Color centers and charge state recharge in gamma-irradiated Yb : YAP

Gamma-ray irradiation induced color centers and charge state recharge of impurity and doped ion in 10 at.% Yb:YAP have been studied. The change in the additional absorption (AA) spectra is mainly related to the charge exchange of the impurity Fe2+, Fe3+ and Yb3+ ions. Two impurity color center bands at 255 and 313 nm were attributed to Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions, respectively. The broad AA band centered at 385 nm may be associated with the cation vacancies and F-type center. The transition Yb3+ -> Yb2+ takes place in the process of gamma-irradiation. Oxygen annealing and gamma-ray irradiation lead to an opposite effect on the absorption properties of the Yb:YAP crystal. In the air annealing process, the transition Fe2+ -> Fe3+ and Yb2+ -> Yb3+ take place and the color centers responsible for the 385 nm band was destroyed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cooperative and charge transfer luminescence in Yb3+ -doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAlO3)

YAlO3 (YAP) crystals with different Yb3+ concentration have been grown by Czochralski method and cooperative fluorescence of Yb3+ ions in YAP crystal was studied under 940-nm infrared (IR) LD excitation at room temperature. The Yb concentration dependence of absorption intensity of IR and charge transfer bands exhibit different features. The green emission band in the region of 480-520nm was assigned to the cooperative deexcitation of two Yb3+ ions. The remaining upconverted emission bands containing various sharp peaks associated with impurity ions were observed and discussed. Charge transfer luminescence of heavily doped 20at% Yb:YAP is strongly temperature dependent and no concentration quenching of the charge transfer luminescence was found through the investigation of different Yb levels samples. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spectral properties and charge transfer luminescence of Yb3+ : Gd3Ga5O12 (Yb : GGG) crystal

The Yb (10%):GGG and Yb (30%): GGG crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method. The chemical compositions are: Yb1.07Gd1.74Ga5.19O12 and Yb0.33Gd1.47Ga5.2O12. The absorption and emission spectra of Yb:GGG crystal at room temperature have been measured. The spectroscopic parameters of Yb:GGG and Yb:YAG have been compared. Optical absorption spectra of Yb:GGG show 4f-4f transitions related to Gd3+ ion around 300 nm, and also an onset of charge transfer (CT) transitions from oxygen ligands to Gd3+ or Yb3+ cations below 240nm. The CT absorption of Yb3+ is largely overlapped by that of Gd3+ ions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel Papillomaviruses in Free-Ranging Iberian Bats: No Virus-Host Co-evolution, No Strict Host Specificity, and Hints for Recombination

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widespread pathogens. However, the extent of PV infections in bats remains largely unknown. This work represents the first comprehensive study of PVs in Iberian bats. We identified four novel PVs in the mucosa of free-ranging Eptesicus serotinus (EserPV1, EserPV2, and EserPV3) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (RferPV1) individuals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships within the viral family. We further assessed their prevalence in different populations of E. serotinus and its close relative E. isabellinus. Although it is frequent to read that PVs co-evolve with their host, that PVs are highly species-specific, and that PVs do not usually recombine, our results suggest otherwise. First, strict virus-host co-evolution is rejected by the existence of five, distantly related bat PV lineages and by the lack of congruence between bats and bat PVs phylogenies. Second, the ability of EserPV2 and EserPV3 to infect two different bat species (E. serotinus and E. isabellinus) argues against strict host specificity. Finally, the description of a second noncoding region in the RferPV1 genome reinforces the view of an increased susceptibility to recombination in the E2-L2 genomic region. These findings prompt the question of whether the prevailing paradigms regarding PVs evolution should be reconsidered.

Charge and spin transport in nanoscale devices

137 p.

The center of mass and center of charge of the electron

9th Biennial Conference on Classical and Quantum Relativistic Dynamics of Particles and Fields (IARD)

Obtenção de nanocompósitos a partir da co-coagulação da borracha nitrílica e hidrotalcita

Partículas nanoestruturadas têm sido amplamente utilizadas como carga de reforço em matrizes elastoméricas, sendo substitutos eficazes das cargas convencionais, já consagradas, como o negro de fumo, mica, sílica. Em especial, as argilas têm mostrado grande potencial ao que se refere a melhor dispersão na matriz polimérica, em função de sua elevada razão de aspecto. Dentro do vasto universo de argilominerais, as argilas aniônicas, também conhecidas hidróxido duplo lamelar (HDL), apresentam como vantagem a possibilidade de ser projetada estruturalmente para as mais diversas finalidades, ao se modificar os ânions ou os cátions, ou até mesmo combiná-los na estrutura lamelar. E dentre os métodos existentes para se preparar compósitos a base de elastômero/argila, a co-coagulação do látex, é uma forma bastante eficaz e economicamente viável, uma vez que a borracha obtida após processo de coagulação já contém a carga incorporada. Este trabalho se dedicou a avaliar o processo de co-coagulação do látex de NBR e HDL, visando a obtenção de nanocompósitos. Para tanto HDL de composição Mg/Al-CO3 foi modificado com ânions DS, DBS e ST e foram preparadas suspensões aquosas, utilizando como ferramentas de dispersão ultraturrax e ultrassom de ponteira. As variáveis de processo avaliadas foram tipo e teor de HDL, tempo de mistura látex/suspensão aquosa de HDL, quantidade de coagulante e velocidade de agitação. Por fim, os coágulos obtidos foram formulados para avaliar a influência dos HDL na cinética de vulcanização e também para determinação das propriedades mecânicas convencionais. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que a metodologia de dispersão de hidrotalcita ao látex nitrílico de modo prévio ao processo de coagulação é uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de nanocompósitos. O uso do ultrassom de ponteira como ferramenta na dispersão aquosa de HDL contribuiu para maior estabilidade da suspensão e o ajuste nos parâmetros do sistema de coagulação, levaram a obtenção de grumos uniformes do ponto de vista macroscópico e microscópico. As micrografias dos coágulos não vulcanizados obtidas por MEV-FEG confirmaram as informações apuradas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X que apontou a formação de um sistema parcialmente esfoliado, em função da ausência dos picos característicos da hidrotalcita, além de indicarem a coexistência de partículas em dimensões micrométrica a nanométricas em uma mesma estrutura. A composição química do HDL, com a presença de átomos de magnésio e alumínio combinados com grupos hidroxila favoreceu a redução tanto o tempo de indução como de pré-cura. As propriedades mecânicas que se mostraram mais sensíveis ao grau de dispersão da carga foram a dureza, a deformação permanente à compressão (DPC) e o módulo de tração a 300% de deformação (E300), em especial para os compósitos contendo 10% m/m de HDL natural e modificado com estearato. A resistência à chama dos nanocompósitos de NBR-HDL vulcanizados apresentou um ligeiro aumento quando comparados à NBR pura, visto que esta é uma característica própria da hidrotalcita, decorrente da sua composição química

Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928), Naturalist-in-Charge, and Chauncey Thomas, Jr. (1850-1919), Commanding: Conflict Aboard the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 1902

Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928) was a pioneering ichthyologist who made major contributions to the study of fishes of the American West. As chairman of the Department ofZoology at Leland Stanford Junior University in Palo Alto, Calif., during 1891-1925, Gilbert was extremely devoted to his work and showed little patience with those ofa different mindset. While serving as Naturalist-in-Charge of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during her exploratory expedition to the Hawaiian Islands in 1902, Gilbert engaged in an acrimonious feud with the ship's captain, Chauncey Thomas, Jr. (1850-1919), U.S.N., over what Gilbert perceived to be an inadequate effort by the captain. This essay focuses on the conflict between two strong figures, each operatingf rom different world views, and each vying for authority. Despite the difficulties these two men faced, the voyage of the Albatross in 1902 must be considered a success, as reflected by the extensive biological samples collected, the many new species of animals discovered, and the resulting publication of important scientific papers.