Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation.

Common variants at only two loci, FTO and MC4R, have been reproducibly associated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. To identify additional loci, we conducted meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies for BMI (n > 32,000) and followed up top signals in 14 additional cohorts (n > 59,000). We strongly confirm FTO and MC4R and identify six additional loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)): TMEM18, KCTD15, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2 and NEGR1 (where a 45-kb deletion polymorphism is a candidate causal variant). Several of the likely causal genes are highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system (CNS), emphasizing, as in rare monogenic forms of obesity, the role of the CNS in predisposition to obesity.

Suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em pastagem

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em resposta à suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no sal mineral proteinado, em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu', na época seca. Foram utilizados 112 bezerros com idade entre 7-8 meses e com 252±24 kg. Os animais foram divididos em pastos sob lotação rotativa e receberam os tratamentos: sal mineral proteinado (controle); e sal mineral proteinado com minerais na forma orgânica, com monensina ou com óleos funcionais. A cada ciclo de pastejo, foram calculados o consumo de suplemento, o ganho de peso e a eficiência; coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de minerais; e feitas ultrassonografias de carcaça. O consumo do tratamento com monensina foi inferior ao dos demais (0,47 kg por dia); os consumos dos tratamentos controle (0,82 kg por dia) e com óleo (0,8 kg por dia) foram semelhantes; e o do tratamento com minerais orgânicos foi superior ao dos outros (0,92 kg por dia). Diferenças entre os tratamentos não foram observadas para ganho de peso (0,123 kg por dia) e para eficiência (0,161). A área de olho de lombo (46,81 cm2) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (0,77 mm) não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos. A adição de monensina diminui o consumo do suplemento, o que pode significar menor ingestão de proteína e prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais.

Análise genética do peso em um rebanho de bovinos Nelore

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros genéticos para o peso de bovinos Nelore, do nascimento até 1.000 dias de idade, por meio de modelos de regressão aleatória. Utilizaram-se 115.096 registros de peso de 19.417 animais. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos por modelos de regressão aleatória via inferência bayesiana. A trajetória média de crescimento foi ajustada com um polinômio de Legendre quártico. O efeito genético aditivo direto foi ajustado com um polinômio quadrático de Legendre. Os efeitos de ambiente permanente direto e materno foram ajustados com polinômios de Legendre quíntico e quadrático, respectivamente. A variância residual foi modelada com três classes de idades. Os valores genéticos dos pesos, do nascimento até 1.000 dias de idade, foram utilizados para a análise da tendência genética, por meio de superfícies de resposta. As herdabilidades variaram entre 0,16 e 0,47. Os efeitos de ambiente permanente direto e materno foram responsáveis por 5 a 77% e 0,2 a 11% da variância fenotípica, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas dos pesos em diferentes idades foram altas e superiores a 0,40. Os valores genéticos foram crescentes ao longo dos anos, e a tendência genética foi máxima para peso aos 500 dias.

Interação genótipo x ambiente via modelos de normas de reação para características de crescimento em bovinos Nelore

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade ao ambiente em bovinos da raça Nelore por meio de diferentes modelos de normas de reação e estimar o progresso genético no gradiente ambiental. Determinaram-se os parâmetros ganho de peso da desmama ao sobreano (GP345) e o peso ajustado aos 205 dias de idade (P205). Um modelo animal padrão (MA), dois modelos hierárquicos de normas de reação com homocedasticidade de variância residual e dois com heterogeneidade foram utilizados. O modelo hierárquico de normas de reação homocedástico com um passo apresentou o melhor ajuste. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade diretos do ambiente baixo para o ambiente alto, no gradiente ambiental, foram de 0,03 a 0,63 e de 0,13 a 0,62, respectivamente, para GP345 e P205. As correlações entre o intercepto e a inclinação da norma de reação foram de: 0,93, para GP345 (direto); 0,95, para GP345 (materno); 0,92, para P205 (direto); e 0,82, para P205 (materno). As correlações indicam que animais com alto valor genético tendem a responder positivamente aos melhores ambientes. As tendências genéticas mostraram ganhos para os efeitos diretos, principalmente nos melhores ambientes. Há variação genética quanto à sensibilidade dos animais, nos diferentes ambientes, fato que permite a seleção de animais com genótipos mais adequados para a produção em determinado ambiente.

Urinary low-molecular-weight protein excretion in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are the most common causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). We have evaluated the reliability of urinary neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), urinary alpha1-microglobulin (uα1M) and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (uβNAG) as markers for differentiating MCD from FSGS. We have also evaluated whether these proteins are associated to INS relapses or to glomerular filtration rate (GFR). METHODS: The patient cohort comprised 35 children with MCD and nine with FSGS; 19 healthy age-matched children were included in the study as controls. Of the 35 patients, 28 were in remission (21 MCD, 7 FSGS) and 16 were in relapse (14 MCD, 2 FSGS). The prognostic accuracies of these proteins were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS: The level of uNGAL, indexed or not to urinary creatinine (uCreat), was significantly different between children with INS and healthy children (p = 0.02), between healthy children and those with FSGS (p = 0.007) and between children with MCD and those with FSGS (p = 0.01). It was not significantly correlated to proteinuria or GFR levels. The ROC curve analysis showed that a cut-off value of 17 ng/mg for the uNGAL/uCreat ratio could be used to distinguish MCD from FSGS with a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.78. uβNAG was not significantly different in patients with MCD and those with FSGS (p = 0.86). Only uα1M, indexed or not to uCreat, was significantly (p < 0.001) higher for patients in relapse compared to those in remission. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that in our patient cohort uNGAL was a reliable biomarker for differentiating MCD from FSGS independently of proteinuria or GFR levels.

Effect of temperature and carpel size during pre-anthesis on potential grain weight in wheat

The effect of environmental conditions immediately before anthesis on potential grain weight was investigated in wheat at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy (University of Buenos Aires, Argentina) during 1995 and 1996. Plants of two cultivars of wheat were grown in two environments (two contrasting sowing dates) to provide different background temperature conditions. In these environments, transparent boxes were installed covering the spikes in order to increase spike temperature for a short period (c. 6 days) immediately before anthesis, i.e. between ear emergence and anthesis. In both environments, transparent boxes increased mean temperatures by at least 3n8 mC. These increases were almost entirely due to the changes in maximum temperatures because minimum temperatures were little affected. Final grain weight was significantly reduced by higher temperature during the ear emergence–anthesis period. It is possible that this reduction could be mediated by the effect of the heat treatment on carpel weight at anthesis because a curvilinear association between final grain weight and carpel weight at anthesis was found. This curvilinear association may also indicate a threshold carpel weight for maximizing grain weight.

Grain yield, carbon isotope discrimination and mineral content in mature kernels of barley under irrigated and rainfed conditions

The relationship between yield, carbon isotope discrimination and ash content in mature kernels was examined for a set of 13 barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars. Plants were grown under rainfed and well-irrigated conditions in a Mediterranean area. Water deficit caused a decrease in both grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). The yield was positively related to Δ and negatively related to ash content, across genotypes within each treatment. However, whereas the correlation between yield and Δ was higher for the set of genotypes under well-irrigated (r=0.70, P<0.01) than under rainfed (r=0.42) conditions, the opposite occurred when yield and ash content were related, ie r=-0.38 under well-irrigated and r=-0.73, (P<0.01) under rainfed conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination and ash content together account for almost 60% of the variation in yield, in both conditions. There was no significant relationship (r=-0.15) between carbon isotope discrimination and ash content in well-irrigated plants, whereas in rainfed plants, this relationship, although significant (r=-0.54, P< 0.05), was weakly negative. The concentration of several mineral elements was measured in the same kernels. The mineral that correlated best with ash content, yield and A, was K. For yield and Δ, although the relationship with K followed the same pattern as the relationhip with ash content, the correlation coefficients were lower. Thus, mineral accumulation in mature kernels seems to be independent of transpiration efficiency. In fact, filling of grains takes place through the phloem pathway. The ash content in kernels is proposed as a complementary criterion, in addition to kernel Δ, to assess genotype differences in barley grain yield under rainfed conditions.

Prediction of rabbit meat and bone weight using measurements and sample cuts

Regression equations predicting dissectable muscle weight in rabbits from external measurements were presented. Bone weight and weight of muscle groups were also carcass predicted. Predictive capacity of external measurements, retail cuts and muscle groups on total muscle, percent muscle, total bone and muscle to bone ratio were studied separately. Measurements on dissected retail cuts should be included in ordcr to obtain good equations for prediction of percent muscle in the carcass. Equations for predicting the muscle to bone ratio using external mcasurcments and data from the dissection of one hind leg were suggested. The equations had generally high coefficients of determination. The coefficient of determination for prediction of dissectable muscle was 0.91, and for percent muscle in the carcass 0.79.

Effects of winter feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny

Selostus: Tasaruokinnan ja vaihtoehtoisten rehujen soveltuvuus emolehmien talvikauden ruokintaan

The transtheoretical model in weight management: Validation of the Processes of Change Questionnaire

Objective: The processes of change implied in weight management remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify these processes by validating a questionnaire designed to assess processes of change (the P-Weight) in line with the transtheoretical model. The relationship of processes of change with stages of change and other external variables is also examined. Methods: Participants were 723 people from community and clinical settings in Barcelona. Their mean age was 32.07 (SD = 14.55) years; most of them were women (75.0%), and their mean BMI was 26.47 (SD = 8.52) kg/m2. They all completed the P-Weight and the stages of change questionnaire (SWeight), both applied to weight management, as well as two subscales from the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 and Eating Attitudes Test-40 questionnaires about the concern with dieting. Results: A 34-item version of the PWeight was obtained by means of a refinement process. The principal components analysis applied to half of the sample identified four processes of change. A confirmatory factor analysis was then carried out with the other half of the sample, revealing that the model of four freely correlated first-order factors showed the best fit (GFI = 0.988, AGFI = 0.986, NFI = 0.986, and SRMR = 0.0559). Corrected item-total correlations (0.322-0.865) and Cronbach"s alpha coefficients (0.781-0.960) were adequate. The relationship between the P-Weight and the S-Weight and the concern with dieting measures from other questionnaires supported the validity of the scale. Conclusion: The study identified processes of change involved in weight management and reports the adequate psychometric properties of the P-Weight. It also reveals the relationship between processes and stages of change and other external variables.