998 resultados para Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central
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Studies reveal that in recent decades a decrease in sleep duration has occurred. Social commitments, such as work and school are often not aligned to the "biological time" of individuals. Added to this, there is a reduced force of zeitgeber caused by less exposure to daylight and larger exposure to evenings. This causes a chronic sleep debt that is offset in a free days. Indeed, a restriction and extent of sleep called "social Jet lag" occurs weekly. Sleep deprivation has been associated to obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular risk. It is suggested that the autonomic nervous system is a pathway that connects sleep problems to cardiovascular diseases. However, beyond the evidence demonstrated by studies using models of acute and controlled sleep deprivation, studies are needed to investigate the effects of chronic sleep deprivation as it occurs in the social jet lag. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of social jet lag in circadian rest-activity markers and heart function in medical students. It is a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biological Rhythmicity (LNRB) at the Department of Physiology UFRN. Participated in the survey medical students enrolled in the 1st semester of their course at UFRN. Instruments for data collection: Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire of Horne and Östberg, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Actimeter; Heart rate monitor. Analysed were descriptive variables of sleep, nonparametric (IV60, IS60, L5 and M10) and cardiac indexes of time domain, frequency (LF, HF LF / HF) and nonlinear (SD1, SD2, SD1 / SD2). Descriptive, comparative and correlative statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 20. 41 students participated in the study, 48.8% (20) females and 51.2% (21) males, 19.63 ± 2.07 years. The social jet lag had an average of 02: 39h ± 00:55h, 82.9% (34) with social jet lag ≥ 1h and there was a negative correlation with the Munich chronotype score indicating greater sleep deprivation in subjects prone to eveningness. Poor sleep quality was detected in 90.2% (37) (X2 = 26.56, p <0.001) and 56.1% (23) excessive daytime sleepiness (X2 = 0.61, p = 0.435). Significant differences were observed in the values of LFnu, HFnu and LF / HF between the groups of social jet lag <2h and ≥ 2h and correlation of the social jet lag with LFnu (rs = 0.354, p = 0.023), HFnu (rs = - 0.354 , p = 0.023) and LF / HF (r = 0.355, p = 0.023). There was also a negative association between IV60 and indexes in the time domain and non-linear. It is suggested that chronic sleep deprivation may be associated with increased sympathetic activation promoting greater cardiovascular risk.
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It is known that the catecholamine group is constituted by dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline, in which the synthesis is regulated by an enzyme named tyrosine hydroxylase. Thus, 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine (DA) is a precursor of the noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis and acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The three main nuclei, named the retrorubral field (A8 group), the substantia nigra pars compacta (A9 group) and the ventral tegmental area (A10 group), are arranged in the die-mesencephalic portion and are involved in three complexes circuitries - the mesostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. These pathways are related to behavioral manifestations, motricity, learning, reward and pathologies such as Parkinson’s Disease and Schizophrenia. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform de morphological analysis of the A8, A9 and A10 nuclei of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The marmoset is a neotropical primate, whose morphological and functional characteristics supports the suitability of use of this animal in biomedical research. Coronal sections of the marmoset brain were submitted to cytoarchitectonic characterization and TH-immunohistochemistry. Based on the morphology of the neurons, it was possible to subdivide the A10 group in seven regions: interfascicular nucleus, raphe rostral linear nucleus and raphe caudal linear nucleus, in the middle line; paranigral and parainterfascicular nucleus, in the middle zone; rostral portion of the ventral tegmental area nucleus and parabrachial pigmented nucleus, located in the dorsolateral portion of the mesencephalic tegmentum. A9 group was divided into four regions: substantia nigra compacta dorsal and ventral tiers; substantia nigra compacta lateral and medial clusters. No subdivisions were founded into A8 group. These results revealed that A8, A9 and A10 are phylogenetically conserved between species, but it’s necessary to expand the studies about this compartmentalization, investigating its occurrence in other primate species or investigating its functional relevance.
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Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a substance found in many tissues of the body, including the nervous system acting as a neurotransmitter. Within the neuro-axis, the location of the majority of the 5-HT neurons is superimposed with raphe nuclei of the brain stem, in the median line or its vicinity, so that neuronal 5-HT can be considered a marker of the raphe nuclei. Serotonergic neurons are projected to almost all areas of the brain. Studies show the participation of serotonin in regulating the temperature, feeding behavior, sexual behavior, biological rhythms, sleep, locomotor function, learning, among others. The anatomy of these groups has been revised in many species, including mouse, rabbit, cat and primates, but never before in a bat species from South America. This study aimed to characterize the serotonergic clusters in the brain of the bat Artibeus planirostris through immunohistochemistry for serotonin. Seven adult bat males of Artibeus planirostris species (Microchiroptera, Mammalia) were used in this study. The animals were anesthetized, transcardially perfused and their brains were removed. Coronal sections of the frozen brain of bats were obtained in sliding microtome and subjected to immunohistochemistry for 5-HT. Delimit the caudal linear (CLi), dorsal (DR), median (MnR), paramedian (PMnR), pontine (PNR), magnus (MgR), pallidus (RPA) and obscurus (ROb) raphe nucleus, in addition to the groups B9 and rostral and caudal ventrolateral (RVL/CVL). The serotonergic groups of this kind of cheiroptera present morphology and cytoarchitecture relatively similar to that described in rodents and primates, confirming the phylogenetic stability of these cell clusters.
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Unfavorable working conditions constitute one of the factors that may contribute to cause psychic suffering and behavioral disorders in workers. This research aimed to characterize the working conditions public servant technical- administrative , specifically the auxiliaries and assistants in administration of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, Natal, Brasil, as well to identify the incidence of psychic suffering in this group of public servants. As a strategy, we chose a case study of multi-method type, descriptive with quantitative and qualitative sequential steps. For this, it initially performed desk research by surveying epidemiological data for these public servants working in central campus, to identify the major diseases presented in the period from January 2011 to June 2014. Then, we proceeded to diagnostic step of the aspects related to work, by applying online and in loco of Working Conditions Survey (already validated by Borges et al., 2013a) in 11 sectors selected according to the following criteria: high number of workers public servants and major and minor percentage of absences for health care for ICD-F (according to records of Sector of Workers Health Care - DAS). In the treatment of the data the spreadsheet editor software Microsoft Office Excel and statistical SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used and made qualifying type of content analysis of open questions. Applied to this study 174 public servants and the results show a predominance of absenteeism due to mental or behavioral disorders (ICD F), musculoskeletal diseases (ICD M) and respiratory system (ICD J). Among the factors that were significant are the working hours (contractual and legal); Physical Effort (M = 2.59) and workspace (M = 2.58) - physical and material conditions; encouraging collaboration (M = 3.5) - processes and characteristics of the work; and participation (M = 1.78) - social-management environment. Therefore, it infers the existence of a relationship between these factors and some of the reasons for absenteeism reported by participants. It is suggested the expansion of this research with studies involving other professionals (including scholarship workers and contractors) and specific sectors.
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The teaching of the lumbar puncture (LP) technique with simulator is not well systematized in the curricula of medical schools. Studies show that training in the simulator provides learning technical skills, acquisition and retention of knowledge, improve self-confidence of the learner and enables the transfer to clinical practice. We intend this study to introduce simulated training in LP in medical course at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte evaluating the experience taking into account quantitative aspects (performance on standardized tests) and qualitative (perception of the students regarding the method and the teaching process learning). The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase practical training in PL was introduced in the 3rd year of medical school. Seventy-seven students were trained in small groups, guided by a checklist developed in the model Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS), at this moment they knew they were not under performance evaluation. They were also asked whether they had prior chances to make an LP in patients. At the end of the first phase the students evaluated training in the following areas: teaching technique, simulator realism, time available per group, number of participants per group and relevance to medical practice. In the second phase, two years later, 18 students trained in first stage performed a new LP on the mannequin simulator, and its performance was evaluated through the same checklist of training in order to verify the technical retention. In addition, they answered a multiple choice test about practical aspects of the LP technique. Each participant received individual feedback on their performance at the end of their participation in the study. In the first phase of the study we found that only 4% of students had performed a lumbar puncture in patients until the 3rd year. The training of LP technique with simulator mannequin was considered relevant and the teaching methods was thoroughly evaluated. In the second phase, all participants were successful in implementing the lumbar puncture on the mannequin simulator, compliance with the most steps in a reasonable time, suggesting that would be able to perform the procedure in a patient.
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As tauopatias, grupo onde se inclui a doença de Alzheimer (AD), são caracterizadas pela deposição intracelular de emaranhados neurofibrilares (NFTs), compostos principalmente por formas hiperfosforiladas da proteína Tau, uma proteína que se associa aos microtúbulos. Os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à neurotoxicidade induzida por Tau não são ainda claros. Drosophila melanogaster tem sido usada para modelar diversas doenças neurodegenerativas humanas, incluindo as tauopatias. Neste trabalho foi usado o sistema visual de Drosophila como modelo para identificar os passos que podem levar à acumulação de Tau em Tauopatias. Durante o desenvolvimento do olho de Drosophila, a expressão ectópica de hTau induz um olho rugoso, em consequência da neurotoxicidade, e que pode ser utilizado para identificar modificadores do fenótipo. A fosfatase codificada por string /cdc25 (stg), um regulador universal da transição G2/M, foi previamente identificada como um supressor da neurotoxicidade associada à expressão da proteina Tau. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares que estão na base desta interação genética nunca foram estudados, desconhecendo-se também se a atividade fosfatase de Stg/Cdc25 é essencial para modular os níveis de fosforilação de Tau. O objetivo deste projeto consistiu em elucidar os mecanismos que se encontram na base da interação Stg-Tau. Para alcançar este objectivo, usou-se uma abordagem genética e bioquímica. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que Stg é um possível modulador da neurotoxicidade de Tau.
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Mestrado em Fisioterapia
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Arnold–Chiari malformation is defined as downward displacement of the brainstem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. It has different clinical presentations and four subtypes. It is known that downward migration of posterior fossa components through the foramen magnum and associated lower cranial nerve palsy and brainstem compression can cause respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure could mark the onset of the disease. Posterior fossa decompression performed to treat primary disease can improve the central sleep abnormalities. As respiratory failure is rarely seen, this paper presents two cases of Arnold–Chiari malformation with respiratory failure.
Disseminated Cerebral and Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Nocardiosis in an Immunocompetent Patient
Resumo:
Disseminated nocardiosis of the central nervous system (CNS) has been rarely reported, especially in the immunocompetent patient. We report a case of cerebral and cervical intradural extramedullary nocardiosis likely to have been the result of disseminated spread from a pulmonary infective focus. Attempts at tissue biopsy and culture of the initial cerebral and pulmonary lesions both failed to yield the diagnosis. Interval development of a symptomatic intradural extramedullary cervical lesion resulted in open biopsy and an eventual diagnosis of nocardiosis was made. We highlight the diagnostic dilemma and rarity of spinal nocardial dissemination in an immunocompetent individual.
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Neurologic complications of HIV infection are numerous. This review focuses on the clinical presentation, diagnostic particularities and therapeutic issues of neurotuberculosis. The pertinent literature describing this important infection is succinctly summarized with a particular emphasis on the discussion of differences in clinical presentation between HIV-infected and -uninfected patients.
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Il locus CYYR1 identificato e clonato sul cromosoma 21 umano è stato caratterizzato dal punto di vista molecolare come un sistema multitrascritto, esclusivo dei vertebrati che ad oggi è orfano di una funzione specifica. Dati presenti in lettura e rintracciati mostrano una possibile relazione tra il gene CYYR1 e il pathway di Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). In questo progetto di tesi è stato utilizzato il modello animale Danio rerio per indagare il ruolo funzionale dell’ortologo (cyyr1), attraverso esperimenti di gain e loss of function che hanno permesso di dimostrare un suo coinvolgimento nello sviluppo del sistema nervoso centrale, del cuore e del tessuto muscolare. Lo studio dell’ortologo in zebrafish è stato associato all’utilizzo di linee cellulari di rabdomiosarcoma umano. I risultati ottenuti dall’induzione al differenziamento miogenico di queste linee, insieme ai dati ottenuti in Danio rerio, confermano il possibile coinvolgimento del gene CYYR1 nella miogenesi. Lo studio delle relazione tra il pathway di SHH e l’espressione del gene CYYR1 è stato condotto in entrambi i modelli con l’utilizzo di differenti inibitori della via di segnalazione. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che sistemi inibitori agenti direttamente sul recettore SMO riducono l’espressione del gene. Un dato inaspettato in Danio rerio ottenuto durante questi esperimenti di inibizione, ha aperto una nuova linea di ricerca in collaborazione con l’Università di Warwick tesa a verificare la relazione tra il gene cyyr1 e il gene lefty1. Gli esperimenti condotti presso il laboratorio della Prof.ssa Sampath hanno dimostrato la localizzazione del prodotto proteico cyyr1 in Danio rerio e indagato co-localizzazioni con la proteina lefty1. Infine, in collaborazione con Dr. Deflorian e della Prof.ssa Pistocchi, è stato generato un mutante di Danio rerio deleto per il gene cyyr1 con la tecnica CRISPR/Cas9. La caratterizzazione del mutante cyyr1 -/- ha confermato alcuni dei dati ottenuti attraverso esperimenti di loss of function.
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Secondo la classificazione OMS dei Tumori del Sistema Nervoso Centrale pubblicata nel 2021, l'astrocitoma pilocitico appartiene alle lesioni di grado 1. Questa neoplasia ha un tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni di oltre il 95% nei bambini e nei giovani adulti, che è uno dei più alti tassi di sopravvivenza di qualsiasi tumore cerebrale. Tuttavia sono disponibili pochi dati sul tasso di recidiva della neoplasia nell'arco di 10 anni, nonché sulla progressione a forme anaplastiche. Scopo di questo lavoro è la revisione di un'ampia casistica di pazienti pediatrici affetti da astrocitoma pilocitico con un lungo periodo di follow-up, correlando ai dati clinici le alterazioni molecolari del pathway delle MAP-Kinasi (descritte come le più frequenti in questa entità).
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Le lesioni del sistema nervoso periferico, causate da eventi traumatici o da patologie degenerative, costituiscono un danno che può portare alla perdita di specifiche funzionalità motorie o sensoriali. In questi casi, la terapia chirurgica è necessaria per riparare la perdita di continuità assonale. Il gold standard operatorio attuale è costituito dal trapianto nella sede lesionata di un nervo da donatore o dallo stesso soggetto affetto dal danno. Recentemente, un approccio basato su tecniche di ingegneria dei tessuti propone l’impianto di biomateriali modellati come condotti che favoriscano la rigenerazione assonale. Ne è un esempio chiaro un recente lavoro di ricerca, nel quale Cheng et al. propongono una strategia basata sull’impiego di scaffold piezoelettrici prodotti attraverso una tecnica di "casting annealing displacement " che utilizza Polivinilidenfluoruro (PVDF) e Policaprolattone (PCL). Confrontando in vitro scaffold in PCL, in PVDF e PCL/PVDF, in particolare analizzandone le proprietà piezoelettriche e quelle meccaniche, si rilevano i vantaggi della copolimerizzazione. Questi risultati di interesse vengono inoltre confermati dai risultati funzionali ottenuti con l’impianto in vivo in topi con una lesione di 15 mm al nervo sciatico.
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Background. La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia neurodegenerativa che colpisce il sistema nervoso centrale. I sintomi si manifestano prima dei 55 anni di età, possono essere molto diversi tra loro. Al momento non esiste una cura definitiva, ma sono disponibili tecniche riabilitative che modificano il suo andamento, tra cui la riabilitazione equestre, che consiste in attività svolte con l'aiuto del cavallo a fini di cura. Obiettivi. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di indagare l’efficacia della riabilitazione equestre sui parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita in persone con SM. Metodi. Le banche dati visionate per questo studio sono state PUBMED, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, Web of Science e Scopus. Nella revisione sono stati inclusi i Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) che indagavano i parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita; articoli che esaminavano soggetti con sclerosi multipla senza limiti di età e sesso, in lingua inglese, pubblicati tra il 2010 e il 2020 e di cui era reperibile il full text. Risultati. Gli studi inclusi sono stati quattro RCT. Gli outcome indagati sono stati i parametri funzionali del cammino e la qualità della vita. In ogni studio esaminato si osserva un miglioramento significativo per ogni misura di outcome, in particolare la qualità della vita. Conclusioni. Ogni studio ha evidenziato come la riabilitazione equestre abbia influito positivamente sul decorso della SM. Riguardo i trial clinici esaminati, il numero esiguo dei partecipanti ai singoli studi, la durata eterogenea delle sessioni, l’impossibilità di disporre della descrizione della seduta, l’utilizzo di scale differenti per ogni studio e l’aver considerato parametri diversi per valutare uno stesso outcome non permettono di avere risultati estendibili a tutta la popolazione. Risulta necessario un ulteriore approfondimento in merito per comprendere la reale efficacia della riabilitazione equestre.
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Módulo do Programa de Valorização do Profissional da Atenção Básica (PROVAB), aborda o tema "Doenças do Aparelho Digestivo". A integralidade da atenção à saúde exige do profissional de saúde, principalmente do médico, uma grande amplitude de conhecimentos, quer seja no manejo das condições clínicas, quer seja na correta utilização dos recursos existentes na rede pública de saúde. A formação dos profissionais médicos, geralmente centrada no atendimento de doenças, focada na utilização de tecnologias pesadas e na atenção terciária, dificulta a atuação do médico na atenção primária. Lidar com quadros iniciais das patologias, utilizando com responsabilidade os recursos finitos do SUS, exige destes profissionais o estabelecimento de competências para qualificar a atenção à saúde dos usuários. O módulo é composto por três unidades de ensino, com carga horária total de 45 h, tendo como clientela os profissionais médicos. A Unidade 1 traz as diretrizes do acolhimento da demanda espontânea com foco nas doenças do aparelho digestivo, a classificação dos quadros e a conduta frente às diferentes situações segundo o protocolo. Na sequencia faz um resgate sobre a importância de se realizar uma boa história clínica e exame clínico para subsidiar o raciocínio clínico; os principais exames subsidiários e indicações. Dentro do contexto da atenção integral à pessoa, consideramos fundamental o médico saber orientar a dieta alimentar a fim de garantir a saúde do indivíduo e entender as consequências da utilização do tabaco e álcool sobre o aparelho digestivo. O papel do médico frente às demandas diárias podem ocasionar desconforto à saúde mental deste profissional, pensando nisto consideramos oportuno fazer uma breve abordagem à respeito do tema Resiliência. A Unidade 2 aborda os quadros agudos de dor abdominal e hemorragia digestiva, trazendo conteúdo adequado para orientar o profissional médico para fazer a suspeição diagnóstica dos quadros agudos de maior frequência, o manejo destes pacientes até serem referenciado a serviços de maior complexidade. Fizemos uma discussão à respeito dos principais exames que devem ser solicitados frente a um quadro de abdome agudo, para que o profissional saiba orientar seu paciente ao referenciá-lo. Na unidade 3 abordaremos as patologias do aparelho digestivo de maior ocorrência na Atenção Primária. Nesta serão discutidos a apresentação clínica destas patologias, a indicação de exames subsidiários e o tratamento medicamentoso e não medicamentoso. Assim como os limites de atuação do médico generalista no manejo destes pacientes.