Entre a arte e o engenho: a forma����o de professores do ensino prim��rio em ��vora (1884-1919)

O presente texto pretende dar um contributo para o estudo da forma����o de professores do ensino prim��rio em ��vora, nos finais do século XIX e as duas primeiras d��cadas do Século XX. Para tal, imp��e-se-nos enquadrar a forma����o de professores do ensino prim��rio em Portugal, caracterizar a rede escolar e os professores do distrito de ��vora da segunda metade do Século XIX e, a partir da��, descrever o funcionamento da Escola Normal de 2a classe de ��vora, estabelecida no edif��cio da Igreja de S. Pedro e inaugurada em 1884. Ap��s uma curta exist��ncia de oito anos, esta escola foi encerrada e deu lugar �� Escola Distrital de Habilita����o para o Magist��rio Prim��rio de ��vora, criada em 1896. Apesar de alguma instabilidade institucional (com mudan��as nos curricula e na dura����o da forma����o), entre 1884 e 1919, estas duas escolas habilitaram dezenas de professores do ensino prim��rio que leccionaram no distrito de ��vora. Between art and ability: The primary teachers' formation in ��vora (1884 -1919). ABSTRACT: The following text has the purpose of contributing for the study of primary teachers' formation in ��vora by the end of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. Therefore, we first need to understand the frame given by the teachers' formation of the primary school in Portugal, to characterize the school network and the teachers of ��vora district of the second half of the nineteenth century and, from that, describe the function of Escola Normal de 2a classe of ��vora, established in the building of S. Pedro's church and first opened in 1884. After a short eight years of existence, this school was closed and gave place to Escola Distrital de Habilita����o for the Magist��rio Prim��rio of ��vora, created in 1896. Despite some institutional instability (with changes in the curricula and length of the formation), between 1884 and 1919, this two schools qualified several primary teachers for the district of ��vora.

" Sucursal do Para��so: Libro del principio de la belleza y fin de la sabid��ria que trata de los fundamentos da arte de la agricultura, de Ibn Luyun

Uma hist��ria de jardins: a arte dos jardins na tratad��stica e na literatura �� uma obra dedicada �� arte dos jardins e aos livros que permitiram a circula����o de ideias, de formas e de conhecimentos sobre o desenho de jardins e as t��cnicas de jardinagem. �� composto por duas partes: os Estudos - com textos de diversos especialistas nacionais e estrangeiros - e o Cat��logo, que elenca as principais edi����es que espelham as ideias sobre a arte dos jardins que circulavam em Portugal na Idade Moderna.

A CONTRIBUI����O DAS ��REAS DE COLONIZA����O GERM��NICA AO ABASTECIMENTO ALIMENTAR DE FLORIAN��POLIS-SC

O presente artigo busca, atrav��s da categoria de forma����o s��cio-espacial, associar a coloniza����o germ��nica na Grande Florian��polis �� g��nese de circuitos produtivos voltados ao abastecimento alimentar da capital catarinense. Os circuitos regionais de Florian��polis, inicialmente baseados no tropeirismo entre o planalto e o litoral, adquirem com a coloniza����o germ��nica, no século XIX, um maior volume e diversifica����o da produ����o. Com o aprofundamento da Divis��o do Trabalho ao longo do século XX, o espa��o agr��rio regional foi-se especializando na produ����o de alimentos com destino ��s ��reas de concentra����o urbana. Estes circuitos regionais foram alterando sua configura����o de acordo com as inova����es do meio t��cnico-cient��fico, encurtando as dist��ncias-tempo entre os lugares envolvidos no escoamento da produ����o; no entanto, os c��rculos de coopera����o espacial pouco alteraram sua composi����o, onde um intermedi��rio da localidade, detentor de capital e informa����o, realiza a transfer��ncia do produto se apropriando de parte da renda do produtor rural.��

AN��LISE S��CIO-ESPACIAL DE S��O FRANCISCO DO SUL-SC/ BRASIL

O munic��pio de S��o Francisco do Sul est�� localizado na regi��o Nordeste do estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. A ocupa����o desta ilha nos leva ao século XVI com a chegada da expedi����o de Binot Paulmier de Gonneville em 1504; embora tenham sido os franceses os primeiros a chegar, foram os portugueses que a povoaram. At�� meados do século XX, a atividade econ��mica estava ligada principalmente a agricultura. O grande impulso econ��mico ocorreu apartir de 1955, com a amplia����o do porto e a instala����o do terminal da PETROBR��S (1977). O objetivo da pesquisa busca descrever ao longo da hist��ria o desenvolvimento local. Utilizou-se como linha te��rica a forma����o s��cio-espacial, que a categoria de forma����o social como base para se pensar o espa��o, favorecendo o aprofundamento das reflex��es do local. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a evolu����o econ��mica de S��o Francisco do Sul, sustentada pela agricultura, transformou-se pelo crescimento das atividades de servi��os, ligadas diretamente ao porto e ao turismo. Atualmente busca-se tamb��m a dinamiza����o fabril, que ainda �� incipiente.

Are SC-FDE systems robust to CFO?

This paper investigates the impact of carrier frequency offset (CFO) on Single Carrier wireless communication systems with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE). We show that CFO in SC-FDE systems causes irrecoverable channel estimation error, which leads to inter-symbol-interference (ISI). The impact of CFO on SC-FDE and OFDM is compared in the presence of CFO and channel estimation errors. Closed form expressions of signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) are derived for both systems, and verified by simulation results. We find that when channel estimation errors are considered, SC-FDE is similarly or even more sensitive to CFO, compared to OFDM. In particular, in SC-FDE systems, CFO mainly deteriorates the system performance via degrading the channel estimation. Both analytical and simulation results highlight the importance of accurate CFO estimation in SC-FDE systems.

Metal hexaborides with Sc, Ti or Mn

Comparison of well-determined single crystal data for stoichiometric, or near-stoichiometric, metal hexaborides con-firm previously identified lattice parameter trends using powder diffraction. Trends for both divalent and trivalent forms suggest that potential new forms for synthesis include Sc and Mn hexaborides. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for KB6, CaB6, YB6, LaB6, boron octahedral clusters and Sc and Mn forms, show that the shapes of bonding orbitals are defined by the boron framework. Inclusion of metal into the boron framework induces a reduction in energy ranging from 1 eV to 6 eV increasing with ionic charge. For metals with d1 character, such a shift in energy brings a doubly degenerate band section along the G-M reciprocal space direction within the conduction bands tangential to the Fermi surface. ScB6 band structure and density of states calculations show directional and gap characteristics similar to those of YB6 and LaB6. These calculations for ScB6 suggest it may be possible to realize superconductivity in this compound if synthesized.

Den framst��llande gesten : Om konstverkets presentation i den moderna konstutst��llningen

The Gesture of Exposure On the presentation of the work of art in the modern art exhibition The topic of this dissertation is the presentation of art works in the modern art exhibition as being the established and conventionalized form of art encounter. It investigates the possibility of a theorization of the art exhibition as a separate object for research, and attempts to examine the relationship between the art work and its presentation in a modern art exhibition. The study takes its point of departure in the area vaguely defined as exhibition studies, and in the lack of a general problematization of the analytical tools used for closer examination of the modern art exhibition. Another lacking aspect is a closer consideration of what happens to the work of art when it is exposed in an art exhibition. The aim of the dissertation is to find a set of concepts that can be used for further theorization The art exhibition is here treated, on the one hand, as an act of exposure, as a showing gesture. On the other hand, the art exhibition is seen as a spatiality, as a space that is produced in the act of showing. Both aspects are seen to be intimately involved in knowledge production. The dissertation is divided into four parts, in which different aspects of the art exhibition are analyzed using different theoretical approaches. The first part uses the archaeological model of Michel Foucault, and discusses the exhibition as a discursive formation based on communicative activity. The second part analyses the derived concepts of gesture and space. This leads to the proposition of three metaphorical spatialities the frame, the agora and the threshold which are seen as providing a possibility for a further extension of the theory of exhibitions. The third part extends the problematization of the relationship between the individual work of art and its exposure through the ideas of Walter Benjamin and Maurice Blanchot. The fourth part carries out a close reading of three presentations from the modern era in order to further examine the relationship between the work of art and its presentation, using the tools that have been developed during the study. In the concluding section, it is possible to see clearer borderlines and conditions for the development of an exhibition theory. The concepts that have been analysed and developed into tools are shown to be useful, and the examples take the discussion into a consideration of the altered premises for the encounter with the postmodern work of art.

Idyll eller verklighet? : Albert Edelfelt och Gunnar Berndtson i det moderna genombrottets ambivalens

Idyll or Reality? Albert Edelfelt, Gunnar Berndtson and the ambivalent breakthrough of modernity Albert Edelfelt (1854-1905) and Gunnar Berndtson (1854-1895) have much in common. In this dissertation, I study their paintings of local peasants and fishermen and of the gentry���s summer in the county of Uusimaa in southern Finland, in the context of Nordic history of ideas. The breakthrough of modernity, with its attention on debating social problems, provides a novel angle into the oeuvres of the two artists. My focus is on the paintings which emerge in the collision of the public discussion of social matters and the values of the artists��� manorial milieu. The artists��� relation to the public discussion is scrutinized through two of the main topics: the question of the common people and democracy, and the question of equality between men and women. My dissertation is a contextual study which is based on the analysis of the artworks of Edelfelt and Berndtson, on their letters, and on the study of drama and fiction of their time. The notion ���libert��, egalit��, fraternit����� is linked to the breakthrough of modernity. Both artists were aware of the ideal of equality. They used the means and the themes of contemporary art in their presentations, but their pictures contain the ideal of an earlier epoch: the hardworking, but still complacent common people. This conception of the common people is also reflected in the poems of J. L. Runeberg. Women of the late 19th century challenged woman���s primary role as wife and mother. In Edelfelt���s and Berndtson���s depictions of the gentry enjoying summer, women and children have the main role. Notwithstanding the debate of the breakthrough of modernity they depicted women almost without exception as good mothers. Their paintings often depict lazy days in the sunshine, which were, in reality, rare moments for the mistress of the house. Edelfelt���s and Berndtson���s subjects from the Uusimaa countryside coincide with the topics of the breakthrough of modernity, but both the pictures of the common people and the depictions of the gentry enjoying summer, are a retouched picture of reality, often an idyll, in which the public discussion of social matters is evident only materially or not at all.

Studies in sesquiterpenes-XX. Acetoxymethylation of longifolene

Longifolene in Prins reaction with formaldehyde yielded the expected ��-acetoxymethyl longifolene, which was transformed into a number of interesting derivatives. Configuration of the Prins product has been arrived at by NMR measurements. The UV absorption of these derivatives show a considerable bathochromic shift with respect to those in the camphene series and this could be attributed to the slight twisting of the ethylenic linkage in longifolene and its derivatives.

SC-FDMA versus OFDMA: Sensitivity to Large Carrier Frequency and Timing Offsets on the Uplink

In this paper, we present a comparison between the sensitivity of SC-FDMA and OFDMA schemes to large carrier frequency offsets (CFO) and timing offsets (TO) of different users on the uplink. Our study shows the following observations: 1) In the ideal case of zero CFOs and TOs (i.e., perfect synchronization), the uncoded BER performance of SC-FDMA with frequency domain MMSE equalizer is better than that of OFDMA due to the inherent frequency diversity that is possible in SCFDMA. Also, because of inter-symbol interference in SC-FDMA, the performance of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer can be further improved by using low-complexity interference cancellation (IC) techniques. 2) In the presence of large CFOs and TOs, significant multiuser interference (MUI) gets introduced, and hence the performance of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer can get worse than that of OFDMA. However, the performance advantage of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer over OFDMA (due to the potential for frequency diversity benefit in SC-FDMA) can be restored by adopting multistage IC techniques, using the knowledge of CFOs and TOs of different users at the receiver

First-principles electronic structure of the delafossites ABO(2) (A=Cu, Ag, Au; B=Al, Ga, Sc, In, Y): evolution of d(10)-d(10) interactions

While bonding between d(10) atoms and ions in molecular systems has been well studied, less attention has been paid to interactions between such seemingly closed shell species in extended inorganic solids. In this contribution, we present visualizations of the electronic structures of the delafossites ABO(2) (A = Cu, Ag, Au) with particular emphasis on the nature of d(10)-d(10) interactions in the close packed plane of the coinage metal ion. We find that on going from Cu to Ag to Au, the extent of bonding between A and A increases. However, the structures (in terms of distances) of these compounds are largely determined by the strongly ionic 13,11 0 interaction and for the larger B ions Sc, In and Y, the A atoms are sufficiently well-separated that A-A bonding is almost negligible. We also analyze some interesting differences between Ag and Au, including the larger A-O covalency of the Au. The trends in electronic structure suggest that the Ag and Au compounds are not good candidate transparent conducting oxides. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Nucleation-Growth Mode of Cubic-Tetragonal Transition with Coexistence of Phases over a Wide Temperature Interval in the High Temperature Ferroelectric Systems PbTiO3-BiMeO3:Me = Sc , and Zn1/2Ti1/2

Temperature dependent X-ray powder diffraction and dielectric studies have been carried out on tetragonal compositions of (1-x) PbTiO 3(x) BiMeO 3; Me similar to Sc and Zn 1/2 Ti 1/2. The cubic and the tetragonal phases coexist over more than 100 degrees C for 0.70 PbTiO 30.3 Bi ( Zn 1/2 Ti 1/2) O 3 and 0.66 PbTiO 30.34 BiScO 3. The wide temperature range of phase coexistence is shown to be an intrinsic feature of the system, and is attributed to the increase in the degree of the covalent character of the ( Pb +Bi ) O bond with increasing concentration of Bi at the Pb -site. The d-values of the {111} planes of the coexisting phases are nearly identical, suggesting this plane to be the invariant plane for the martensitic type cubic-tetragonal transformation occurring in these systems.

The effect of minor addition of Ni on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of suction cast Al-0.14 at. pct Sc binary alloy

Aluminum scandium binary alloys represent a promising precipitation-hardening alloy system. However, the hardness of the binary alloys decreases with the rapid coarsening of Al3Sc precipitate during high-temperature aging. In the current study, we report a new approach to compensate for the loss of mechanical properties by combining rapid solidification with very small ternary addition of transition metal Ni. This addition yields dispersion, and at a critical concentration improves the mechanical properties. We explore additions of a maximum of 0.06 at. pct of Nickel to a binary Al-0.14 at. pct Sc alloy, which yield nickel-rich dispersions. We report two kinds of biphasic dispersions containing AlNi2Sc/Al9Ni2 and alpha-Al/Al9Ni2 phase combinations. The maximum improvement in mechanical properties occurs with the addition of 0.045 at. pct Ni with a yield strength of 239 +/- A 7 MPa for an aging treatment at 583 K (310 A degrees C) for 15 hours. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-013-1624-z (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2013

SC-FDMA for multiuser communication on the downlink

Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) has become a popular alternative to orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in multiuser communication on the uplink. This is mainly due to the low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of SC-FDMA compared to that of OFDMA. Long-term evolution (LTE) uses SC-FDMA on the uplink to exploit this PAPR advantage to reduce transmit power amplifier backoff in user terminals. In this paper, we show that SC-FDMA can be beneficially used for multiuser communication on the downlink as well. We present SC-FDMA transmit and receive signaling architectures for multiuser communication on the downlink. The benefits of using SC-FDMA on the downlink are that SC-FDMA can achieve i) significantly better bit error rate (BER) performance at the user terminal compared to OFDMA, and ii) improved PAPR compared to OFDMA which reduces base station (BS) power amplifier backoff (making BSs more green). SC-FDMA receiver needs to do joint equalization, which can be carried out using low complexity equalization techniques. For this, we present a local neighborhood search based equalization algorithm for SC-FDMA. This algorithm is very attractive both in complexity as well as performance. We present simulation results that establish the PAPR and BER performance advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDMA in multiuser SISO/MIMO downlink as well as in large-scale multiuser MISO downlink with tens to hundreds of antennas at the BS.