Panama City Fisheries Resources Office: FY 2003 Annual Report

HIGHLIGHTS FOR FY 2003 1. Continued a 3-year threatened Gulf sturgeon population estimate in the Escambia River, Florida and conducted presence-absence surveys in 4 other Florida river systems and 1 bay. 2. Five juvenile Gulf sturgeon collected, near the mouth of the Choctawhatchee River, Florida, were equipped with sonic tags and monitored while over-wintering in Choctawhatchee Bay. 3. Continued to examine Gulf sturgeon marine habitat use. 4. Implemented Gulf Striped Bass Restoration Plan by coordinating the 20th Annual Morone Workshop, leading the technical committee, transporting broodfish, and coordinating the stocking on the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river system. 5. Over 73,000 Phase II Gulf striped bass were marked with sequential coded wire tags and stocked in the Apalachicola River. Post-stocking evaluations were conducted at 31 sites. 6. Three stream fisheries assessment s were completed to evaluate the fish community at sites slated for habitat restoration by the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (PFW). 7. PFW program identified restoration needs and opportunities for 10 areas. 8. Developed an Unpaved Road Evaluation Handbook. 9. Completed restoration of Chipola River Greenway, Seibenhener Streambank Restoration, Blackwater River State Forest, and Anderson Property. 10. Assessments for fluvial geomorphic conditions for design criteria were completed for 3 projects. 11. Geomorphology in Florida streams initiated development of Rosgen regional curves for Northwest Florida for use by the Florida Department of Transportation. 12. Developed a Memorandum of Understanding between partners for enhancing, protecting, and restoring stream, wetland, and upland habitat in northwest Florida 13. Completed aquatic fauna and fish surveys with new emphasis on integration of data from reach level into watershed and landscape scale and keeping database current. 14. Compliance based sampling of impaired waterbodies on Eglin Air Force Base in conjunction with Florida Department of Environmental Protection for Total Maximum Daily Load development support. 15. Surveyed 20 sites for the federally endangered Okaloosa darter, provided habitat descriptions, worked with partners to implement key recovery tasks and set priorities for restoration. 16. Worked with partners to develop a freshwater mussel survey protocol to provide standard operating procedures for establishing the presence/absence of federally listed mussel species within a Federal project area. 17. GIS database was created to identify all known freshwater mussel records from the northeast Gulf ecosystem. 18. Completed recovery plan for seven freshwater mussels and drafted candidate elevation package for seven additional mussels. Developed proposals to implement recovery plan. 19. Worked with Corps of Engineers and State partners to develop improved reservoir operating policies to benefit both riverine and reservoir fisheries for the ACF river system. 20. Multiple outreach projects were completed to detail aquatic resources conservation opportunities. 21. Multiple stream restoration and watershed management projects initiated or completed (see Appendix A).

Dynamics of discrete bubble in nucleate pool boiling on thin wires in microgravity

A space experiment on bubble behavior and heat transfer in subcooled pool boiling phenomenon has been performed utilizing the temperature-controlled pool boiling (TCPB) device both in normal gravity in the laboratory and in microgravity aboard the 22(nd) Chinese recoverable satellite. The fluid is degassed R113 at 0.1 MPa and subcooled by 26 degrees C nominally. A thin platinum wire of 60 mu m in diameter and 30 mm in length is simultaneously used as heater and thermometer. Only the dynamics of the vapor bubbles, particularly the lateral motion and the departure of discrete vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling are reported and analyzed in the present paper. It's found that these distinct behaviors can be explained by the Marangoni convection in the liquid surrounding vapor bubbles. The origin of the Marangoni effect is also discussed.

Two-phase flow and pool boiling heat transfer in microgravity

Researches on two-phase flow and pool boiling heat transfer in microgravity, which included groundbased tests, flight experiments, and theoretical analyses, were conducted in the National Microgravity Laboratory/CAS. A semi-theoretical Weber number model was proposed to predict the slug-to-annular flow transition of two-phase gas–liquid flows in microgravity, while the influence of the initial bubble size on the bubble-to-slug flow transition was investigated numerically using the Monte Carlo method. Two-phase flow pattern maps in microgravity were obtained in the experiments both aboard the Russian space station Mir and aboard IL-76 reduced gravity airplane. Mini-scale modeling was also used to simulate the behavior of microgravity two-phase flow on the ground. Pressure drops of two-phase flow in microgravity were also measured experimentally and correlated successfully based on its characteristics. Two space experiments on pool boiling phenomena in microgravity were performed aboard the Chinese recoverable satellites. Steady pool boiling of R113 on a thin wire with a temperature-controlled heating method was studied aboard RS-22, while quasi-steady pool boiling of FC-72 on a plate was studied aboard SJ-8. Ground-based experiments were also performed both in normal gravity and in short-term microgravity in the drop tower Beijing. Only slight enhancement of heat transfer was observed in the wire case, while enhancement in low heat flux and deterioration in high heat flux were observed in the plate case. Lateral motions of vapor bubbles were observed before their departure in microgravity. The relationship between bubble behavior and heat transfer on plate was analyzed. A semi-theoretical model was also proposed for predicting the bubble departure diameter during pool boiling on wires. The results obtained here are intended to become a powerful aid for further investigation in the present discipline and development of two-phase systems for space applications.

配置环形线电极的单极机中的磁流体力学流动

给出配置了环形线电极的单极机中的磁流体力学解析解.由于问题是线性的,求解可简化为基本解的叠加,可利用单极机在两个区域中的基本解的衔接来求得解析解.讨论了基本解的性质.利用非完全电极可改善Hartmann边界层、增加装置中的质量流量.应用基本解讨论了连续电极的单极机.

A review of diseases associated with cage culture systems: diagnosis and control in smale scale fish farming

Fish cage culture is a rapid aquacultural practice of producing fish with more yield compared to traditional pond culture. Several species cultured by this method include Cyprinus carpio, Orechromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zilli, Clarias lazera, C. gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Citharinus citharus, Distochodus rostratus and Alestes dentes. However, the culture of fish in cages has some problems that are due to mechanical defects of the cage or diseases due to infection. The mechanical problems which may lead to clogged net, toxicity and easy access by predators depend on defects associated with various types of nets which include fold sieve cloth net, wire net, polypropylene net, nylon, galvanized and welded net. The diseases problems are of two types namely introduced diseases due to parasites. The introduced parasites include Crustaseans, Ergasilus sp. Argulus africana, and Lamprolegna sp, Helminth, Diplostomulum tregnna: Protozoan, Trichodina sp, Myxosoma sp, Myxobolus sp. the second disease problems are inherent diseases aggravated by the very rich nutrient environment in cages for rapid bacterial, saprophytic fungi, and phytoplanktonic bloom resulting in clogging of net, stagnation of water and low biological oxygen demand (BOD). The consequence is fish kill, prevalence of gill rot and dropsy conditions. Recommendations on routine cage hygiene, diagnosis and control procedures to reduce fish mortality are highlighted

Response of multiple simultaneously recorded macaque area LIP neurons in a memory saccade task

Cells in the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) of rhesus macaques respond vigorously and in spatially-tuned fashion to briefly memorized visual stimuli. Responses to stimulus presentation, memory maintenance, and task completion are seen, in varying combination from neuron to neuron. To help elucidate this functional segmentation a new system for simultaneous recording from multiple neighboring neurons was developed. The two parts of this dissertation discuss the technical achievements and scientific discoveries, respectively.

Technology. Simultanous recordings from multiple neighboring neurons were made with four-wire bundle electrodes, or tetrodes, which were adapted to the awake behaving primate preparation. Signals from these electrodes were partitionable into a background process with a 1/f-like spectrum and foreground spiking activity spanning 300-6000 Hz. Continuous voltage recordings were sorted into spike trains using a state-of-the-art clustering algorithm, producing a mean of 3 cells per site. The algorithm classified 96% of spikes correctly when tetrode recordings were confirmed with simultaneous intracellular signals. Recording locations were verified with a new technique that creates electrolytic lesions visible in magnetic resonance imaging, eliminating the need for histological processing. In anticipation of future multi-tetrode work, the chronic chamber microdrive, a device for long-term tetrode delivery, was developed.

Science. Simultaneously recorded neighboring LIP neurons were found to have similar preferred targets in the memory saccade paradigm, but dissimilar peristimulus time histograms, PSTH). A majority of neighboring cell pairs had a difference in preferred directions of under 45° while the trial time of maximal response showed a broader distribution, suggesting homogeneity of tuning with het erogeneity of function. A continuum of response characteristics was present, rather than a set of specific response types; however, a mapping experiment suggests this may be because a given cell's PSTH changes shape as well as amplitude through the response field. Spike train autocovariance was tuned over target and changed through trial epoch, suggesting different mechanisms during memory versus background periods. Mean frequency-domain spike-to-spike coherence was concentrated below 50 Hz with a significant maximum of 0.08; mean time-domain coherence had a narrow peak in the range ±10 ms with a significant maximum of 0.03. Time-domain coherence was found to be untuned for short lags (10 ms), but significantly tuned at larger lags (50 ms).

Electrical and optical interconnects for high-performance computing

Technology scaling has enabled drastic growth in the computational and storage capacity of integrated circuits (ICs). This constant growth drives an increasing demand for high-bandwidth communication between and within ICs. In this dissertation we focus on low-power solutions that address this demand. We divide communication links into three subcategories depending on the communication distance. Each category has a different set of challenges and requirements and is affected by CMOS technology scaling in a different manner. We start with short-range chip-to-chip links for board-level communication. Next we will discuss board-to-board links, which demand a longer communication range. Finally on-chip links with communication ranges of a few millimeters are discussed.

Electrical signaling is a natural choice for chip-to-chip communication due to efficient integration and low cost. IO data rates have increased to the point where electrical signaling is now limited by the channel bandwidth. In order to achieve multi-Gb/s data rates, complex designs that equalize the channel are necessary. In addition, a high level of parallelism is central to sustaining bandwidth growth. Decision feedback equalization (DFE) is one of the most commonly employed techniques to overcome the limited bandwidth problem of the electrical channels. A linear and low-power summer is the central block of a DFE. Conventional approaches employ current-mode techniques to implement the summer, which require high power consumption. In order to achieve low-power operation we propose performing the summation in the charge domain. This approach enables a low-power and compact realization of the DFE as well as crosstalk cancellation. A prototype receiver was fabricated in 45nm SOI CMOS to validate the functionality of the proposed technique and was tested over channels with different levels of loss and coupling. Measurement results show that the receiver can equalize channels with maximum 21dB loss while consuming about 7.5mW from a 1.2V supply. We also introduce a compact, low-power transmitter employing passive equalization. The efficacy of the proposed technique is demonstrated through implementation of a prototype in 65nm CMOS. The design achieves up to 20Gb/s data rate while consuming less than 10mW.

An alternative to electrical signaling is to employ optical signaling for chip-to-chip interconnections, which offers low channel loss and cross-talk while providing high communication bandwidth. In this work we demonstrate the possibility of building compact and low-power optical receivers. A novel RC front-end is proposed that combines dynamic offset modulation and double-sampling techniques to eliminate the need for a short time constant at the input of the receiver. Unlike conventional designs, this receiver does not require a high-gain stage that runs at the data rate, making it suitable for low-power implementations. In addition, it allows time-division multiplexing to support very high data rates. A prototype was implemented in 65nm CMOS and achieved up to 24Gb/s with less than 0.4pJ/b power efficiency per channel. As the proposed design mainly employs digital blocks, it benefits greatly from technology scaling in terms of power and area saving.

As the technology scales, the number of transistors on the chip grows. This necessitates a corresponding increase in the bandwidth of the on-chip wires. In this dissertation, we take a close look at wire scaling and investigate its effect on wire performance metrics. We explore a novel on-chip communication link based on a double-sampling architecture and dynamic offset modulation technique that enables low power consumption and high data rates while achieving high bandwidth density in 28nm CMOS technology. The functionality of the link is demonstrated using different length minimum-pitch on-chip wires. Measurement results show that the link achieves up to 20Gb/s of data rate (12.5Gb/s/$\mu$m) with better than 136fJ/b of power efficiency.

Engineering multi-step electron tunneling systems in proteins

Multi-step electron tunneling, or “hopping,” has become a fast-developing research field with studies ranging from theoretical modeling systems, inorganic complexes, to biological systems. In particular, the field is exploring hopping mechanisms in new proteins and protein complexes, as well as further understanding the classical biological hopping systems such as ribonuclease reductase, DNA photolyases, and photosystem II. Despite the plethora of natural systems, only a few biologically engineered systems exist. Engineered hopping systems can provide valuable information on key structural and electronic features, just like other kinds of biological model systems. Also, engineered systems can harness common biologic processes and utilize them for alternative reactions. In this thesis, two new hopping systems are engineered and characterized.

The protein Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin is used as a building block to create the two new hopping systems. Besides being well studied and amenable to mutation, azurin already has been used to successfully engineer a hopping system. The two hopping systems presented in this thesis have a histidine-attached high potential rhenium 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline tricarbonyl [Re(dmp)(CO)3] + label which, when excited, acts as the initial electron acceptor. The metal donor is the type I copper of the azurin protein. The hopping intermediates are all tryptophan, an amino acid mutated into the azurin at select sites between the photoactive metal label and the protein metal site. One system exhibits an inter-molecular hopping through a protein dimer interface; the other system undergoes intra-molecular multi-hopping utilizing a tryptophan “wire.” The electron transfer reactions are triggered by excitation of the rhenium label and monitored by UV-Visible transient absorption, luminescence decays measurements, and time-resolved Infrared spectroscopy (TRIR). Both systems were structurally characterized by protein X-ray crystallography.

Identification of thermally-tagged coherent structures in the zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer

A zero pressure gradient boundary layer over a flat plate is subjected to step changes in thermal condition at the wall, causing the formation of internal, heated layers. The resulting temperature fluctuations and their corresponding density variations are associated with turbulent coherent structures. Aero-optical distortion occurs when light passes through the boundary layer, encountering the changing index of refraction resulting from the density variations. Instantaneous measurements of streamwise velocity, temperature and the optical deflection angle experienced by a laser traversing the boundary layer are made using hot and cold wires and a Malley probe, respectively. Correlations of the deflection angle with the temperature and velocity records suggest that the dominant contribution to the deflection angle comes from thermally-tagged structures in the outer boundary layer with a convective velocity of approximately 0.8U∞. An examination of instantaneous temperature and velocity and their temporal gradients conditionally averaged around significant optical deflections shows behavior consistent with the passage of a heated vortex. Strong deflections are associated with strong negative temperature gradients, and strong positive velocity gradients where the sign of the streamwise velocity fluctuation changes. The power density spectrum of the optical deflections reveals associated structure size to be on the order of the boundary layer thickness. A comparison to the temperature and velocity spectra suggests that the responsible structures are smaller vortices in the outer boundary layer as opposed to larger scale motions. Notable differences between the power density spectra of the optical deflections and the temperature remain unresolved due to the low frequency response of the cold wire.

Avaliação prospectiva longitudinal da qualidade de vida de adolescentes submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico

A literatura científica ainda não é consistente em relação aos benefícios psicossociais proporcionados pelo tratamento ortodôntico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram conhecer as alterações na qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde bucal (OHRQoL) e com a autopercepção estética de adolescentes brasileiros de 12 a 15 anos de idade tratados ortodonticamente, durante dois anos de avaliação prospectiva longitudinal. A amostra foi constituída de 318 jovens: 92 que iniciaram tratamento ortodôntico em uma instituição de ensino (grupo orto), e 226 indivíduos não tratados: 124 que procuraram avaliação ortodôntica na mesma instituição e não receberam tratamento durante os dois anos em que foram acompanhados na pesquisa, pois estavam aguardando uma vaga na lista de espera para iniciar o tratamento (grupo de espera), e 102 que nunca buscaram tratamento ortodôntico e que estudam em uma escola vizinha à instituição (grupo escola). A qualidade de vida foi mensurada utilizando o OHIP-14. A necessidade normativa e estética de tratamento ortodôntico foi avaliada com o índice IOTN, o nível social com o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e a saúde dental com o índice CPO-D. As avaliações foram repetidas em três momentos: no exame inicial (T1); um ano depois do início do tratamento ortodôntico, para o grupo orto, e um ano após o exame inicial, para os grupos de espera e escola (T2); e dois anos depois do início do tratamento para o grupo orto, e dois anos depois do exame inicial para os grupos de espera e escola (T3). O tratamento ortodôntico reduziu significativamente os escores de OHRQoL: as médias do escores tiveram uma redução de 10,4 para 9,2 e para 1,6 entre a primeira, segunda e terceira avaliações (p<0,001). A autopercepção estética se comportou de maneira similar, com uma redução progressiva e significativa (p<0,001) nos pacientes tratados, que também tiveram melhora significativa na gravidade da má oclusão (p<0,001). Porém, os indivíduos que removeram o aparelho tiveram OHRQoL e autopercepção estética significativamente melhores em relação aos pacientes que não finalizaram o tratamento no período de dois anos. Os adolescentes do grupo de espera tiveram significativa piora na OHRQoL, que sofreu um aumento de 10,8 para 12,0 da primeira para a terceira avaliações (p<0,001), o que também ocorreu na autoavaliação estética, que sofreu um aumento significativo (p<0,001). Por outro lado, os adolescentes do grupo escola não tiveram nenhuma alteração desses índices nos períodos de avaliação, apresentando uma tendência estacionária para OHRQoL (p=0,34) e para a autopercepção estética (p=0,09). A gravidade da má oclusão não foi alterada nos grupos não tratados durante os dois anos de avaliação e o CPO-D não teve alteração significativa para nenhum dos três grupos. Foi possível concluir que o tratamento ortodôntico melhorou significativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde bucal e a autopercepção estética dos adolescentes brasileiros submetidos a tratamento.

[B_Zalla_Bolunburu] Documentación Geométrica de la Ferrería Bolunburu (Zalla, Bizkaia)

[ES] El conjunto de dos edificios divididos en varias estancias, un canal de captación de aguas y un puente, todo ello arruinado. Los muros aún se mantienen en pie aunque ya no quedan restos de los tejados ni del mobiliario, maquinaria o decoración.

Nuevos phased arrays

[ES]El sistema PAMELA III, con sus correspondientes phased arrays, se diseñó para la detección de daños en aeronaves mediante la tecnología SHM (structural health monitoring). Sin embargo, según los estudios del profesor Tadeusz Stepinski, la distribución de los piezoélectricos utilizada en estos phase arrays producen interferencias. Por ello, este proyecto se basa en el diseño de cuatro phased arrays diferentes, utilizando una de las distribuciones de piezoélectricos estudiada por el profesor Tadeusz. La distribución utilizada es la de cross-shaped (en forma de cruz), con lo que se consigue disminuir las interferencias producidas en los antiguos phased arrays. Además, se ha producido un diseño que es compatible tanto con PAMELA III, como con una futura actualización a PAMELA IV. Con lo que se ha conseguido que se pueda aumentar el tamaño de almacenamiento de la memoria utilizada cambiando la tecnología 1-wire por la de I2C, que sería utilizada solo en el sistema PAMELA IV. Aparte del diseño de los PCBs, también se han diseñado unas piezas de plástico que aportan rigidez a los phased arrays y además, hace que la parte inferior de la tarjeta quede toda a la misma altura y no sobresalgan los piezoélectricos, con lo que aumentará la facilidad de instalación.

Trapping of neutral Rb-87 atoms on an atomchip

We report an experiment of trapping of neutral Rb-87 atoms on a, self-made atomchip. The H-shaped atomchip is made by magnetron sputtering technology, which is different from the atomchip technology of other teams. We collect 3 x 10(6) Rb-87 atoms in the mirror magneto-optical trap (MOT) using the external MOT coils, and 1 X 10(5) Rb-87 atoms are transferred to U-MOT using U-shaped wire in chip and a pair of bias coils.

Estudo clínico randomizado duplo cego comparando duas técnicas de plicatura nasal após osteotomias tipo Le Fort I

A correção de deformidades esqueléticas da face por meio de um tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico tornou-se uma opção segura e previsível. Os movimentos ósseos são milimetricamente calculados e executados cirurgicamente, assim como a oclusão é meticulosamente engrenada através dos movimentos ortodônticos. Os efeitos que os tecidos moles sofrem com as cirurgias ortognáticas são, no entanto, menos previsíveis, e apesar do principal objetivo da cirurgia ortognática ser uma melhora funcional, o componente estético é sem dúvida de extrema importância. Em especial, a região de base alar apresenta resultados muito variáveis, a despeito dos bons resultados esqueléticos atingidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar 2 diferentes tipos de sutura utilizados na região de base do nariz, e observar qual tipo apresenta um resultado que melhor acompanhe os movimentos realizados pelo tecido esquelético. Trinta e cinco pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 2 grupos. O grupo 1 funcionou como controle e os pacientes receberam a plicatura nasal intra-oral, que é o tipo de plicatura nasal mais descrito na literatura. Já os pacientes do grupo 2 receberam plicatura nasal extra-oral. Para análise estatística foram calculadas as médias e desvios padrões dos grupos, e a hipótese nula de que não havia diferença entre os 2 grupos foi testata com o teste T de Student. Em ambos os grupos ocorreu um alargamento da base do nariz, porém a média de alargamento do grupo 1 foi de 2,50 milímetros (mm), enquanto que a média de alargamento do grupo 2 foi de 1,26 mm. Além disso, o desvio padrão foi menor para o grupo 2, e a hipótese nula foi rejeitada (p<0,05), demonstrando que a diferença entre os grupos foi estatisticamente significativa. Pôde-se concluir que quando objetiva-se um controle mais previsível e rigoroso da base do nariz, a plicatura nasal extra-oral cumprirá melhor esta função.

利用原子芯片上Z形磁阱囚禁中性^87Rb原子

利用解析和数值方法计算了Z形磁阱的囚禁势,发现当囚禁中心和芯片表面距离较远时（该距离和Z形线中部导线的一半长度相差不超过一个量级）,势阱的深度不能近似表示成偏置磁场By对应的能量,而要减去囚禁中心的势能高度;而增加By进行磁阱压缩到一定值时,势阱深度反而会下降.此外介绍了原子芯片的制作方法,以及利用原子芯片上Z形磁阱囚禁中性87Rb原子的实验装置和实验过程.最终有2×10^6个^87Rb原子被转移到Z形磁阱中.