Role of China in the quest to define and control severe acute respiratory syndrome

China holds the key to solving many questions crucial to global control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease appears to have originated in Guangdong Province, and the causative agent, SARS coronavirus, is likely to have originated from an animal host, perhaps sold in public markets. Epidemiologic findings, integral to defining an animal-human linkage, may be confirmed by laboratory studies; once animal host(s) are confirmed, interventions may be needed to prevent further animal-to-human transmission. Community seroprevalence studies may help determine the basis for the decline in disease incidence in Guangdong Province after February 2002. China will also be able to contribute key data about how the causative agent is transmitted and how it is evolving, as well as identifying pivotal factors influencing disease outcome.

A randomised controlled trial of methadone maintenance treatment versus wait list control in an Australian prison system

Objectives: The aim was to determine whether methadone maintenance treatment reduced heroin use, syringe sharing and HIV or hepatitis C incidence among prisoners. Methods: All eligible prisoners seeking drug treatment were randomised to methadone or a waitlist control group from 1997 to 1998 and followed up after 4 months. Heroin use was measured by hair analysis and self report; drugs used and injected and syringe sharing were measured by self report. Hepatitis C and HIV incidence was measured by serology. Results: Of 593 eligible prisoners, 382 (64%) were randomised to MMT (n = 191) or control (n = 191). 129 treated and 124 control subjects were followed up at 5 months. Heroin use was significantly lower among treated than control subjects at follow up. Treated subjects reported lower levels of drug injection and syringe sharing at follow up. There was no difference in HIV or hepatitis C incidence. Conclusions: Consideration should be given to the introduction of prison methadone programs particular where community based programs exist. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site-directed mutagenesis of the ATM promoter: Consequences for response to proliferation and ionizing radiation

Although ATM, the protein defective in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is activated primarily by radiation, there is also evidence that expression of the protein can be regulated by both radiation and growth factors. Computer analysis of the ATM promoter proximal 700-bp sequence reveals a number of potentially important cis-regulatory sequences. Using nucleotide substitutions to delete putative functional elements in the promoter of ATM, we examined the importance of some of these sites for both the basal and the radiation-induced activity of the promoter. In lymphoblastoid cells, most of the mutations in transcription factor consensus sequences [Sp1(1), Sp1(2), Cre, Ets, Xre, gammaIre(2), a modified AP1 site (Fse), and GCF] reduced basal activity to various extents, whereas others [gammaIre(1), NF1, Myb] left basal activity unaffected. In human skin fibroblasts, results were generally the same, but the basal activity varied up to 8-fold in these and other cell lines. Radiation activated the promoter approximately 2.5-fold in serum-starved lymphoblastoid cells, reaching a maximum by 3 hr, and all mutated elements equally blocked this activation. Reduction in Sp1 and AP1 DNA binding activity by serum starvation was rapidly reversed by exposure of cells to radiation. This reduction was not evident in A-T cells, and the response to radiation was less marked. Data provided for interaction between ATM and Sp1 by protein binding and co-immunoprecipitation could explain the altered regulation of Sp1 in A-T cells. The data described here provide additional evidence that basal and radiation-induced regulation of the ATM promoter is under multifactorial control. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Control of familial and renal cardiac diseases in English bull terriers: How to repair a damaged breed?

Control recommendations are presented for four genetic or familial diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality in affected English Bull Terriers. Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal dominant disease diagnosed by detecting a minimum of three renal cysts, with cysts present in both kidneys, and similarly affected family members to confirm the inherited nature of the cysts. Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis is an autosomal dominant disease diagnosed in otherwise normal animals with urinary protein: creatinine ratios persistently >0.3 and no significant urinary sediment, a family history of the disease, and characteristic glomerular basement membrane lesions. Mitral valve myxomatous degeneration and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in Bull Terriers are familial diseases diagnosed by auscultating characteristic murmurs in affected animals. Excluding animals with these clinical signs from the breeding pool will reduce the prevalence rates of these diseases, however maintenance of an effective population size is also important. Providing breeders with information on genetics, including the risks associated with inbreeding and the benefits of outcrossing, is likely to improve canine breeding practices, thus increasing fitness and fecundity of these purebred dogs.

Large amplitude vibration of thermo-electro-mechanically stressed FGM laminated plates

This paper presents a large amplitude vibration analysis of pre-stressed functionally graded material (FGM) laminated plates that are composed of a shear deformable functionally graded layer and two surface-mounted piezoelectric actuator layers. Nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived within the context of Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory to account for transverse shear strain and rotary inertia. Due to the bending and stretching coupling effect, a nonlinear static problem is solved first to determine the initial stress state and pre-vibration deformations of the plate that is subjected to uniform temperature change, in-plane forces and applied actuator voltage. By adding an incremental dynamic state to the pre-vibration state, the differential equations that govern the nonlinear vibration behavior of pre-stressed FGM laminated plates are derived. A semi-analytical method that is based on one-dimensional differential quadrature and Galerkin technique is proposed to predict the large amplitude vibration behavior of the laminated rectangular plates with two opposite clamped edges. Linear vibration frequencies and nonlinear normalized frequencies are presented in both tabular and graphical forms, showing that the normalized frequency of the FGM laminated plate is very sensitive to vibration amplitude, out-of-plane boundary support, temperature change, in-plane compression and the side-to-thickness ratio. The CSCF and CFCF plates even change the inherent hard-spring characteristic to soft-spring behavior at large vibration amplitudes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Integrated control of nitrate recirculation and external carbon addition in a predenitrification system

The integrated control of nitrate recirculation and external carbon addition in a predenitrification biological wastewater treatment system is studied. The proposed control structure consists of four feedback control loops, which manipulate the nitrate recirculation and the carbon dosage flows in a highly coordinated manner such that the consumption of external carbon is minimised while the nitrate discharge limits (based on both grab and composite samples) are met. The control system requires the measurement of the nitrate concentrations at the end of both the anoxic and the aerobic zones. Distinct from ordinary control systems, which typically minimise the variation in the controlled variables, the proposed control system essentially maximises the diurnal variation of the effluent nitrate concentration and through this maximises the use of influent COD for denitrification, thus minimising the requirement for external carbon source. Simulation studies using a commonly accepted simulation benchmark show that the controlled system consistently achieves the designated effluent quality with minimum costs.

Combining nonthermal technologies to control foodborne microorganisms

Novel nonthermal processes, such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), ionizing radiation and ultrasonication, are able to inactivate microorganisms at ambient or sublethal temperatures. Many of these processes require very high treatment intensities, however, to achieve adequate microbial destruction in low-acid foods. Combining nonthermal processes with conventional preservation methods enhances their antimicrobial effect so that lower process intensities can be used. Combining two or more nonthermal processes can also enhance microbial inactivation and allow the use of lower individual treatment intensities. For conventional preservation treatments, optimal microbial control is achieved through the hurdle concept, with synergistic effects resulting from different components of the microbial cell being targeted simultaneously. The mechanisms of inactivation by nonthermal processes are still unclear; thus, the bases of synergistic combinations remain speculative. This paper reviews literature on the antimicrobial efficiencies of nonthermal processes combined with conventional and novel nonthermal technologies. Where possible, the proposed mechanisms of synergy is mentioned. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A role for pectin in the control of cell expansion

Uptake of nutrients and water depends on the growth of roots through elongation of individual cells near the. root tip. Many of the numerous components of Type I primary cell walls, those of dicotyledons and monocotyledons other than grasses (Poaceae), have been determined, and many hypotheses have been proposed for the control of cell expansion. This important aspect of plant growth still needs elucidation, however. A model is proposed in which pectin, which occurs as a calcium (Ca) pectate gel between the load-bearing cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucan (XG) chains, controls the rate at which cells expand. It is considered that the increasing tension generated by the expanding cell is transmitted to interlocked XG chains and cellulose microfibrils. The resulting deformation of the embedded Ca pectate gel elicits the excretion of protons from the cytoplasm, possibly via compounds such as cell wall-associated kinases, that weakens the Ca pectate gel, permitting slippage of XG molecules through the action of expansin. Further slippage is prevented by deformation of the pectic gel, proton diffusion, and the transfer of residual tension to adjacent XG chains. Evidence for this model is based on the effects of pH, Ca, and aluminum (Al) on root elongation and on the reactions of these cations with Ca pectate. This model allows for genetic selection of plants and adaptation of individual plants to root environmental conditions.

Digitally-implemented naturally sampled PWM suitable for multilevel converter control

For dynamic closed loop control of a multilevel converter with a low pulse number (ratio of switching frequency to synthesized fundamental), natural sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) is the best form of modulation. Natural sampling does not introduce distortion or a delayed response to the modulating signal. However previous natural sampled PWM implementations have generally been analog. For a modular multilevel converter, a digital implementation has advantages of accuracy and flexibility. Re-sampled uniform PWM is a novel digital modulation technique which approaches the performance of natural PWM. Both hardware and software implementations for a five level multilevel converter phase are presented, demonstrating the improvement over uniform PWM.

Injury related risk behavior - a study of Australian skydivers

Risk taking behaviour has been identified as an important host-related determinant of injury in young adults. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between the two key elements of risk taking behaviour - ie, risk assessment and risk acceptance - in participants of a high risk sporting activity. Skydivers registered with the Australian Parachute Federation were sampled at several jump meetings held at three 'drop-zones' in North Eastern Australia. A cross sectional survey of 215 skydivers ascertained each subject's risk assessment of each of nine hypothetical sky diving scenes and whether or not they would jump in the described conditions. Variables which independently predicted an individual's risk assessment were age group (p < 0.05), gender (p < 0.05) and scene details (p < 0.001). Risk assessment was found to be a statistically significant predictor of the decision to jump, with a 22% decrease in the odds of jumping with every unit increase in risk assessment (OR = 0.78: 95% Cl; 0.76, 0.80). Gender was also found to be a statistically significant predictor of the decision to jump, with males being 19% more likely to jump than females, after controlling for age, experience, currency and risk assessment (OR = 1.19: 95% CI; 1.04, 1.38). The importance of these results is that, by quantifying the relationship between two key elements of risk taking behaviour and several important host factor determinants, they facilitate more informed discussion about the possible role of risk taking behaviour in the causation of injury.

Representações e práticas educativas de mães referentes a filhos atendidos pelo Conselho Tutelar

Apoio CNPq/Capes-Procad.

O instituto da ouvidoria como instrumento para a melhoria da gestão pública universitária: estudo de caso da ouvidoria geral da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

No âmbito da Democracia Participativa, cujos elementos foram inseridos na democracia brasileira pela Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88), ao legitimar a participação do usuário na administração pública direta e indireta, prevendo mecanismos de controle social, destacamos as ouvidorias públicas, e dentre elas as ouvidorias universitárias, como instrumentos de interlocução e intermediação entre os cidadãos e as instituições públicas. Embora existam importantes estudos acerca das ouvidorias públicas, sobretudo nas áreas da saúde e judiciária, ainda há escassez no campo da gestão pública quanto a estudos específicos sobre as ouvidorias universitárias, restando uma lacuna que necessita ser preenchida. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa teve o propósito de investigar a atuação da Ouvidoria Geral da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), buscando responder à seguinte questão: Qual a importância da Ouvidoria Geral da UFES na gestão pública dessa instituição? E, com isso, trazer à tona aspectos relevantes e peculiares das ouvidorias universitárias, que certamente alcançam, a exemplo da Ouvidoria Geral da UFES, ouvidorias de outras instituições públicas de ensino superior, dando maior visibilidade a um instituto por vezes desconhecido ou tratado sem a atenção devida. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir do procedimento técnico do estudo de caso, com utilização de análise documental, observação espontânea e aplicação de entrevistas. Assim, além de abordar aspectos estruturais e conjunturais que envolvem a Ouvidoria, esse estudo traz a percepção de cidadãos que utilizaram os serviços do órgão, propiciando a ampliação da discussão sobre o tema na Academia e, porventura, a indução de mudanças organizacionais.

Caracterização da ontogenética do pau-brasil

As ações de reflorestamento com o pau-brasil (Caesalpinia echinata Lam.) depende de informações de suas características ecofisiológicas sujeitas às variações ontogenéticas e ambientais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar alguns aspectos morfológicos, anatômicos, fisiológicos e estruturais de parede celular de C. echinata nas fases juvenil, jovem e adulto em condições naturais em um fragmento da Floresta Atlântica. Foi analisada a biometria, concentração de nutrientes e dos pigmentos cloroplastídicos dos foliólulos, anatomia foliar e do xilema secundário do caule e a constituição dos polímeros estruturais de parede celular. Os indivíduos juvenis localizados no estrato inferior da floresta se destacaram pela maior área foliar específica e maiores teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos bem como pelas maiores dimensões de suas células guardas associado às maiores concentrações de K e Ca foliar. Estruturalmente, os indivíduos juvenis apresentaram menores elementos de vasos e teores de lignina. Os indivíduos jovens apresentaram valores intermediários das variáveis analisadas. Já os indivíduos adultos, cujas copas alcançavam o dossel, se destacaram pelo maior espessamento do limbo, da cutícula e do parênquima lacunoso, teor de água foliar, densidade estomática e teor de lignina foliar e caulinar cuja capacidade de síntese foi associada ao maior teor de P foliar. O conteúdo de celulose foliar e caulinar não variou entre as diferentes fases ontogenéticas. As hemiceluloses são do tipo xilanos com possibilidade de presença de xiloglucano dada a maior fração de xilose (±12% MS) e galactose (±1% MS). A glucose foi o monossacarídeo mais representativo (±40% MS) sem diferenças ontogenéticas. As diferenças morfológicas, anatômicas, fisiológicas e estruturais parecem, também, estarem sob controle da irradiância mais intensa na copa dos indivíduos adultos. Os resultados denotam que o plantio consorciado com espécies de crescimento rápido seja a melhor ação para o reflorestamento de C. echinata.

Em busca de contribuições Schumpeterianas à Teoria da Regulação : as telecomunicações brasileiras numa perspectiva evolucionária

A partir da década de 1970, a literatura que trata daqueles setores de infraestrutura, cujo funcionamento requer um acompanhamento específico do Estado, vale dizer através da regulação, absorveu grande parte dos conceitos fundamentais desenvolvidos pelas escolas institucionalistas, notadamente pela Nova Economia Institucional (NEI). Entretanto, apesar dos avanços alcançados, esta literatura ainda carece de alguns desenvolvimentos teóricos e estudos empíricos que contribuam de forma decisiva. Tais questões estão ligadas, por exemplo, à evolução dos cenários e às condições econômicas que são alteradas a partir de mudanças significativas nas condições tecnológicas e que acabam por alterar significativamente aquela estrutura industrial para qual o modelo regulatório foi desenhado. Nesse sentido, as contribuições da Economia da Regulação e da NEI carecem de elementos evolucionários, notadamente schumpeterianos. O principal objetivo da dissertação é investigar como alguns elementos de inspiração schumpeteriana podem em algum grau ser aplicados à economia da regulação e neste sentido contribuir com proposições naqueles temas que essa escola fincou sua abordagem característica: o progresso tecnológico e o comportamento estratégico inovativo das empresas. Nesse sentido, o problema de pesquisa desse trabalho pode ser assim colocado: como pode ser entendido o papel do progresso tecnológico e da inovação nas teorias da regulação? A hipótese assumida neste trabalho é que não se pode desconsiderar a tecnologia e suas diversas implicações para a análise dos setores regulados, constatação essa cada vez mais clara, dadas as recentes transformações dessas indústrias: uma das principais características dos setores regulados, a partir da década de 1990, é o surgimento de novos marcos regulatórios e uma alteração progressiva dos modelos organizacionais que predominavam até então e um movimento de adaptação à margem da regulação vigente. Os resultados empíricos mostram que as transformações tecnológicas e institucionais ocorridas a partir de 1995 na indústria brasileira de telecomunicações alteraram significativamente a estrutura industrial e a dinâmica concorrencial do setor, colocando ao desenho regulatório – da Anatel – novos e complexos desafios, sobretudo, o de se adaptar à margem da dinamicidade característica das telecomunicações. Neste novo contexto, as funções regulatórias são mais complexas, o que exige um duplo processo de aprendizagem: quanto às estruturas de mercado e quanto ao comportamento estratégico das empresas.