Nineteenth-century Ship-based Catches of Gray Whales, Eschrichtius robustus, in the Eastern North Pacific

The 19th century commercial ship-based fishery for gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, in the eastern North Pacific began in 1846 and continued until the mid 1870’s in southern areas and the 1880’s in the north. Henderson identified three periods in the southern part of the fishery: Initial, 1846–1854; Bonanza, 1855–1865; and Declining, 1866–1874. The largest catches were made by “lagoon whaling” in or immediately outside the whale population’s main wintering areas in Mexico—Magdalena Bay, Scammon’s Lagoon, and San Ignacio Lagoon. Large catches were also made by “coastal” or “alongshore” whaling where the whalers attacked animals as they migrated along the coast. Gray whales were also hunted to a limited extent on their feeding grounds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas in summer. Using all available sources, we identified 657 visits by whaling vessels to the Mexican whaling grounds during the gray whale breeding and calving seasons between 1846 and 1874. We then estimated the total number of such visits in which the whalers engaged in gray whaling. We also read logbooks from a sample of known visits to estimate catch per visit and the rate at which struck animals were lost. This resulted in an overall estimate of 5,269 gray whales (SE = 223.4) landed by the ship-based fleet (including both American and foreign vessels) in the Mexican whaling grounds from 1846 to 1874. Our “best” estimate of the number of gray whales removed from the eastern North Pacific (i.e. catch plus hunting loss) lies somewhere between 6,124 and 8,021, depending on assumptions about survival of struck-but-lost whales. Our estimates can be compared to those by Henderson (1984), who estimated that 5,542–5,507 gray whales were secured and processed by ship-based whalers between 1846 and 1874; Scammon (1874), who believed the total kill over the same period (of eastern gray whales by all whalers in all areas) did not exceed 10,800; and Best (1987), who estimated the total landed catch of gray whales (eastern and western) by American ship-based whalers at 2,665 or 3,013 (method-dependent) from 1850 to 1879. Our new estimates are not high enough to resolve apparent inconsistencies between the catch history and estimates of historical abundance based on genetic variability. We suggest several lines of further research that may help resolve these inconsistencies.

Distribution and Abundance of Steller Sea Lions, Eumetopias jubatus, on the Asian Coast, 1720's-2005

We analyzed published and archived records for the past 250 years to assess changes in distribution and abundance of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, along the Asian coast from the Bering Strait to the Korean Peninsula. We found that the northern extent of Steller sea lion distribution has not changed but that the southern limit has moved north by some 500–900 km (~300–500 n.mi.) over the past 50 years. Additionally, the number of animals and their distribution has changed on the Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka Peninsula. We found no changes in the number of rookeries in the northern Sea of Okhotsk, but a new rookery was established at Tuleny Island on the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island. We estimate that the total abundance of Steller sea lions along the Asian coast in the late 19th century was about 115,000 animals; during the 1960’s, the total estimate was about 27,000 (including pups), most of which were in the Kuril Islands. The fewest number of Steller sea lions occurred in the northwestern Pacific in the late 1980’s–early 1990’s when only about 13,000 individuals (including pups) were estimated in the entire region. During the 1990’s, and especially in early 2000, an increasing trend in abundance occurred in most areas. Present estimated abundance of Steller sea lions in Asia is about 16,000 individuals (including about 5,000 pups), about half of which occur in the Kuril Islands. Changes in abundance occurred during all time periods but varied by site and period. Specifically, over the past 150 years Steller sea lion abundance at most sites has changed. There were no rookeries on the Commander Islands between 1850 and 1960 and abundance was low, but by 1977, abundance increased to 4,800 individuals and a rookery was established in the mid 1980’s; abundance there has declined since the early 1980’s and in 2004 only 895 individuals (including 221 pups) were counted during the breeding season. Between 1940 and 2004, abundance along the eastern coast of Kamchatka declined from ~7,000 to ~600 individuals, an overall reduction of 90%. Steller sea lion abundance on the Kuril Islands declined by >90% from the 1800’s to 2005; the most severe decline there occurred during 1969–1981. Steller sea lion numbers in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk declined during 1930–2002 from 7,200 to 3,100 individuals. Numbers at Tuleny Island have increased since establishment of a rookery there during 1983–2005 and by immigration from other sites.

Juventude brasileira e inserção no trabalho: as políticas do governo Lula

O estudo analisa as políticas de inserção dos jovens no mundo do trabalho no Brasil durante os anos de 2003-2010. A principal questão deste trabalho é o desvendamento dos fundamentos que sustentam estas políticas, sublinhando a historicidade que as envolve. A pesquisa deu, então, especial relevância à apreensão das categorias explicativas de uma forma histórica, e dentro das complexas relações, contraditórias e mediadas entre os processos de produção da vida material pelo trabalho e os processos formativos educacionais. Essa foi à perspectiva que orientou a metodologia e a revisão bibliográfica e documental, a fim de construir um instrumento de análise capaz de dar conta das especificidades dos programas. A exposição do estudo está dividida em três partes. Na primeira, apresentaremos o processo de construção do mercado de trabalho assalariado livre no Brasil, a partir de 1850, assim como o modelo teórico de análise plasmado nas categorias que se trabalham em toda a pesquisa. Isso nos ajuda a compreender o processo de transformação que aconteceu ao longo dos anos. Em uma segunda parte focalizamos os fundamentos das políticas de inserção no mundo do trabalho para os jovens, de que maneira estão organizadas, como foram produzidas, divulgadas e executadas. Na terceira parte refletimos a partir do concreto revelado em peculiaridades nos programas do PNPE e Pro Jovem na modalidade Pro Jovem Trabalhador. Nas considerações finais é reconstruído o caminho inverso que vai desde o particular às relações mais gerais, de modo a sustentar a ideia de que apesar dos esforços de reduzir os impactos do desemprego para os jovens, os argumentos de apoio das políticas dirigidas a tal fim não são sustentáveis desde o planejamento na medida em que estão sustentadas como políticas de assistência, focalistas e emergenciais.

Letras, ideias e culturas políticas: os escritos de Nabuco de Araújo (1843-1876)

A presente tese foi elaborada a partir do legado documental de José Thomaz Nabuco de Araújo (1813-1878), constituído de textos impressos, manuscritos políticos, cartas e bilhetes produzidos especialmente nas décadas de cinquenta e sessenta do oitocentos e conservados no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. Político e homem de letras, frequentou bibliotecas e livrarias daquelas décadas, quando teve contato com obras e tendências do pensamento europeu. Os livros da biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito de Recife, onde se formou bacharel juntamente com outros burocratas de sua geração em 1835, marcaram o início de práticas de leitura e escrita voltadas para a apropriação do conteúdo e construção intencional de ideias políticas expressas no decorrer de sua rica e complexa trajetória como senador e ministro da justiça em gabinetes de diferentes siglas partidárias. O personagem fez uso das linguagens e matrizes do pensamento jusnaturalista, utitilarista, liberal e do humanismo cívico ao protagonizar importantes debates diretamente relacionados à prática da cidadania no Segundo Reinado, com destaque para temas como emancipação dos escravos, a participação civil de estrangeiros no Brasil, a liberdade de imprensa, a descentralização, reformas eleitorais e a missão dos partidos políticos. Nesse sentido, a temporalidade das ideias presentes no discurso evidenciaram não só os aspectos perenes, como também transitórios do pensamento de Nabuco de Araújo. Certas transformações e permanências são perceptíveis no final da década de 1850, ocasião em que o Gabinete da Conciliação deixou de existir e deu passagem, já em 1862, à Liga Progressista, uma aliança entre conservadores moderados e antigos liberais do Império. O estudo sobre o processo de emancipação gradativa dos escravos, especialmente no ano de 1871, ocasião em que o político pertenceu ao Movimento Centro Liberal, também constitui oportunidade ímpar para verificar a introdução de termos como pessoa nos escritos do personagem. Guiado por seus próprios interesses, ou por interesses do Governo e do seu partido, Nabuco de Araújo contribuiu para a formulação de novos conceitos e práticas e, portanto, exerceu influência na configuração da cultura política imperial, junto a seus pares. O referencial teórico fundamentado em autores da História das Ideias, especialmente Quentin Skinner, e nos estudos de produção de texto de Robert Darnton possibilitaram o entendimento dos limites e intersecções entre o liberalismo e o conservadorismo político no Segundo Reinado, além de desencadear certo revisionismo histórico da obra Um Estadista do Império, biografia póstuma de José Thomaz Nabuco de Araújo, elaborada por seu filho Joaquim Nabuco.

An integrated biogeographic assessment of reef fish populations and fisheries in Dry Tortugas: Effects of No-take Reserves

The Tortugas Integrated Biogeographic Assessment presents a unique analysis of demographic changes in living resource populations, as well as societal and socioeconomic benefits that resulted from the Tortugas Ecological Reserves during the first five years after their implementation. In 2001, state and federal agencies established two no-take reserves within the region as part of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The northern reserve (Tortugas Ecological Reserve North) was established adjacent to the Dry Tortugas National Park, which was first declared a national monument in 1935. The reserves were designed to protect a healthy coral reef ecosystem that supports diverse faunal assemblages and fisheries, serves as important spawning grounds for groupers and snappers, and includes essential feeding and breeding habitats for seabirds. The unique ecological qualities of the Tortugas region were recognized as far back as 1850, and it remains an important ecosystem and research area today. The two main goals of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve Integrated Ecological Assessment were: 1) to determine if demographic changes such as increases in abundance, average size and spawning potential of exploited populations occurred in the Tortugas region after reserve implementation; and 2) whether short-term economic losses occurred to fishers displaced by the reserve. This project utilized a biogeographic approach in which information on the physical features (i.e., habitat) and oceanographic patterns were first used to determine the spatial distribution of selected fish populations within and outside the Tortugas Ecological Reserve. Before-and-after reserve implementation comparisons of selected fish populations were then conducted to determine if demographic changes occurred in reef fish assemblages. These comparisons were done for the Tortugas region and also for a subset of available habitats within the Tortugas Ecological Reserve Study Area. Social and economic impacts of the reserves were determined through: 1) analyses of commercial landings and revenues from fishers, operating in the Tortugas region before and after reserve implementation and 2) surveys of recreational tour guides. Analyses of the commercial landings and revenues excluded areas inside Dry Tortugas National Park because commercial fishing has been prohibited within park boundaries since 1992. Key findings and outcomes of this integrated ecological assessment are organized by chapter and listed below.

羊草细胞差异表达基因分析与遗传转化方法研究

羊草（Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel），隶属禾本科赖草属，是欧亚大陆草原区东部重要建群种之一。羊草是牧草之王，是我国比较有优势的战略性生物资源，对我国北方畜牧业的发展以及生态环境的保育均具有重要意义。近年来，由于缺乏科学管理、过度放牧等不利影响，加之羊草本身固有的“三低”问题（即抽穗率低、结实率低、发芽率低）已对羊草生物多样性维持构成了严重的威胁，限制了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良及沙化治理的步伐。因此，如何通过细胞、分子生物学以及生物技术手段改良羊草、快速评价和创造新的种质;如何加快育种进程便成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文围绕这些问题开展了系统的研究并取得如下结果： 1. 建立了羊草离体培养再生体系，并研究了影响愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的因素，影响植株再生的主要因素为激素配比和基因型。将3～5mm的幼穗接种到含有2,4-D 0～5.0mg/L的N6基本培养基上，随着2,4-D浓度的变化，愈伤组织诱导率不同，最高诱导率为93.21%（基因型C6）、最低为33.35%（吉生1号）;愈伤组织在N6(大)＋B5(微)＋KT1.0mg/L+BA1.0mg/L的培养基上可以分化出芽，并在1/2MS培养基上生根。羊草基因型W4不同幼穗诱导的愈伤组织在继代培养过程中其生长、褐化死亡等方面存在着差异;在分化培养过程中，不同幼穗的愈伤组织最高分化率为9.24%，最低分化率为5.26%。 2. 对来自同一基因型不同幼穗的愈伤组织中差异表达的基因进行了研究。采用DDRT-PCR技术对其差异表达的基因进行了分离，通过银染技术显示差异片段。将得到的差异片段进行回收、克隆测序，得到两个差异片段序列，经过序列分析表明，其中一个片段是与水稻翻译延伸因子eEF-1基因高度同源;另一差异片段与水稻谷胱甘肽转移酶GST基因高度同源。 3. 建立了羊草遗传转化方法。在获得羊草离体培养再生体系的基础上，采用基因枪法对羊草两个基因型进行转抗除草剂基因（PAT）的研究。对分别来自基因型W4和C3的愈伤组织各1430和1850块进行转化。在附加1.0mg/L PPT的培养基上进行一系列的筛选培养，共获得了23株再生苗，经过生根筛选培养，得到5株抗性苗，3株来自基因型W4，2株来自基因型C3。对5株植株进行PCR和Southern 检测，得到2株阳性苗，均来自基因型W4，对阳性植株经过无性繁殖得到的无性系进行PCR检测及Basta耐受性鉴定，外源基因可以在其无性系稳定遗传并表达，无性系除对Basta具有抗性外，其表型特征与对照无明显区别。

Exploitation of tunas in Ceylon's coastal waters

Ceylon’s fishery for the tunas is presently limited to the coastal waters which in the present context have an off-shore limit of 15 miles and our contribution to the world tuna production is a little over 1%. Four varieties of tuna are largely exploited in the coastal waters. Of these, Baleya or the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis Linn. 1758) is the predominant variety followed by attavalla or mackerel tuna (Euthynnus ajfinis, Cantor, 1850), kelawalla or yellowfin (Thunnus albacares, Bonnaterre, 1788) and alagoduwa or frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard Lacepede, 1802). Other varieties like the thora-baleya or bonito (Sarda orientalis) and asgedi kelawalla or big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) are also landed frequently but in extremely small quantities. Figure 1 illustrates the relative composition of the tuna varieties in the catch and their percentage composition further sub-divided according to the type of effort applied. It is evident that Ceylon's coastal fishery for tunas is greatly influenced by the production of smaller varieties of the tunas.

合胞素基因在血液系统恶性肿瘤中的应用

合胞素基因在血液系统恶性肿瘤中的应用，本发明将合胞素基因应用在血液系统恶性肿瘤的诊断、监测、治疗中；本发明的优点是该基因只在血液系统恶性肿瘤患者外周血细胞膜上有阳性信号，所以可作为血液系统恶性肿瘤特异标志，检测结果明确，易于判断；且该基因产物具有高度的细胞融合活性且在白血病复发和缓解的不同时期表达量不同，用于白血病治疗药物筛选的靶分子，具有药物作用特异，治疗靶标明确的显著优点。

城市湖泊地区的土地利用变化——以武汉东湖为例

利用1986、1993、1999年的LandsatTM卫星遥感影像和1981年地形图,借助GIS技术分析了城市湖泊地区—武汉东湖流域1987～1999间土地利用的时空变化及景观结构的变化。土地利用分为水体、针叶林、阔叶林、灌草、裸地、农业用地和城镇用地七种类型。各时期遥感影像分类精度都在85%以上。该流域土地利用变化以城镇大幅度扩展(从占全流域面积的9.1%到29.6%)、农业用地增加(从7.0%到13.9%)和由此引起的林地(从占全流域面积的33.6%到24.3%)、水体(从30.4%到23.8%)面积

Effects of annealing on properties of spin-valve pinned with FeMn alloy

The magnetic properties of spin-valve pinned by FeMn layer were investigated after it was annealed at different temperatures. Its property was dependent on the vacuum annealing temperature. The pinning field could be increased through annealing at a temporature lower than 200degreesC;the pinning field would reduce and other properties be deteriorated as the annealing temperature was higher than 200degreesC; the pinning effect lost and giantmagnetic resistance disappeared at 300degreesC. Based on the results of AES analysis it was concluded that the diffusion in spin-valve multilayer was along grain boundary.

对"两类强壮的门限密钥托管方案"的分析

论文对两类"强壮"的门限密钥托管方案进行了系统分析,给出多种切实可行的攻击方法,指出它们都是不安全的.首先, 主要利用"可信度"函数等方法首次奠定了对密钥托管协议的形式化分析基础.然后提出了对以上方案的两种阈下信道攻击,前者本质上属于"阴影会话密钥"攻击方法,后者则利用签名算法构造阈下信道.通过成功实施各种欺骗攻击,指出两类方案并未在真正意义上解决诸如"一次监听,永远监听" 、用户密钥碎片有效认证及鉴别恶意托管方等问题.最后分析指出两类方案的"强壮性"值得商榷,并证明一些协议组件是不必要的.

近50年全球气候变暖对珠江口海平面变化趋势的影响

根据1957～2006年全球温度和珠江口验潮站平均潮位资料，分析全球气候变暖

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY STUDY OF N+-IMPLANTED SILICON ON INSULATOR BY ENERGY-FILTERED IMAGING

We report on the first study of N+ -implanted silicon on insulator by energy-filtered imaging using an Opton electron microscope CEM 902 equipped Castaing-Henry electron optical system as a spectrometer. The inelastic images, energy window set at DELTA-E = 16 eV and DELTA-E = 25 eV according to plasmon energy loss of crystal Si and of silicon nitride respectively, give much structure information. The interface between the top silicon layer and the upper silicon nitride layer can be separated into two sublayers.

Wet etching and infrared absorption of AlN bulk single crystals

The defects and the lattice perfection of an AlN (0001) single crystal grown by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method were investigated by wet etching, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared absorption, respectively. A regular hexagonal etch pit density (EPD) of about 4000 cm~(-2) is observed on the (0001) A1 surface of an AlN single crystal. The EPD exhibits a line array along the slip direction of the wurtzite structure, indicating a quite large thermal stress born by the crystal in the growth process. The XRD full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the single crystal is 35 arcsec, suggesting a good lattice perfection. Pronounced infrared absorption peaks are observed at wave numbers of 1790, 1850, 2000, and 3000 cm~(-1), respectively. These absorptions might relate to impurities O, C, Si and their complexes in AlN single crystals.