O Sistema ideológico do agronegócio: o poder do discurso e o discurso pelo poder

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

O ensino de matemática em duas escolas profissionalizantes: Brasil e Portugal, no período de 1942 a 1978

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Evaluation of operational SSM/I ice-concentration algorithms

The United States National Ice Center (NIC) provides weekly ice analyses of the Arctic and Antarctic using information from ice reconnaissance, ship reports and high-resolution satellite imagery. In cloud-covered areas and regions lacking imagery, the higher-resolution sources are augmented by ice concentrations derived from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMII) passive-microwave imagery. However, the SSMII-derived ice concentrations are limited by low resolution and uncertainties in thin-ice regions. Ongoing research at NIC is attempting to improve the utility of these SSMII products for operational sea-ice analyses. The refinements of operational algorithms may also aid future scientific studies. Here we discuss an evaluation of the standard operational ice-concentration algorithm, Cal/Val, with a possible alternative, a modified NASA Team algorithm. The modified algorithm compares favorably with CallVal and is a substantial improvement over the standard NASA Team algorithm in thin-ice regions that are of particular interest to operational activities.

Traumatic memories: bridging the gap between functional neuroimaging and psychotherapy

Objective: Neuroimaging studies have highlighted important issues related to structural and functional brain changes found in sufferers of psychological trauma that may influence their ability to synthesize, categorize, and integrate traumatic memories. Methods: Literature review and critical analysis and synthesis. Results: Traumatic memories are diagnostic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the dual representation theory posits separate memory systems subserving vivid re-experiencing (non-hippocampally dependent) versus declarative autobiographical memories of trauma (hippocampally dependent). But the psychopathological signs of trauma are not static over time, nor is the expression of traumatic memories. Multiple memory systems are activated simultaneously and in parallel on various occasions. Neural circuitry interaction is a crucial aspect in the development of a psychotherapeutic approach that may favour an integrative translation of the sensory fragments of the traumatic memory into a declarative memory system. Conclusion: The relationship between neuroimaging findings and psychological approaches is discussed for greater efficacy in the treatment of psychologically traumatized patients.

Extensive Rhodolith Beds Cover the Summits of Southwestern Atlantic Ocean Seamounts

Calcium carbonate production by marine organisms is an essential process in the global budget of CO32-, and coralline reefs are the most important benthic carbonate producers. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are well recognized as the most important carbonate builders in the tropical Brazilian continental shelf, forming structural reefs and extensive rhodolith beds. However, the distribution of CCA beds, as well as their role in CO32- mineralization in mesophotic communities and isolated carbonate banks, is still poorly known. To characterize the bottom features of several seamount summits in the Southwestern Atlantic (SWA), side-scan sonar records, remotely operated vehicle imagery, and benthic samples with mixed-gas scuba diving were acquired during two recent research cruises (March 2009 and February 2011). The tops of several seamounts within this region are relatively shallow (similar to 60 m), flat, and dominated by rhodolith beds (Vitoria, Almirante Saldanha, Davis, and Jaseur seamounts, as well as the Trindade Island shelf). On the basis of abundance, dimensions, vitality, and growth rates of CCA nodules, a mean CaCO3 production was estimated, ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 kg m(-2) y(-1) with a total production reaching 1.5 x 10(-3) Gt y(-1). Our results indicate that these SWA seamount summits provide extensive areas of shallow reef area and represent 0.3% of the world's carbonate banks. The importance of this habitat has been highly neglected, and immediate management needs must be fulfilled in the short term to ensure long-term persistence of the ecosystem services provided by these offshore carbonate realms.

Classificação híbrida: pixel a pixel e baseada em objetos para o monitoramento da condição da superfície dos pavimentos rodoviários

Monitorar a condição de uso de toda a extensão das rodovias brasileiras é tarefa dispendiosa e demorada. Este trabalho trata de novas técnicas que permitem o levantamento da condição da superfície dos pavimentos rodoviários de forma ágil utilizando imagens hiperespectrais de sensor digital aeroembarcado. Nos últimos anos, um número crescente de imagens de alta resolução espacial tem surgido no mercado mundial com o aparecimento dos novos satélites e sensores aeroembarcados de sensoriamento remoto. Propõe-se uma metodologia para identificação dos pavimentos asfálticos e classificação das principais ocorrências dos defeitos na superfície do pavimento. A primeira etapa da metodologia é a identificação da superfície asfáltica na imagem, utilizando uma classificação híbrida baseada inicialmente em pixel e depois refinada por objetos. A segunda etapa da metodologia é a identificação e classificação das ocorrências dos principais defeitos nos pavimentos flexíveis que são observáveis nas imagens de alta resolução espacial. Esta última etapa faz uso intensivo das novas técnicas de classificação de imagens baseadas em objetos. O resultado final é a geração de índices da condição da superfície do pavimento a partir das imagens que possam ser comparados com os indicadores vigentes da condição da superfície do pavimento já normatizados pelos órgãos competentes no país.

Chronic infusion of amyloid-β peptide and sustained attention altered α7 nicotinic receptor density in the rat brain

It is already known that progressive degeneration of cholinergic neurons in brain areas such as the hippocampus and the cortex leads to memory deficits, as observed in Alzheimer's disease. This work verified the effects of the infusion of amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide associated to an attentional rehearsal on the density of alpha 7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) in the brain of male Wistar rats. Animals received intracerebroventricular infusion of A beta or vehicle (control - C) and their attention was stimulated weekly (Stimulated A beta group: S-A beta and Stimulated Control group: SC) or not (Non-Stimulated A beta group: N-SA beta and Non-Stimulated Control group: N-SC), using an active avoidance apparatus. Conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) were registered. Chronic infusion of A beta caused a 37% reduction in CAR for N-SA beta. In S-A beta, this reduction was not observed. At the end, brains were extracted and autoradiography for alpha 7 nAChR was conducted using [I-125]-alpha-bungarotoxin. There was an increase in alpha 7 density in hippocampus, cortex and amygdala of SA beta animals, together with the memory preservation. In recent findings from our lab using mice infused with A beta and the alpha 7 antagonist methyllycaconitine, and stimulated weekly in the same apparatus, it was observed that memory maintenance was abolished. So, the increase in alpha 7 density in brain areas related to memory might be related to a participation of this receptor in the long-lasting change in synaptic plasticity, which is important to improve and maintain memory consolidation.

Cortical activation during executed, imagined, observed, and passive wrist movements in healthy volunteers and stroke patients

Motor imagery, passive movement, and movement observation have been suggested to activate the sensorimotor system without overt movement. The present study investigated these three covert movement modes together with overt movement in a within-subject design to allow for a fine-grained comparison of their abilities in activating the sensorimotor system, i.e. premotor, primary motor, and somatosensory cortices. For this, 21 healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition we explored the abilities of the different covert movement modes in activating the sensorimotor system in a pilot study of 5 stroke patients suffering from chronic severe hemiparesis. Results demonstrated that while all covert movement modes activated sensorimotor areas, there were profound differences between modes and between healthy volunteers and patients. In healthy volunteers, the pattern of neural activation in overt execution was best resembled by passive movement, followed by motor imagery, and lastly by movement observation. In patients, attempted overt execution was best resembled by motor imagery, followed by passive movement and lastly by movement observation. Our results indicate that for severely hemiparetic stroke patients motor imagery may be the preferred way to activate the sensorimotor system without overt behavior. In addition, the clear differences between the covert movement modes point to the need for within-subject comparisons. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CANOPIES OF Eucalyptus spp. USING RADIOMETRIC DATA FROM TM/Landsat 5

Empirical approaches and, more recently, physical approaches, have grounded the establishment of logical connections between radiometric variables derived from remote data and biophysical variables derived from vegetation cover. This study was aimed at evaluating correlations of dendrometric and density data from canopies of Eucalyptus spp., as collected in Capao Bonito forest unit, with radiometric data from imagery acquired by the TM/Landsat-5 sensor on two orbital passages over the study site (dates close to field data collection). Results indicate that stronger correlations were identified between crown dimensions and canopy height with near-infrared spectral band data (rho(s)4), irrespective of the satellite passage date. Estimates of spatial distribution of dendrometric data and canopy density (D) using spectral characterization were consistent with the spatial distribution of tree ages during the study period. Statistical tests were applied to evaluate performance disparities of empirical models depending on which date data were acquired. Results indicated a significant difference between models based on distinct data acquisition dates.

QuMinS: fast and scalable querying, mining and summarizing multi-modal databases

Given a large image set, in which very few images have labels, how to guess labels for the remaining majority? How to spot images that need brand new labels different from the predefined ones? How to summarize these data to route the user’s attention to what really matters? Here we answer all these questions. Specifically, we propose QuMinS, a fast, scalable solution to two problems: (i) Low-labor labeling (LLL) – given an image set, very few images have labels, find the most appropriate labels for the rest; and (ii) Mining and attention routing – in the same setting, find clusters, the top-'N IND.O' outlier images, and the 'N IND.R' images that best represent the data. Experiments on satellite images spanning up to 2.25 GB show that, contrasting to the state-of-the-art labeling techniques, QuMinS scales linearly on the data size, being up to 40 times faster than top competitors (GCap), still achieving better or equal accuracy, it spots images that potentially require unpredicted labels, and it works even with tiny initial label sets, i.e., nearly five examples. We also report a case study of our method’s practical usage to show that QuMinS is a viable tool for automatic coffee crop detection from remote sensing images.

Heat island simulations in Londrina city, Brazil

This work aims to study the urban heat island on North region of Parana state, Brazil and the influence of land use and urban settlements on the intensity and frequency of occurrence of these events. Through atmospheric modeling whith WRF/Chem model two simulations were made with different land and use files, one with the original land use another obtained from a composition of MODIS-Landsat imagery. The simulations showed good skills compared to observed data. Urban areas presented higher temperatures. Landsat land use has represented better urban heat islands (UHI), the gradient between urban and rural areas was well demonstrated and the correlation coefficient was above 0.92. The model underestimated the maximum values and overestimated the minimum compared with observed data in both simulations.

The submarine volcano eruption off El Hierro Island: Effects on the scattering migrant biota and the evolution of the pelagic communities

[EN] The submarine volcano eruption off El Hierro Island (Canary Islands) on 10 October 2011 promoted dramatic perturbation of the water column leading to changes in the distribution of pelagic fauna. To study the response of the scattering biota, we combined acoustic data with hydrographic profiles and concurrent sea surface turbidity indexes from satellite imagery. We also monitored changes in the plankton and nekton communities through the eruptive and post-eruptive phases. Decrease of oxygen, acidification, rising temperature and deposition of chemicals in shallow waters resulted in a reduction of epipelagic stocks and a disruption of diel vertical migration (nocturnal ascent) of mesopelagic organisms. Furthermore, decreased light levels at depth caused by extinction in the volcanic plume resulted in a significant shallowing of the deep acoustic scattering layer. Once the eruption ceased, the distribution and abundances of the pelagic biota returned to baseline levels. There was no evidence of a volcano-induced bloom in the plankton community.

Utilizzo metrico di immagini panoramiche satellitari CORONA

CAPITOLO 1 INTRODUZIONE Il lavoro presentato è relativo all’utilizzo a fini metrici di immagini satellitari storiche a geometria panoramica; in particolare sono state elaborate immagini satellitari acquisite dalla piattaforma statunitense CORONA, progettata ed impiegata essenzialmente a scopi militari tra gli anni ’60 e ’70 del secolo scorso, e recentemente soggette ad una declassificazione che ne ha consentito l’accesso anche a scopi ed utenti non militari. Il tema del recupero di immagini aeree e satellitari del passato è di grande interesse per un ampio spettro di applicazioni sul territorio, dall’analisi dello sviluppo urbano o in ambito regionale fino ad indagini specifiche locali relative a siti di interesse archeologico, industriale, ambientale. Esiste infatti un grandissimo patrimonio informativo che potrebbe colmare le lacune della documentazione cartografica, di per sé, per ovvi motivi tecnici ed economici, limitata a rappresentare l’evoluzione territoriale in modo asincrono e sporadico, e con “forzature” e limitazioni nel contenuto informativo legate agli scopi ed alle modalità di rappresentazione delle carte nel corso del tempo e per diversi tipi di applicazioni. L’immagine di tipo fotografico offre una rappresentazione completa, ancorché non soggettiva, dell’esistente e può complementare molto efficacemente il dato cartografico o farne le veci laddove questo non esista. La maggior parte del patrimonio di immagini storiche è certamente legata a voli fotogrammetrici che, a partire dai primi decenni del ‘900, hanno interessato vaste aree dei paesi più avanzati, o regioni di interesse a fini bellici. Accanto a queste, ed ovviamente su periodi più vicini a noi, si collocano le immagini acquisite da piattaforma satellitare, tra le quali rivestono un grande interesse quelle realizzate a scopo di spionaggio militare, essendo ad alta risoluzione geometrica e di ottimo dettaglio. Purtroppo, questo ricco patrimonio è ancora oggi in gran parte inaccessibile, anche se recentemente sono state avviate iniziative per permetterne l’accesso a fini civili, in considerazione anche dell’obsolescenza del dato e della disponibilità di altre e migliori fonti di informazione che il moderno telerilevamento ci propone. L’impiego di immagini storiche, siano esse aeree o satellitari, è nella gran parte dei casi di carattere qualitativo, inteso ad investigare sulla presenza o assenza di oggetti o fenomeni, e di rado assume un carattere metrico ed oggettivo, che richiederebbe tra l’altro la conoscenza di dati tecnici (per esempio il certificato di calibrazione nel caso delle camere aerofotogrammetriche) che sono andati perduti o sono inaccessibili. Va ricordato anche che i mezzi di presa dell’epoca erano spesso soggetti a fenomeni di distorsione ottica o altro tipo di degrado delle immagini che ne rendevano difficile un uso metrico. D’altra parte, un utilizzo metrico di queste immagini consentirebbe di conferire all’analisi del territorio e delle modifiche in esso intercorse anche un significato oggettivo che sarebbe essenziale per diversi scopi: per esempio, per potere effettuare misure su oggetti non più esistenti o per potere confrontare con precisione o co-registrare le immagini storiche con quelle attuali opportunamente georeferenziate. Il caso delle immagini Corona è molto interessante, per una serie di specificità che esse presentano: in primo luogo esse associano ad una alta risoluzione (dimensione del pixel a terra fino a 1.80 metri) una ampia copertura a terra (i fotogrammi di alcune missioni coprono strisce lunghe fino a 250 chilometri). Queste due caratteristiche “derivano” dal principio adottato in fase di acquisizione delle immagini stesse, vale a dire la geometria panoramica scelta appunto perché l’unica che consente di associare le due caratteristiche predette e quindi molto indicata ai fini spionaggio. Inoltre, data la numerosità e la frequenza delle missioni all’interno dell’omonimo programma, le serie storiche di questi fotogrammi permettono una ricostruzione “ricca” e “minuziosa” degli assetti territoriali pregressi, data appunto la maggior quantità di informazioni e l’imparzialità associabili ai prodotti fotografici. Va precisato sin dall’inizio come queste immagini, seppur rappresentino una risorsa “storica” notevole (sono datate fra il 1959 ed il 1972 e coprono regioni moto ampie e di grandissimo interesse per analisi territoriali), siano state molto raramente impiegate a scopi metrici. Ciò è probabilmente imputabile al fatto che il loro trattamento a fini metrici non è affatto semplice per tutta una serie di motivi che saranno evidenziati nei capitoli successivi. La sperimentazione condotta nell’ambito della tesi ha avuto due obiettivi primari, uno generale ed uno più particolare: da un lato il tentativo di valutare in senso lato le potenzialità dell’enorme patrimonio rappresentato da tali immagini (reperibili ad un costo basso in confronto a prodotti simili) e dall’altro l’opportunità di indagare la situazione territoriale locale per una zona della Turchia sud orientale (intorno al sito archeologico di Tilmen Höyük) sulla quale è attivo un progetto condotto dall’Università di Bologna (responsabile scientifico il Prof. Nicolò Marchetti del Dipartimento di Archeologia), a cui il DISTART collabora attivamente dal 2005. L’attività è condotta in collaborazione con l’Università di Istanbul ed il Museo Archeologico di Gaziantep. Questo lavoro si inserisce, inoltre, in un’ottica più ampia di quelle esposta, dello studio cioè a carattere regionale della zona in cui si trovano gli scavi archeologici di Tilmen Höyük; la disponibilità di immagini multitemporali su un ampio intervallo temporale, nonché di tipo multi sensore, con dati multispettrali, doterebbe questo studio di strumenti di conoscenza di altissimo interesse per la caratterizzazione dei cambiamenti intercorsi. Per quanto riguarda l’aspetto più generale, mettere a punto una procedura per il trattamento metrico delle immagini CORONA può rivelarsi utile all’intera comunità che ruota attorno al “mondo” dei GIS e del telerilevamento; come prima ricordato tali immagini (che coprono una superficie di quasi due milioni di chilometri quadrati) rappresentano un patrimonio storico fotografico immenso che potrebbe (e dovrebbe) essere utilizzato sia a scopi archeologici, sia come supporto per lo studio, in ambiente GIS, delle dinamiche territoriali di sviluppo di quelle zone in cui sono scarse o addirittura assenti immagini satellitari dati cartografici pregressi. Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in 6 capitoli, di cui il presente costituisce il primo. Il secondo capitolo è stato dedicato alla descrizione sommaria del progetto spaziale CORONA (progetto statunitense condotto a scopo di fotoricognizione del territorio dell’ex Unione Sovietica e delle aree Mediorientali politicamente correlate ad essa); in questa fase vengono riportate notizie in merito alla nascita e all’evoluzione di tale programma, vengono descritti piuttosto dettagliatamente gli aspetti concernenti le ottiche impiegate e le modalità di acquisizione delle immagini, vengono riportati tutti i riferimenti (storici e non) utili a chi volesse approfondire la conoscenza di questo straordinario programma spaziale. Nel terzo capitolo viene presentata una breve discussione in merito alle immagini panoramiche in generale, vale a dire le modalità di acquisizione, gli aspetti geometrici e prospettici alla base del principio panoramico, i pregi ed i difetti di questo tipo di immagini. Vengono inoltre presentati i diversi metodi rintracciabili in bibliografia per la correzione delle immagini panoramiche e quelli impiegati dai diversi autori (pochi per la verità) che hanno scelto di conferire un significato metrico (quindi quantitativo e non solo qualitativo come è accaduto per lungo tempo) alle immagini CORONA. Il quarto capitolo rappresenta una breve descrizione del sito archeologico di Tilmen Höyuk; collocazione geografica, cronologia delle varie campagne di studio che l’hanno riguardato, monumenti e suppellettili rinvenute nell’area e che hanno reso possibili una ricostruzione virtuale dell’aspetto originario della città ed una più profonda comprensione della situazione delle capitali del Mediterraneo durante il periodo del Bronzo Medio. Il quinto capitolo è dedicato allo “scopo” principe del lavoro affrontato, vale a dire la generazione dell’ortofotomosaico relativo alla zona di cui sopra. Dopo un’introduzione teorica in merito alla produzione di questo tipo di prodotto (procedure e trasformazioni utilizzabili, metodi di interpolazione dei pixel, qualità del DEM utilizzato), vengono presentati e commentati i risultati ottenuti, cercando di evidenziare le correlazioni fra gli stessi e le problematiche di diversa natura incontrate nella redazione di questo lavoro di tesi. Nel sesto ed ultimo capitolo sono contenute le conclusioni in merito al lavoro in questa sede presentato. Nell’appendice A vengono riportate le tabelle dei punti di controllo utilizzati in fase di orientamento esterno dei fotogrammi.

Seizure prediction and control in epilepsy

The first part of my thesis presents an overview of the different approaches used in the past two decades in the attempt to forecast epileptic seizure on the basis of intracranial and scalp EEG. Past research could reveal some value of linear and nonlinear algorithms to detect EEG features changing over different phases of the epileptic cycle. However, their exact value for seizure prediction, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, is still discussed and has to be evaluated. In particular, the monitored EEG features may fluctuate with the vigilance state and lead to false alarms. Recently, such a dependency on vigilance states has been reported for some seizure prediction methods, suggesting a reduced reliability. An additional factor limiting application and validation of most seizure-prediction techniques is their computational load. For the first time, the reliability of permutation entropy [PE] was verified in seizure prediction on scalp EEG data, contemporarily controlling for its dependency on different vigilance states. PE was recently introduced as an extremely fast and robust complexity measure for chaotic time series and thus suitable for online application even in portable systems. The capability of PE to distinguish between preictal and interictal state has been demonstrated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Correlation analysis was used to assess dependency of PE on vigilance states. Scalp EEG-Data from two right temporal epileptic lobe (RTLE) patients and from one patient with right frontal lobe epilepsy were analysed. The last patient was included only in the correlation analysis, since no datasets including seizures have been available for him. The ROC analysis showed a good separability of interictal and preictal phases for both RTLE patients, suggesting that PE could be sensitive to EEG modifications, not visible on visual inspection, that might occur well in advance respect to the EEG and clinical onset of seizures. However, the simultaneous assessment of the changes in vigilance showed that: a) all seizures occurred in association with the transition of vigilance states; b) PE was sensitive in detecting different vigilance states, independently of seizure occurrences. Due to the limitations of the datasets, these results cannot rule out the capability of PE to detect preictal states. However, the good separability between pre- and interictal phases might depend exclusively on the coincidence of epileptic seizure onset with a transition from a state of low vigilance to a state of increased vigilance. The finding of a dependency of PE on vigilance state is an original finding, not reported in literature, and suggesting the possibility to classify vigilance states by means of PE in an authomatic and objectic way. The second part of my thesis provides the description of a novel behavioral task based on motor imagery skills, firstly introduced (Bruzzo et al. 2007), in order to study mental simulation of biological and non-biological movement in paranoid schizophrenics (PS). Immediately after the presentation of a real movement, participants had to imagine or re-enact the very same movement. By key release and key press respectively, participants had to indicate when they started and ended the mental simulation or the re-enactment, making it feasible to measure the duration of the simulated or re-enacted movements. The proportional error between duration of the re-enacted/simulated movement and the template movement were compared between different conditions, as well as between PS and healthy subjects. Results revealed a double dissociation between the mechanisms of mental simulation involved in biological and non-biologial movement simulation. While for PS were found large errors for simulation of biological movements, while being more acurate than healthy subjects during simulation of non-biological movements. Healthy subjects showed the opposite relationship, making errors during simulation of non-biological movements, but being most accurate during simulation of non-biological movements. However, the good timing precision during re-enactment of the movements in all conditions and in both groups of participants suggests that perception, memory and attention, as well as motor control processes were not affected. Based upon a long history of literature reporting the existence of psychotic episodes in epileptic patients, a longitudinal study, using a slightly modified behavioral paradigm, was carried out with two RTLE patients, one patient with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and one patient with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Results provide strong evidence for a possibility to predict upcoming seizures in RTLE patients behaviorally. In the last part of the thesis it has been validated a behavioural strategy based on neurobiofeedback training, to voluntarily control seizures and to reduce there frequency. Three epileptic patients were included in this study. The biofeedback was based on monitoring of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) extracted online from scalp EEG. Patients were trained to produce positive shifts of SCPs. After a training phase patients were monitored for 6 months in order to validate the ability of the learned strategy to reduce seizure frequency. Two of the three refractory epileptic patients recruited for this study showed improvements in self-management and reduction of ictal episodes, even six months after the last training session.

Percorsi di gender performance: fotografia tra arte e moda dagli anni Novanta ad oggi

My project explores and compares different forms of gender performance in contemporary art and visual culture according to a perspective centered on photography. Thanks to its attesting power this medium can work as a ready-made. In fact during the 20th century it played a key role in the cultural emancipation of the body which (using a Michel Foucault’s expression) has now become «the zero point of the world». Through performance the body proves to be a living material of expression and communication while photography ensures the recording of any ephemeral event that happens in time and space. My questioning approach considers the gender constructed imagery from the 1990s to the present in order to investigate how photography’s strong aura of realism promotes and allows fantasies of transformation. The contemporary fascination with gender (especially for art and fashion) represents a crucial issue in the global context of postmodernity and is manifested in a variety of visual media, from photography to video and film. Moreover the internet along with its digital transmission of images has deeply affected our world (from culture to everyday life) leading to a postmodern preference for performativity over the more traditional and linear forms of narrativity. As a consequence individual borders get redefined by the skin itself which (dissected through instant vision) turns into a ductile material of mutation and hybridation in the service of identity. My critical assumptions are taken from the most relevant changes occurred in philosophy during the last two decades as a result of the contributions by Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze who developed a cross-disciplinary and comparative approach to interpret the crisis of modernity. They have profoundly influenced feminist studies so that the category of gender has been reassessed in contrast with sex (as a biological connotation) and in relation to history, culture, society. The ideal starting point of my research is the year 1990. I chose it as the approximate historical moment when the intersection of race, class and gender were placed at the forefront of international artistic production concerned with identity, diversity and globalization. Such issues had been explored throughout the 1970s but it was only from the mid-1980s onward that they began to be articulated more consistently. Published in 1990, the book "Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity" by Judith Butler marked an important breakthrough by linking gender to performance as well as investigating the intricate connections between theory and practice, embodiment and representation. It inspired subsequent research in a variety of disciplines, art history included. In the same year Teresa de Lauretis launched the definition of queer theory to challenge the academic perspective in gay and lesbian studies. In the meantime the rise of Third Wave Feminism in the US introduced a racially and sexually inclusive vision over the global situation in order to reflect on subjectivity, new technologies and popular culture in connection with gender representation. These conceptual tools have enabled prolific readings of contemporary cultural production whether fine arts or mass media. After discussing the appropriate framework of my project and taking into account the postmodern globalization of the visual, I have turned to photography to map gender representation both in art and in fashion. Therefore I have been creating an archive of images around specific topics. I decided to include fashion photography because in the 1990s this genre moved away from the paradigm of an idealized and classical beauty toward a new vernacular allied with lifestyles, art practices, pop and youth culture; as one might expect the dominant narrative modes in fashion photography are now mainly influenced by cinema and snapshot. These strategies originate story lines and interrupted narratives using models’ performance to convey a particular imagery where identity issues emerge as an essential part of fashion spectacle. Focusing on the intersections of gender identities with socially and culturally produced identities, my approach intends to underline how the fashion world has turned to current trends in art photography and in some case turned to the artists themselves. The growing fluidity of the categories that distinguish art from fashion photography represents a particularly fruitful moment of visual exchange. Varying over time the dialogue between these two fields has always been vital; nowadays it can be studied as a result of this close relationship between contemporary art world and consumer culture. Due to the saturation of postmodern imagery the feedback between art and fashion has become much more immediate and then increasingly significant for anyone who wants to investigate the construction of gender identity through performance. In addition to that a lot of magazines founded in the 1990s bridged the worlds of art and fashion because some of their designers and even editors were art-school graduates encouraging innovation. The inclusion of art within such magazines aimed at validating them as a form of art in themselves supporting a dynamic intersection for music, fashion, design and youth culture: an intersection that also contributed to create and spread different gender stereotypes. This general interest in fashion produced many exhibitions of and about fashion itself at major international venues such as the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Since then this celebrated success of fashion has been regarded as a typical element of postmodern culture. Owing to that I have also based my analysis on some important exhibitions dealing with gender performance like "Féminin-Masculin" at the Centre Pompidou of Paris (1995), "Rrose is a Rrose is a Rrose. Gender performance in photography" at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of New York (1997), "Global Feminisms" at the Brooklyn Museum (2007), "Female Trouble" at the Pinakothek der Moderne in München together with the workshops dedicated to "Performance: gender and identity" in June 2005 at the Tate Modern of London. Since 2003 in Italy we have had Gender Bender - an international festival held annually in Bologna - to explore the gender imagery stemming from contemporary culture. In few days this festival offers a series of events ranging from visual arts, performance, cinema, literature to conferences and music. Being aware that any method of research is neither race nor gender neutral I have traced these critical paths to question gender identity in a multicultural perspective taking account of the political implications too. In fact, if visibility may be equated with exposure, we can also read these images as points of intersection of visibility with social power. Since gender assignations rely so heavily on the visual, the postmodern dismantling of gender certainty through performance has wide-ranging effects that need to be analyzed. In some sense this practice can even contest the dominance of visual within postmodernism. My visual map in contemporary art and fashion photography includes artists like Nan Goldin, Cindy Sherman, Hellen van Meene, Rineke Dijkstra, Ed Templeton, Ryan McGinley, Anne Daems, Miwa Yanagi, Tracey Moffat, Catherine Opie, Tomoko Sawada, Vanessa Beecroft, Yasumasa Morimura, Collier Schorr among others.