centeio, pão de mistura, broa de milho, pão sem sal, pão meio sal, pão-de-leite, and pão de água. The accuracy and precision of the potentiometric method were ascertained by comparison to a spectrophotometric method of continuous segmented flow. These methods were validated against ion-chromatography procedures.

Development of a simple analytical method for the simultaneousdetermination of paracetamol, paracetamol-glucuronide andp-aminophenol in river water

Paracetamol is among the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. Although its occurrence in the environment is well documented, data about the presence of its metabolites and transformation products is very scarce. The present work describes the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol, its principal metabolite (paracetamol-glucuronide) and its main transformation product (p-aminophenol) based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The method was applied to analysis of river waters, showing to be suitable to be used in routine analysis. Different SPE sorbents were compared and the use of two Oasis WAX cartridges in tandem proved to be the most adequate approach for sample clean up and pre-concentration. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection in the range 40–67 ng/L were obtained, as well as mean recoveries between 60 and 110% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 6%. Finally, the developed SPE-HPLC/DAD method was successfully applied to the analysis of the selected compounds in samples from seven rivers located in the north of Portugal. Nevertheless all the compounds were detected, it was the first time that paracetamol-glucuronide was found in river water at concentrations up to 3.57 μg/L.