Análisis de la evolución en las prácticas de Mejoramiento Integral de Barrios (BIM) en la Gestión Urbana de Bogotá entre 1995-2011

La ciudad informal en las periferias urbanas ha sido una de las mayores preocupaciones de las grandes ciudades latinoamericanas. Distintos enfoques a este problema han derivado en distintas formas de abordarlo a partir de la política pública. En el caso de Bogotá, los Programas de Mejoramiento Integral han permitido visibilizar, intervenir e integrar grandes porciones de suelo objeto de procesos de urbanizaciones incompletas, dando solución a miles de familias que han tenido que asentarse de forma emergente y bajo condiciones urbanas muy precarias. De hecho, Bogotá se ha convertido en una referencia nacional e internacional sobre la forma en que se ha implementado este tipo de programa. Sin embargo, al hacer un repaso sobre las enseñanzas que ha dejado esta experiencia, se encuentra información pública limitada y se evidencia una pérdida de la memoria institucional sobre su operación y resultados.

Instrumentos de financiación deldesarrollo urbano en colombia: la contribución por valorización y la participación en plusvalías. Lecciones y reflexiones

La participación en plusvalías (PPV) es el instrumento de política de una reforma de gran transcendencia en Colombia: la recuperación de las rentas del suelo y su movilización social. Durante la fase de implementación de la PPV se han venido estableciendo esquemas operativos fragmentados que propician una visión procedimental y atomizada del tributo, la cual promueve lógicas institucionales que potencialmente retardan su evolución plena como instrumento de política de suelo. El análisis de la trayectoria de varias décadas de las ciudades colombianas con la contribución por valorización (CV) sugiere que la continuidad y evolución de este instrumento y sus instituciones se derivan en gran parte del manejo “ingenioso” de esta política frente a su entorno de implementación. Por tratarse de un instrumento de recuperación parcial de plusvalías, constituye un precedente para la PPV a partir del cual es posible derivar valiosas lecciones. Este artículo presenta para discusión los factores de viabilidad y sostenibilidad identificados a través del análisis de la experiencia de implementación y del proceso general de consolidación de la CV; así como reflexiones que de allí surgieron sobre la dirección que en el mismo contexto debería dársele a la implementación de la PPV, de manera que se propicien condiciones de entorno favorables a la evolución institucional y sostenibilidad de la reforma.-----Participation in Land Value Increments (participación en plusvalías-PPV) is an essential policy instrument of the urban Reform in Colombia designed to capture and socially mobilize land rents originated by public decisions and investments. The analysis of its recent implementation process in Bogota provides evidence that current institutional arrangements are creating a general tendency amongst the institutions involved towards isolated procedural management, which potentially hinders the integrated vision required to manage the instrument at the policy level. Special Assessment (contribución por valorización-CV), an earlier form of partial value capture, has a long history in Colombia as an effective financialinstrument for urban management. Analysis of the factors that have contributed to successfully consolidate CV show that its technical evolution, continuity and political legitimacy have been strongly supported by integrated institutions and strategic management. Through comparative analysis, the experience with CV is used to draw some useful parallels and insights for a discussion about how PPV´s implementation process should be redirected towards strategic policy thinking and “smart value capture”.

Las posibilidades de la evaluación estratégica ambiental integrada: elementos para la reflexión sobre la sostenibilidad urbana en Colombia

En este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre la forma en que se ha incorporado la noción de sostenibilidad ambiental en el ordenamiento físico urbano en Colombia, una aproximación parcial que ha privilegiado algunos componentes físicos de la estructura ecológica, sin considerar suficientemente las implicaciones de aspectos tales como el suelo urbano, las actuaciones de los servicios públicos, las racionalidades de consumo y el metabolismo de la ciudad, los cuales tienen una mayor incidencia sobre la sostenibilidad urbana. El seguimiento a esta tendencia de incorporar herramientas de planeación ambiental estratégica sirve, en primera instancia, para llevar a cabo una reflexión crítica sobre el ordenamiento físico en nuestro medio, la planeación para el desarrollo urbano sostenible, los modelos de ciudad y la participación ciudadana El artículo se divide en tres partes. En la primera se presentan consideraciones sobre sostenibilidad urbana como el marco de la evaluación estratégica ambiental. En la segunda parte se presenta la Evaluación Estratégica Ambiental (EAE) en la formulación de políticas, programas, planes y proyectos. Finalmente, se hacen algunas consideraciones sobre la necesidad de incorporar la EAE en las agendas de formulación y concertación ambiental de temas estratégicos, políticas y planeamiento urbano en Colombia.---The potential for integrated strategic environmental assessment: food for thought on urban sustainability in ColombiaThis article presents a reflection on how the notion of environmental sustainability in the physical urban system was incorporated in Colombia, a partial approach that has privileged some physical components of the ecological structure, without sufficiently considering the implications of such aspects as urban land, the actions of public services, consumer rationalities and metabolism of the city, which have a greater impact on urban sustainability. Monitoring this trend of incorporating strategic environmental planning tools, served in the first instance to undertake a critical reflection on the physical arrangement in our environment, planning for sustainable urban development, and models of city and citizen participation. The article is divided into three parts. The first presents considerations on urban sustainability as the framework of strategic environmental assessment. In the second part presents the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in the formulation of policies, programs, plans and projects. Finally, some considerations are made about the need to incorporate the SEA into the agendas of environmental design and coordination of strategic issues, policies and urban planning in Colombia. Key words: Strategic Environmental Assessment (EEA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), public policies, environmental assessment, urban sustainability, urban management.---As possibilidades da avaliação estratégica ambiental integrada: Elementos para a reflexão sobre a sustentabilidade urbana na ColômbiaNeste artigo se apresenta uma reflexão sobre a forma em que se tem incorporado a noção de sustentabilidade ambiental no ordenamento físico urbano na Colômbia, uma aproximação parcial que tem privilegiado alguns componentes físicos da estrutura ecológica sem considerar suficientemente as implicações de aspectos tais como o solo urbano, as atuações dos serviços públicos, as racionalidades de consumo e o metabolismo da cidade, os quais têm uma maior incidência sobre a sustentabilidade urbana. O seguimento a esta tendência de incorporar ferramentas de planejamento ambiental estratégica serve, em primeira instância, para levar a cabo uma reflexão crítica sobre o ordenamento físico em nosso meio, o planejamento para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, os modelos de cidade e a participação cidadã. O artigo se divide em três partes. Na primeira se apresentam considerações sobre sustentabilidade urbana como o marco da avaliação estratégica ambiental. Na segunda parte se apresenta a Avaliação Estratégica Ambiental (Evaluación Estratégica Ambiental - EAE) na formulação de políticas, programas, planos e projetos. Finalmente, se fazem algumas considerações sobre a necessidade de incorporar a EAE nas agendas de formulação e concerto ambiental de temas estratégicos, políticas y planejamento urbano na Colômbia.Palavras chave: Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (EAE), Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), política pública urbana, sustentabilidade urbana, gestão urbana, gestão ambiental.

Análisis del desarrollo y evolución del objetivo e implementación de las operaciones estrátegicas planteadas en los planes de ordenamiento territorial de Bogotá desde el 2000 al 2013: caso de estudio operación estratégica centro

La planificación urbana en la consolidación de las ciudades ha venido adquiriendo una gran importancia para el desarrollo urbano, a través de instrumentos de gestión urbana. Dentro de esta investigación se analiza las operaciones estratégicas como un instrumento de gestión que ha tenido cambios en su objetivo, alcance e implementación para poder transformar y mejorar a través de intervenciones urbanas los temas físicos, económicos, sociales y culturales dentro de los territorios. A partir de lo anterior, se identificaron cinco elementos que han limitado la implementación de las operaciones estratégicas que son, una visión a largo plazo, la falta de una gerencia especifica, voluntad política, continuidad y la coordinación y comunicación interinstitucional.

Análisis comparado del ordenamiento territorial a escala regional de Barcelona y el Randsad 2005 – 2013. Reflexiones para el caso colombiano

El presente estudio quiere analizar la construcción de la dimensión regional como proceso de interacción entre el conjunto de asentamientos humanos y de unas relaciones políticas, jurídicas, históricas, económicas y funcionales alrededor de ese espacio determinado que aborda la interdependencia territorial. A partir de la concepción que la aglomeración urbana es intrínsecamente regional, el trabajo aborda tres casos de estudio: el Randstad en Holanda, el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona y la Mesa de Planificación Regional Bogotá – Cundinamarca como configuraciones que permiten la formación de acuerdos coordinados básicos para un abordaje integral de la gestión del territorio. De las particularidades de cada caso se elaboran comparaciones que establecen que la configuración de acuerdos regionales es influida por una práctica política y de ordenamiento territorial determinada. Fundamentándose en la comparación, el aparte final el texto establece establecen algunas orientaciones para la consolidación regional en Colombia como proceso de apoderamiento de lo local.

As cidades, a cidade: política, arquitetura e cultura na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

A presente dissertação trata de verificar as interfaces entre projetos políticos e a formação das cidades, com foco na cidade do Rio de Janeiro durante as gestões do prefeito Cesar Maia de 2001 a 2004 e de 2005 a 2008. A consolidação do planejamento estratégico como ferramenta de gestão urbana é analisada, com foco nos planos estratégicos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro desenvolvidos ao longo da Era Cesar Maia: Rio Sempre Rio (1995/96) e As Cidades da Cidade (2004). A cidade de Bilbao, cuja recuperação é identificada com a implantação de uma filial do Museu Guggenheim, é estudada, revelando caminhos que outras cidades ao redor do mundo buscaram seguir. Finalmente, são analisados o contexto político e as implicações dos projetos para o Museu Guggenheim, no Porto, e para a Cidade da Música, na Barra da Tijuca, ambos no Rio de Janeiro. Estes casos foram selecionados por tratarem-se de projetos icônicos, que viriam a ser a representação construída da figura política que os orquestrou e que, cada qual à sua maneira, não tiveram o desfecho planejado.

O city marketing em Natal/RN e a construção da imagem da cidade

The growing importance of tourism in overall economic activity worldwide has favored the intensification of competition among cities that seek to create environments attractive to tourists and potential investors. It has been common practice to import characteristics of the business environment in the public management of cities. The city marketing is a key tool used by public leaders to promote a linkage between the tourism image and urban image and involves, in addition to promoting the image of the city, the planning of interventions in urban space, trying to formulate a positive image of the city able to facilitate the deployment of capital. This research seeks to understand the nature of city marketing as part of contemporary urban management and analyzes how is its application in decisions concerning the promotion of tourism in Natal/RN. The approach of this research is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive, in which respondents were the main leaders of two of the official tourism site, the Empresa Potiguar de Promoção Turística and the Secretaria Municipal de Turismo e Desenvolvimento Econômico. It was found that there is a strong articulation of public power with private enterprise in the design and conduct of the actions of urban marketing, that from the survey data show that the behavior of target markets provide guidelines for taking strategic decisions relating to tourism. Sun and sea are some key elements explored to form the image of Natal and to authorize the sale of the city as a tropical paradise. However, there is an increase in the diversification of tourism products, seeking to increase flow to the segments of ecotourism, adventure, business and culture. It s also growing the use of local culture as a tourism product, however, the cultural representation focuses on superficial values and does not bring to light the social and historical richness that the city has. Public authorities use the city marketing strategies as a means able to maximize the attractiveness of Natal urban space to investors, business groups and tourists. It can be observed that urban managers seek solutions that can continuously increase the tours, which often manifests in interventions that focus the tourist areas of the city, in oposition of those who do not contribute to a positive reading of the city, which ultimately generate the worsening of spacial and social inequalities

Centros históricos e desenvolvimento urbano: um estudo comparativo entre os programas Monumenta no Brasil e Polis em Portugal

Both the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century have been characterized as a period of major political, economic, social and cultural transformations. Two of the major consequences of the political-economical crisis of the end of last century are the restructuring of capitalist production, and the consolidation of neoliberalism as a worldwide phenomenon. This new world political-economical scenario has influenced, in a dialectic way, the contemporary urban development. In that sense, "new" spatial processes and new paradigms in both urban management and urban planning have gained shape. In this context of urban transformations, the central areas of western cities, also known as historic centers, are being increasingly (re)valued. Since the Second World War, the historic centers urban areas which have great infrastructure and symbolic relevance had been undergoing a process of evasion of population and activities, undeniably linked to the neglect of government authorities. However, in recent decades, the question of historic centers rehabilitation has acquired a growing interest, academically and in political agendas. The object of this dissertation is to focus on how the government of each Brazil and Portugal has dealt with the issue of historic center rehabilitation through programs of urban rehabilitation

O Plano Diretor como instrumento de gestão da cidade: o caso da cidade de Fortaleza/CE

According to article 182 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, cities should perform social function, what brings the concept that the city should be a place for one to live well. For that to happen, it should be well administered by its public managers. However, so that there is a sound administration, one that really performs that social function, there must be, first, an efficient planning. We understand that such a thing occurs when the master plan is the main planning instrument of a city and serves as basis for its administration. We notice, however, that in most of the cities the master plan is formulated as a law that regulates urban planning but that both the population and the government most of the times are not aware of its importance concerning the relevant issues related to municipal administration, such as its relationship with the economy, taxation, the social issue, land use regulation, and, in summary, with all the aspects that constitute and that a municipal government should manage in the best possible way. One also knows that, in general, the attempt of city planning has always been connected to the duration of a mandate and that way public managers many times implement restricted measures aiming to just attain a political-electoral objective and publicizing their administration. That implies actions and works that in some cases have negative impacts or ones that cannot be removed from the cities. This study intends to show that the master plan should be the planning instrument guiding the municipal administration but that, however, what we note is a lack of connection between that instrument and the government guidelines of the municipal managers. In order to study what happens to the cities that have a planning which is not taken into account in its administration, we will use the city of Fortaleza, capital of the State of Ceará as a case study. Historically, in Fortaleza the public managers have seldom decided to administer the city in according to the master plans developed for it. We should emphasize that planning begins in the city quite late and until the current days it is being substituted by temporary measures. Through the analysis of the planning process and of the urban management of the city of Fortaleza, especially the master plans predicted since 1933, we explain that if such plans had been implemented, they could have been important tools for its administration to attain a social function, becoming therefore a place for one to live well

Planejamento urbano e geração de empregos: A cidade de São Paulo (Brasil) nos anos 90

This paper attempts to show the convergence of principles between labor market politics and urban management, emphasizing it relationship with pro-market theories. Limits and possibilities of the application of this theoretical frame were investigated by examining the changes in both composition and stock of labor in three important business spaces in São Paulo: Central Area, Paulista Avenue and the new expansion front near Luiz Carlos Berrini and Águas Epraiadas avenues. Despite the claims of pro-market theoreticians, information provided by Labor Ministry showed that between 1996 and 2000, a re-arrangemenet of the workers contingent among the investigated areas occurred, instead of the expected growth. The favorable behavior registered in Berrini/ Águas Espraiadas, because of the bulky volume of investments, took place at the same time that a decrease of labor in the Downtown; meanwhile, in Paulista, a growth of the number of employees was observed, in spite of the landing less elevated of investments.

Dinâmica regional e política urbana: Uma análise das cidades de porte médio da região administrativa de Campinas/SP

The process of internalization of development occurred in the state of Sao Paulo resulted in accelerated growth of intermediate cities leading to a pattern of development with sprawl, segregation and suburbanization. In this process stands the Administrative Region of Campinas, the hinterland region of higher growth and accumulating a larger number of medium-sized cities. Such questions imply the need for appropriate urban policies to confront these challenges, under risk to jeopardize the quality of life and environment of these cities. The implementation of the Estatuto da Cidade brings new perspectives for urban management in medium-sized cities. This study aims to evaluate the deployment of instruments of urban management in medium-sized cities in São Paulo, with emphasis on Administrative Region of Campinas, based on the Profile of Brazilian Municipalities 2008 conducted by IBGE. The results point to a worrying situation, as it did not see a correlation between the deployment of these instruments and the size, growth and income in the mid-sized cities.

Processo de expansão urbana e conurbação em uma aglomeração urbana não-metropolitana no interior paulista

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Gestão participativa dos resíduos sólidos urbanos

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Percepção dos riscos de escorregamentos na Vila Mello Reis, Juiz de Fora (MG): contribuição ao planejamento e à gestão urbanos

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE