Modélisation toxicocinétique du benzo(a)pyrène et 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrène pour l’interprétation des données de surveillance biologique de l’exposition chez les travailleurs

De nombreux travailleurs sont exposés aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP). Le benzo(a)pyrène (BaP) fait partie de ce groupe de polluants. Cette substance a été classée cancérogène reconnu chez l’humain. Pour évaluer l'exposition aux HAP cancérogènes, plusieurs chercheurs ont proposé d’utiliser la mesure du 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrène (3-OHBaP) dans l’urine des travailleurs exposés. Dans le cadre du présent projet, deux approches de modélisation ont été développées et appliquées pour permettre une meilleure compréhension de la toxicocinétique du BaP et son biomarqueur d’intérêt actuel, le 3-OHBaP, et pour aider à interpréter les résultats de surveillance biologique. Un modèle toxicocinétique à plusieurs compartiments a été développé sur la base des données préalablement obtenues sur le rat par notre groupe. Selon le modèle, le BaP injecté par voie intraveineuse est rapidement distribué du sang vers les tissus (t½ ≈ 4 h), avec une affinité particulière pour les poumons et les composantes lipidiques des tissus. Le BaP est ensuite distribué vers la peau et le foie. Au foie, le BaP est promptement métabolisé et le 3-OHBaP est formé avec une demi-vie de ≈ 3 h. Le métabolisme pulmonaire du BaP a également été pris en compte, mais sa contribution à la cinétique globale du BaP a été jugée négligeable. Une fois formé, le 3-OHBaP est distribué vers les différents organes presque aussi rapidement que la molécule mère (t½ ≈ 2 h). Le profil temporel du 3-OHBaP dans le rein montre une accumulation transitoire en raison de la différence observée entre le taux d’entrée (t½ = 28 min) et le taux de sortie (t½ = 4,5 h). La clairance totale de 3-OHBaP du corps est principalement gouvernée par le taux de transfert de la bile vers le tractus gastro-intestinal (t½ ≈ 4 h). Le modèle toxicocinétique à plusieurs compartiments a réussi à simuler un ensemble indépendant de profils urinaires publiés sur le 3-OHBaP. Ce modèle toxicocinétique à compartiments s'est avéré utile pour la determination des facteurs biologiques déterminants de la cinétique du BaP et du 3-OHBaP. Par la suite, un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PCBP) reproduisant le devenir du BaP et du 3-OHBaP chez le rat a été construit. Les organes (ou tissus) représentés comme des compartiments ont été choisis en fonction de données expérimentales obtenues in vivo chez le rat. Les coefficients de partition, les coefficients de perméabilité, les taux de métabolisation, les paramètres d'excrétion, les fractions absorbées et les taux d'absorption pour différentes voies d’exposition ont été obtenus directement à partir des profils sanguins, tissulaires, urinaires et fécaux du BaP et du 3-OHBaP. Les valeurs de ces derniers paramètres ont été calculées par des procédures Monte-Carlo. Des analyses de sensibilité ont ensuite été réalisées pour s’assurer de la stabilité du modèle et pour établir les paramètres les plus sensibles de la cinétique globale. Cette modélisation a permis d’identifier les facteurs déterminants de la cinétique: 1) la sensibilité élevée des paramètres de la métabolisation hépatique du BaP et du 3-OHBaP ainsi que du taux d'élimination; 2) la forte distribution du BaP dans les poumons par rapport à d'autres tissus; 3) la distribution considérable du BaP dans les tissus adipeux et le foie; 4) la forte distribution du 3-OHBaP dans les reins; 5) le transfert limité du BaP par la diffusion tissulaire dans les poumons; 6) le transfert limité du 3-OHBaP par la diffusion tissulaire dans les poumons, les tissus adipeux et les reins; 7) la recirculation entéro-hépatique significative du 3-OHBaP. Suite à des analyses de qualité des ajustements des équations du modèle aux données observées, les probabilités que les simulations reproduisent les données expérimentales par pur hasard se sont avérées toujours inférieures à 10% pour les quatre voies d’exposition : intraveineuse, orale, cutanée et respiratoire. Nous avons extrapolé les modèles cinétiques du rat à l’humain afin de se doter d’un outil permettant de reconstituer les doses absorbées chez des travailleurs exposés dans diverses industries à partir de mesures de l'évolution temporelle du 3-OHBaP dans leur urine. Les résultats de ces modélisations ont ensuite été comparés à ceux de simulations obtenues avec un modèle toxicocinétique à compartiment unique pour vérifier l’utilité comparative d’un modèle simple et complexe. Les deux types de modèle ont ainsi été construits à partir de profils sanguins, tissulaires, urinaires et fécaux du BaP et du 3-OHBaP sur des rats exposés. Ces données ont été obtenues in vivo par voie intraveineuse, cutanée, respiratoire et orale. Ensuite, les modèles ont été extrapolés à l’humain en tenant compte des déterminants biologiques essentiels des différences cinétiques entre le rat et l’humain. Les résultats ont montré que l'inhalation n'était pas la principale voie d'exposition pour plusieurs travailleurs étudiés. Les valeurs de concentrations de BaP dans l’air utilisées afin de simuler les profils d’excrétion urinaire chez les travailleurs étaient différentes des valeurs de concentrations de BaP mesurées dans l’air. Une exposition au BaP par voie cutanée semblait mieux prédire les profils temporels observés. Finalement, les deux types de modélisation se sont avérés utiles pour reproduire et pour interpréter les données disponibles chez des travailleurs.

Electron donor strength of rare earth oxides

The adsorption of electron acceptors, viz.,7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane(TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p- benzoquinone (chloranil) and p-dinitrobenzene (PDNB) on the surface of three rare earth oxides Y2O3, Nd203 and Pr6O11 has been studied in acetonitrile and dioxan. From the radical concentration on the surface determined using ESR spectral data, the electron donor strength of the rare earth oxides are reported.

Acid-base and Electron Donor Properties of Pr6O11 and Its Mixtures with Alumina

The electron donor properties of Pr6O11 activated at 300. 500 and 800°C are reported from the studies on adsorption of electron acceptors of various electron affinity (7. 7, 8, 8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. 2, 3. 5, 6-tetrachloro-l, 4-benzoquin one. p-dinitrobenzene. and m-dinitrobenzene) in three solvents (acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxan and ethyl acetate). The extent of electron transfer during adsorption is understood from magnetic measurements and ESR spectral data. The corresponding data on mixed oxides of Pr and Al are reported for various compositions, The acid / base properties of these oxides are determined using a set of Hammett indicators.

Electrochemical studies on Metal phthalocyanines

The primary aim of these investigations was to probe the elecnuchemical and material science aspects of some selected metal phthalocyanines(MPcs).Metal phthalocyanines are characterised by a unique planar molecular structure. As a single class of compounds they have been the subject of ever increasing number of physicochemical and technological investigations. During the last two decades the literature on these compounds was flooded by an outpour of original publications and patents. Almost every branch of materials science has benefited by their application-swface coating, printing, electrophotography, photoelectrochemistry, electronics and medicine to name a few.The present study was confined to the electrical and electrochemical properties of cobalt, nickel, zinc. iron and copper phthalocyanines. The use of soluble Pes as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium was also investigated.In the introductory section of the thesis, the work done so far on MPcs is reviewed. In this review emphasis is given to their general methods of synthesis and the physicochemical properties.In phthalocyanine chemistry one of the formidable tasks is the isolation of singular species. In the second chapter the methods of synthesis and purification are presented with necessary experimental details.The studies on plasma modified films of CoPe, FePc, ZnPc. NiPc and CuPc are also presented.Modification of electron transfer process by such films for reversible redox systems is taken as the criterion to establish enhanced electrocatalytic activity.Metal phthalocyanines are p- type semiconductors and the conductivity is enhanced by doping with iodine. The effect of doping on the activation energy of the conduction process is evaluated by measuring the temperature dependent variation of conductivity. Effect of thennal treatment on iodine doped CoPc is investigated by DSC,magnetic susceptibility, IR, ESR and electronic spectra. The elecnucatalytic activity of such doped materials was probed by cyclic voltammetry.The electron transfer mediation characteristics of MPc films depend on the film thickness. The influence of reducing the effective thickness of the MPc film by dispersing it into a conductive polymeric matrix was investigated. Tetrasulphonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoTSP) was electrostatically immobilised into polyaniline and poly(o-toluidine) under varied conditions.The studies on corrosion inhibition of aluminium by CoTSP and CuTSP and By virtue of their anionic character they are soluble in water and are strongly adsorbed on aluminium. Hence they can act as corrosion inhibitors. CoTSP is also known to catalyze the reduction of dioxygen.This reaction can accelerate the anodic dissolution of metal as a complementary reaction. The influence of these conflicting properties of CoTSP on the corrosion of aluminium was studied and compared with those of CuTSP.In the course of these investigations a number of gadgets like cell for measuring the electrical conductivity of solids under non-isothermal conditions, low power rf oscillator and a rotating disc electrode were fabricated.

Studies on the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of composites based on spinel ferrites

This thesis mainly deals with the preparation and studies on magnetic composites based on spinel ferrites prepared both chemically and mechanically. Rubber ferrite composites (RFC) are chosen because of their mouldability and flexibility and the ease with which the dielectric and magnetic properties can be manipulated to make them as useful devices. Natural rubber is chosen as the Matrix because of its local availability and possible value addition. Moreover, NR represents a typical unsaturated nonpolar matrix. The work can be thought of as two parts. Part l concentrates on the preparation and characterization of nanocomposites based on y-Fe203. Part 2 deals with the preparation and characterization of RFCs containing Nickel zinc ferrit In the present study magnetic nanocomposites have been prepared by ionexchange method and the preparation conditions have been optimized. The insitu incorporation of the magnetic component is carried out chemically. This method is selected as it is the easiest and simplest method for preparation of nanocomposite. Nanocomposite samples thus prepared were studied using VSM, Mossbauer spectroscopy, Iron content estimation, and ESR spectroscopy. For the preparation of RFCs, the filler material namely nickel zinc ferrite having the general formula Ni)_xZnxFez04, where x varies from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.2 have been prepared by the conventional ceramic techniques. The system of Nil_xZn"Fe204 is chosen because of their excellent high frequency characteristics. After characterization they are incorporated into the polymer matrix of natural rubber by mechanical method. The incorporation is done according to a specific recipe and for various Loadings of magnetic fillers and also for all compositions. The cure characteristics, magnetic properties and dielectric properties of these composites are evaluated. The ac electrical conductivity of both ceramic nickel zinc ferrites and rubber ferrite composites are also calculated using a simple relation. The results are correlated.

Versatile binding properties of a di-2-pyridyl ketone nicotinoylhydrazone ligand: Crystal structure of a Cu(II) complex

Six new copper complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone nicotinoylhydrazone (HDKN) have been synthesized. The complexes have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and the structure of [Cu(DKN)2]·H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound [Cu(DKN)2]·H2O crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 and has a distorted octahedral geometry. The IR spectra revealed the presence of variable modes of chelation for the investigated ligand. The EPR spectra of compounds [Cu2(DKN)2( -N3)2] and [Cu2(DKN)2( -NCS)2] in polycrystalline state suggest a dimeric structure as they exhibited a half field signal, which indicate the presence of a weak interaction between two Cu(II) ions in these complexes

Precision laser spectroscopy of the ground state hyperfine splitting of hydrogenlike ^209 Bi^82+

The first direct observation of a hyperfine splitting in the optical regime is reported. The wavelength of the M1 transition between the F = 4 and F = 5 hyperfine levels of the ground state of hydrogenlike ^209 Bi^82+ was measured to be \lamda_0 = 243.87(4) nm by detection of laser induced fluorescence at the heavy-ion storage ring ESR at GSI. In addition, the lifetime of the laser excited F = 5 sublevel was determined to be \tau_0 = 0.351(16) ms. The method can be applied to a number of other nuclei and should allow a novel test of QED corrections in the previously unexplored combination of strong magnetic and electric fields in highly charged ions.

[177Lu – DOTA – Tyr3] – OCTREOTATE para el tratamiento de tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos. Revisión sistemática de la literatura.

Introducción: los tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos se diagnostican en estadio avanzado en 60 - 80% de los pacientes y las opciones terapéuticas son limitadas. Se realizó una revisión sobre el beneficio clínico del tratamiento con [177Lu - DOTA - Tyr3] - Octreotate en pacientes con enfermedad metastásica o inoperable. Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia, impacto en calidad de vida y toxicidad de la terapia con 177Lu DOTATE en pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos gastroenteropancreáticos avanzados. Materiales y Métodos: se condujo una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de estudios clínicos prospectivos y retrospectivos en bases electrónicas (MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, SCIELO, OVID y la Biblioteca Cochrane) de cualquier idioma, año y estado de publicación. Se incluyeron 5 estudios, por la heterogeneidad existente entre los estudios no se realizó un metaanálisis. Resultados: la respuesta tumoral global fue del 45 - 57%, la enfermedad permaneció estable en 27% - 38% y progresó en 6% - 21% de casos en las series incluidas. El tiempo libre de progresión osciló entre 31 - 40 meses y la sobrevida global de 31– 51 meses. Se observó toxicidad hematológica grado 3-4 hasta en 9.5% de pacientes. Hubo mejoría significativa en la calidad de vida de pacientes tratados con 177LuDOTATATE. Conclusiones: la terapia con 177Lu- DOTATATE ofrece un beneficio clínico a los pacientes con tumores neuroendocrinos bien diferenciados avanzados por su impacto positivo en calidad de vida, control de síntomas, ralentiza la progresión tumoral y su toxicidad es baja.

Migración y codesarrollo: una forma de cooperación internacional en el siglo XXI. caso Ecuador - España

Esta monografía busca estudiar la interrelación que hay entre las migraciones internacionales y el surgimiento de proyectos y políticas de codesarrollo entre Ecuador y España. La globalización ha generado nuevas dinámicas internacionales que permiten la creación de nuevos parámetros y marcos para la regulación de las migraciones. A su vez ha sido un catalizador de fenómenos transnacionale; como las migraciones y las mismas políticas de codesarrollo. El transnacionalismo genera procesos con los cuales los migrantes crean y mantienen relaciones que vinculan las sociedades de origen con las receptoras. Por esta razón, la migración ya no puede ser controlada unilateralmente. De esta forma el codesarrollo surge como una medida transnacional para responder a estas nuevas dinámicas migratorias; es una política bilateral que busca obtener beneficios de la migración para ambos países, de modo que esta sea un vector y protagonista positivo del desarrollo.

Descripción de la estructura organizacional del área de responsabilidad social de BELCORP

El presente estudio hace referencia al área de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de una empresa del sector de belleza. En primera instancia se realiza un análisis bibliográfico de la Responsabilidad Social y sus ejes; de esta manera se puede analizar a profundidad cuáles son las condiciones para cumplir con esta importante gestión y cómo realizarla. La estructura organizacional, se define en el presente trabajo para reiterar que la responsabilidad social debe estar inmersa en los objetivos estratégicos de la compañía. Este concepto se establece dentro de la matriz metodológica que permitió avanzar en la investigación; en dicha Matriz se evaluaron cuatro variables: evolución del área, plataforma estratégica de la empresa, división y coordinación del trabajo del área. Después del análisis se evidencia la importancia del involucramiento de todas las áreas de la compañía para lograr ser una empresa socialmente responsable. Este aspecto es fundamental pues integra los grupos de interés generando un beneficio tanto para éstos como para la empresa.

Verificación de los niveles de atenuación de dos tipos de protectores auditivos tipo copa en trabajadores de una empresa del sector Hidrocarburos. Barrancabermeja-Colombia 2013.

El presente estudio se realizó con el fin de verificar los niveles de atenuación de dos tipos de protectores auditivos tipo copa, bajo condiciones reales de operación en una empresa del sector hidrocarburos en Colombia. Esta verificación se llevó a cabo determinando las diferencias existentes entre los niveles de atenuación establecidos por el fabricante (NRR Teórico), los niveles de atenuación ajustados de acuerdo a la metodología propuesta por NIOSH (NRR Ajustado) y los niveles de atenuación obtenidos experimentalmente (NRR Experimental). El estudio se desarrolló sobre la evaluación de los niveles equivalentes de presión sonora, mediante dosimetrías de doble canal, valorando los niveles de ruido al interior y al exterior del pabellón auditivo de forma simultánea. Los valores obtenidos en las mediciones se ajustaron a los criterios establecidos en la norma ISO 11904 parte 1 considerando la estimación de niveles de inmisión sonora mediante técnica MIRE (Microphone In a Real Ear) corregidos a condiciones de campo libre. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron establecer diferencias significativas entre los niveles de atenuación teóricos, ajustados y experimentales, aspecto que brinda oportunidades de mejora cuando se trata de seleccionar y mantener elementos de protección personal auditiva como estrategia preventiva primaria en el propósito de la disminución de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de hipoacusia neurosensorial inducida por ruido en el lugar de trabajo.

Cusp observations during a sequence of fast IMF B-Z reversals

In recent years, a large number of papers have reported the response of the cusp to solar wind variations under conditions of northward or southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Z-component (BZ). These studies have shown the importance of both temporal and spatial factors in determining the extent and morphology of the cusp and the changes in its location, connected to variations in the reconnection geometry. Here we present a comparative study of the cusp, focusing on an interval characterised by a series of rapid reversals in the BZ-dominated IMF, based on observations from space-borne and ground-based instrumentation. During this interval, from 08:00 to 12:00 UT on 12 February 2003, the IMF BZ component underwent four reversals, remaining for around 30 min in each orientation. The Cluster spacecraft were, at the time, on an outbound trajectory through the Northern Hemisphere magnetosphere, whilst the mainland VHF and Svalbard (ESR) radars of the EISCAT facility were operating in support of the Cluster mission. Both Cluster and the EISCAT were, on occasion during the interval, observing the cusp region. The series of IMF reversal resulted in a sequence of poleward and equatorward motions of the cusp; consequently Cluster crossed the high altitude cusp twice before finally exiting the dayside magnetopause, both times under conditions of northward IMF BZ. The first magnetospheric cusp encounter, by all four Cluster spacecraft, showed reverse ion dispersion typical of lobe reconnection; subsequently, Cluster spacecraft 1 and 3 (only) crossed the cusp for a second time. We suggest that, during this second cusp crossing, these two spacecraft were likely to have been on newly closed field lines, which were first reconnected (opened) at low latitudes and later reconnected again (re-closed) poleward of the northern cusp.

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of a family of 2-(arylazo)phenolate complexes of ruthenium with unusual C-C coupling and N=Ncleavage

Reaction of 2-(4'-R-phenylazo)-4-methylphenols (R = OCH3, CH3, H, Cl, and NO2) with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] affords a family of five ruthenium(III) complexes, containing a 2-(arylazo)phenolate ligand forming a six-membered chelate ring and a tetradentate ligand formed from two 2-(arylazo) phenols via an unusual C-C coupling linki.ng the two ortho carbons of the phenyl rings in the arylazo fragment. A similar reaction with 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a similar complex, in which one 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenolate ligand is coordinated forming a six-membered chelate ring, and the other two ligands have undergone the C-C coupling reaction, and the coupled species is coordinated as a tetradentate ligand forming a five-membered N,O-chelate ring, a nine-membered N,N-chelate ring, and another five-membered chelate ring. Reaction of 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a complex in which two 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenols are coordinated as bidentate N,O-donors forming five- and six-membered chelate rings, while the third one has undergone cleavage across the N=N bond, and the phenolate fragment, thus generated, remains coordinated to the metal center in the iminosemiquinonate form. Structures of four selected complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The first six complexes are one-electron paramagnetic and show rhombic ESR spectra. The last complex is diamagnetic and shows characteristic H-1 NMR signals. All the complexes show intense charge-transfer transitions in the visible region and a Ru(III)-Ru(IV) oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a Ru(III)-Ru(II) reduction on the negative side.

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.