Collapse of rho (xx) Ringlike Structures in 2DEGs Under Tilted Magnetic Fields

In the quantum Hall regime, the longitudinal resistivity rho (xx) plotted as a density-magnetic-field (n (2D) -B) diagram displays ringlike structures due to the crossings of two sets of spin split Landau levels from different subbands [see, e.g., Zhang et al., in Phys. Rev. Lett. 95:216801, 2005. For tilted magnetic fields, some of these ringlike structures ""shrink"" as the tilt angle is increased and fully collapse at theta (c) a parts per thousand 6A degrees. Here we theoretically investigate the topology of these structures via a non-interacting model for the 2DEG. We account for the inter Landau-level coupling induced by the tilted magnetic field via perturbation theory. This coupling results in anticrossings of Landau levels with parallel spins. With the new energy spectrum, we calculate the corresponding n (2D) -B diagram of the density of states (DOS) near the Fermi level. We argue that the DOS displays the same topology as rho (xx) in the n (2D) -B diagram. For the ring with filling factor nu=4, we find that the anticrossings make it shrink for increasing tilt angles and collapse at a large enough angle. Using effective parameters to fit the theta=0A degrees data, we find a collapsing angle theta (c) a parts per thousand 3.6A degrees. Despite this factor-of-two discrepancy with the experimental data, our model captures the essential mechanism underlying the ring collapse.

Desenvolvimento de um rastreador solar do tipo polar com ajuste do ângulo de inclinação

The use of solar energy for electricity generation has shown a growing interest in recent years. Generally, the conversion of solar energy into electricity is made by PV modules installed on fixed structures, with slope determined by the latitude of the installation site. In this sense, the use of mobile structures with solar tracking, has enabled increased production of the generated energy. However, the performance of these structures depends on the type of tracker and the position control used. In this work, it is proposed position control a strategy applied for a solar tracker, which will be installed in Laboratory of Power Electronics and Renewable Energy (LEPER), located in the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). The tracker system is of polar type with daily positioning east-west and tilt angle manual adjustment in the seasonal periods, from north to south

Radiação solar difusa horária incidente em superfícies inclinadas: fatores de correção, evolução diurna e modelos de estimativa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aplicação dos métodos eletromagnéticos VLF e HLEM na prospecção hidrogeológica no município de São Domingos do Araguaia-PA

Inserido no convênio de cooperação firmado entre a Fundação Nacional de Saúde e a Universidade Federal do Pará, através do Departamento de Geofísica e do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica, este trabalho tem como objetivo o mapeamento geológico com a aplicação dos métodos eletromagnéticos VLF e HLEM, visando o estudo hidrogeológico do Município de São Domingos do Araguaia no Sudeste do Estado do Pará. Também, estudamos o desempenho quantitativo do método VLF, no que diz respeito a prospecção de água subterrânea. Primeiramente, analisamos a resposta VLF, através dos parâmetros da elipse de polarização (inclinação e elipsidade), de diferentes situações geológicas possíveis de serem encontradas no local de estudo e voltadas a hidrogeologia. Também, avaliamos a influência que os parâmetro físicos do modelo exercem na anomalia, utilizando para estas finalidades modelagem numérica por elemento finito. A análise quantitativa foi realizada através de ajuste, por tentativa e erro, com curvas teóricas obtidas da simulação de modelos idealizados na interpretação qualitativa, a qual fizemos com o auxilio da técnica de filtragem de Fraser e com perfís do método HLEM. Os resultados mostraram a existência de feições estruturais de "trends" N-S e NE-SW, que correlacionadas à geologia regional são falhas normais e de transferências, respectivamente. Com base nesses resultados, foram selecionados alguns locais com maiores probabilidades de sucesso na captação de água subterrânea através de poços.

Efeitos do manto de intemperismo sobre anomalias “VLF” dos corpos tabulares inclinados

A utilização dos métodos indutivos de propagação E.M. na exploração mineral em regiões tropicais, apresenta grandes dificuldades devido a presença de uma camada superficial condutiva (manto de intemperismo) comumente encontrada nestas regiões. Na região Amazônica, o manto apresenta-se bastante desenvolvido e condutivo, e em regiões semi-áridas, pode-se formar uma fina crosta superficial de sal. Em conseqüência disto, a interpretação dos dados E.M. obtidos para modelos que não consideram uma cobertura condutiva levam a erros consideráveis. Objetivando-se estudar os efeitos do manto sobre anomalias VLF devidas a corpos tabulares inclinados em contato com o manto (manto ohmico), foi realizada uma série de experimentos através do modelamento analógico, considerando-se diferentes parâmetros de resposta para o manto e o corpo. O manto de intemperismo foi simulado por soluções de cloreto de amônia (NH₄Cl) dispostas horizontalmente e o corpo condutor por chapas de grafite colocadas em posições inclinadas verticalmente. Utilizou-se quatro corpos condutores e três mantos com diferentes espessuras e condutividades, simulando, desta forma, diversas situações geológicas. Os resultados são dados por simples situações dos corpos localizados em um meio não condutor (ar), onde os parâmetros variados são: profundidade do topo, condutividade e mergulho do corpo. Os efeitos da condutividade da cobertura são amplamente ilustrados e avaliados. Para a análise dos resultados, foi plotado um conjunto de curvas considerando-se os valores pico-a-pico das anomalias de "tilt angle" e de elipsidade. Os resultados foram sintetizados em um outro conjunto de curvas reunidas em diagramas de Argand. Estando ou não o manto presente, observou-se, tanto para o tilt angle quanto para a elipsidade, o efeito do aumento da profundidade é o de reduzir a magnitude pico-a-pico e a forma do pico da anomalia, fazendo com que este afaste-se do ponto de "cross-over". Para um condutor de mesma espessura, o aumento da condutividade causa um ligeiro aumento nas anomalias de tilt angle, e uma atenuação nas anomalias de elipsidade. O efeito geral na variação do mergulho do condutor é o de causar uma assimetria nos perfis de tilt angle e de elipsidade. O aumento da condutância do manto de intemperismo causa um acréscimo nas anomalias de elipsidade e uma ligeira diminuição nas anomalias de tilt angle; porém, a partir de um certo valor de condutância do manto (mantos mais condutivos) tanto as anomalias de tilt angle quanto as anomalias de elipsidade começam a atenuar. Há rotação de fase no sentido anti-horário, sendo mais intensa para grandes valores de número de indução do corpo. Na presença do manto, o corpo parece estar a uma profundidade inferior à verdadeira e a ser menos condutivo.

Estudos dos efeitos do manto de intemperismo sobre anomalias de VLF geradas por corpos inclinados: modelagem numérica através de programa eGs

As referências apresentadas e utilizadas através de métodos indutivos de propagação eletromagnética E.M., são utilizadas na prospecção de minerais, entre outros, haja vista que em regiões tropicais existem camadas superficiais condutivas (manto intemperismo) que levam a influenciar, evidentemente, na interpretação do resultado real. Em nossa região Amazônica, o manto apresenta-se bastante desenvolvido e condutivo. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar os efeitos dos mantos sobre anomalias VLF, devidos a corpos tabulares inclinados em contato ou não com o manto (manto galvânico e manto indutivo). Deste modo, foram realizadas umas séries de experimentos em modelagens numéricas através da eGs, considerando-se diferentes parâmetros de resposta para o manto e para o corpo. Os trabalhos de modelagem numérica, bem como seus resultados foram apresentados por diversas situações, como: variação da profundidade do topo do condutor, variação do mergulho do condutor, variação da condutância do manto, entre outros. Para interpretação dos resultados, foi gerado um conjunto de curvas considerando-se valores pico-a-pico das anomalias de Tilt Angle e de Elipsidade. Os resultados foram sintetizados em um outro conjunto de curvas reunidas em diagramas de Argand. A medida em que se aumenta a profundidade, o pico-a-pico e a forma do pico da anomalia do Tilt Angle e da Elipsidade diminuem na presença do manto, ou na ausência do mesmo, fazendo com que este se afaste do ponto de “Cross-Over”. Para um condutor da mesma espessura, o aumento da condutância causa um aumento nas anomalias de Tilt Angle e da Elipsidade. O efeito geral na variação do mergulho do condutor é o de causar uma assimetria nos perfis de Tilt Angle e Elipsidade. O aumento da condutância do manto de intemperismo causa uma diminuição nas anomalias de Tilt Angle e de Elipsidade. Há rotação de fase no sentido anti-horário, sendo mais intensa para grandes valores de condutância do corpo. Na presença do manto, o corpo parece estar a uma profundidade inferior à verdadeira e, tendendo, a ser menos condutivo.

Measuring the Spin of Black Holes in Binary Systems Using Gravitational Waves

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Correlation Between Trochlear Groove Depth and Patellar Position During Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises in Subjects With Anterior Knee Pain

The purpose of this study was to correlate the trochlear shape and patellar tilt angle and lateral patellar displacement at rest and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) exercises during open (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) in subjects with and without anterior knee pain. Subjects were all women, 20 who were clinically healthy and 19 diagnosed with anterior knee pain. All subjects were evaluated and subjected to magnetic resonance exams during OKC and CKC exercise with the knee placed at 15, 30, and 45 degrees of flexion. The parameters evaluated were sulcus angle, patellar tilt angle and patellar displacement using bisect offset. Pearson's r coefficient was used, with p < .05. Our results revealed in knee pain group during CKC and OKC at 15 degrees that the increase in the sulcus angle is associated with a tilt increase and patellar lateral displacement. Comparing sulcus angle, patellar tilt angle and bisect offset values between MVIC in OKC and CKC in the knee pain group, it was observed that patellar tilt angle increased in OKC only with the knee flexed at 30 degrees. Based on our results, we conclude that reduced trochlear depth is correlated with increased lateral patellar tilt and displacement during OKC and CKC at 15 degrees of flexion in people with anterior knee pain. By contrast, 30 degrees of knee flexion in CKC is more recommended in rehabilitation protocols because the patella was more stable than in other positions.

Liquid crystal polymer brushes and their application as alignment layers in liquid crystal cells

Liquid Crystal Polymer Brushes and their Application as Alignment Layers in Liquid Crystal Cells Polymer brushes with liquid crystalline (LC) side chains were synthesized on planar glass substrates and their nematic textures were investigated. The LC polymers consist of an acrylate or a methacrylate main chain and a phenyl benzoate group as the mesogenic unit which is connected to the main chain via a flexible alkyl spacer composed of six CH2 units. The preparation of the LC polymer brushes was carried out according to the “grafting from” technique: polymerization is carried out from azo-initiators that have been previously self-assembled on the substrate. LC polymer brushes with a thickness from a few nm to 230 nm were synthesized by varying the monomer concentration and the polymerization time. The LC polymer brushes were thick enough to allow for direct observation of the nematic textures with a polarizing microscope. The LC polymer brushes grown on untreated glass substrates exhibited irregular textures (“polydomains”). The domain size is in the range of some micrometers and depends only weakly on the brush thickness. The investigations on the texture-temperature relationship of the LC brushes revealed that the brushes exhibit a surface memory effect, that is, the identical texture reappears after the LC brush sample has experienced a thermal isotropization or a solvent treatment, at which the nematic LC state has been completely destroyed. The surface memory effect is attributed to a strong anchoring of the orientation of the mesogenic units to heterogeneities at the substrate surface. The exact nature of the surface heterogeneities is unknown. The effect was observed for the LC brushes swollen with low molecular weight nematic molecules, as well. Rubbing the glass substrate with a piece of velvet cloth prior to the surface modification with the initiator and the brush growth gives rise to the formation of homogenous alignment of the mesogenic units in the LC polymer side chains. Monodomain textures were obtained for these LC brushes. The mechanism for the homogeneous alignment is based on the transfer of Nylon fibers during the rubbing process. A surfactant was mixed with the azo-initiator in modifying rubbed substrates for subsequent brush generation. Such brushes exhibited biaxial optical properties. Hybrid LC cells made from a substrate modified with biaxial brushes and a rubbed glass substrate show an orientation with a tilt angle of a = –15.6 . This work shows that LC brushes grown on rubbed surfaces fulfill the important criteria for alignment layers: the formation of macroscopic monodomains. First results indicate that by diluting the brush with molecules which are also covalently bound to the surface but induce a different orientation, a system is obtained in which the two conflicting alignment mechanisms can be used to generate a tilted alignment. In order to allow for an application of the alignment layers into a potential product, subsequent work should focus on the questions how easy and in which range the tilt angle can be controlled.

Synthese von flüssigkristallinen Polysiloxanen und Charakterisierung der smektischen Phasen

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der smektischen Phasen von Polysiloxanen mit flüssigkristallinen Seitengruppen (LC-Polysiloxane). Der erste Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasste sich mit der Herstellung verschiedener flüssigkristalliner ferroelektrischer Polysiloxane. Die Polymere wurden in Bezug auf das verwendete Polymerrückgrat (Homo- und Copolysiloxan) sowie durch den zusätzlichen Einbau von vernetzbaren Seitengruppen variiert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden die Eigenschaften der smektischen Phasen der hergestellten Substanzen näher untersucht. Ein erster Untersuchungsgegenstand war das Dehnungsverhalten von freistehenden flüssigkristallinen Elastomerfilmen (LCE). Bei der Verwendung eines Polymers, in dem nur ein Teil des Polysiloxanrückgrats mit Seitengruppen substituiert ist, wird die uniaxiale Dehnung des Films parallel zu den smektischen Schichten durch eine gleichmäßige Kontraktion in der Filmebene und parallel zur Schichtnormalen ausgeglichen, was auf einen außergewöhnlich niedrigen smektischen Schichtkompressionsmodul zurückzuführen ist. Im Gegensatz dazu ist dieser Modul bei den Homopolymersystemen so groß, dass praktisch senkrecht zu den smektischen Schichten keine Kontraktion stattfindet. Ein zweiter Untersuchungsgegenstand der Netzwerkbildung bestand in der Bestimmung der dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der LC-Polysiloxane mittels eines Oszillationsrheometers. Hier erfolgten die Messungen von Speicher- und Verlustmodul in Abhängigkeit vom Polymerrückgrat und von der Vernetzung. Die unvernetzten Systeme zeigten in den smektischen Phasen (oberhalb Tg) noch – im wesentlichen – Festkörpereigenschaften (physikalische Vernetzung) mit einem dominierenden Speichermodul beim LC-Homopolysiloxan. Beim LC-Copolysiloxan haben beide Module eine gleiche Größenordnung. Am Phasenübergang in die isotrope Phase wurden beide Module absolut kleiner, der Verlustmodul aber relativ größer. In der isotropen Phase verhalten sich die LC-Polymere damit überwiegend wie viskose Schmelzen. Außerdem korrelierten die mittels DSC bestimmten Phasenübergangstemperaturen mit einer Änderung der dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften. Nach der Vernetzung dominierte der Speichermodul sowohl beim LC-Homo- als auch beim LC-Copolysiloxan bis in die isotrope Phase, und es war aufgrund der Bildung einer festen Netzwerkstruktur keine Abhängigkeit der Module von Phasenübergängen mehr erkennbar. Als dritter Untersuchungsgegenstand wurde der Phasenübergang zwischen den beiden smektischen Phasen (SmC* nach SmA*) der flüssigkristallinen Polysiloxane näher behandelt. Als wichtigstes Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass die verdünnten LC-Polysiloxane an diesem Übergang fast keine Schichtdickenänderung aufweisen. Dazu wurde jeweils die röntgenographisch ermittelte Schichtdicke mit der aus den optischen Tiltwinkeln theoretisch berechneten Schichtdicke verglichen. Dadurch konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Phasenübergänge nach dem de Vries-Modell verhalten. Damit konnte zum ersten Mal an Polymersystemen ein de Vries-Verhalten nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte das Homopolysiloxan mit dem Dreiringmesogen beim Übergang von SmC* nach SmA* einen ausgeprägten Sprung in der Schichtdicke. Wie auch durch DSC-Messungen nachweisbar, lag ein Phasenübergang 1. Ordnung vor. Bei den LC-Copolysiloxanen liegt dagegen ein Phasenübergang 2. Ordnung vor. Schließlich wurde die Schichtdicke unter dem Einfluss der Vernetzung untersucht. Beim LC-Copolysiloxan mit dem Dreiringmesogen und einem Anteil an vernetzbaren Gruppen von 15 % wurde eine Stabilisierung der smektischen Phasen erreicht. Zum einen war die Änderung der Schichtdicke am SmC*-SmA*-Phasenübergang geringer im Vergleich zum unvernetzten System und zum anderen war noch 50 °C über der ursprünglichen Klärtemperatur eine smektische Schichtstruktur röntgenographisch nachzuweisen. Insgesamt ist es mit den verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden gelungen, einen systematischen Unterschied zwischen smektischen Homo- und Copolysiloxanen aufzuzeigen, der seinen Ursprung – aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach – in der Mikrophasenseparation von Mesogenen und Polysiloxanketten findet.

Hydroelastic impacts of deformable wedges

This work investigates the slamming phenomenon experienced during the water entry of deformable bodies. Wedges are chosen as reference geometry due to their similarity to a generic hull section. Hull slamming is a phenomenon occurring when a ship re-enters the water after having been partially or completely lifted out the water. While the analysis of rigid structures entering the water has been extensively studied in the past and there are analytical solutions capable of correctly predicting the hydrodynamic pressure distribution and the overall impact dynamics, the effect of the structural deformation on the structural force is still a challenging problem to be solved. In fact, in case of water impact of deformable bodies, the dynamic deflection could interact with the fluid flow, changing the hydrodynamic load. This work investigates the hull-slamming problem by experiments and numerical simulations of the water entry of elastic wedges impacting on an initially calm surface. The effect of asymmetry due to horizontal velocity component or initial tilt angle on the impact dynamics is also studied. The objective of this work is to determine an accurate model to predict the overall dynamics of the wedge and its deformations. More than 1200 experiments were conducted by varying wedge structural stiffness, deadrise angle, impact velocity and mass. On interest are the overall impact dynamics and the local structural deformation of the panels composing the wedge. Alongside with the experimental analysis, numerical simulations based on a coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and FEM method are developed. The experimental results provide evidence of the mutual interaction between hydrodynamic load and structural deformation. It is found a simple criterion for the onset of fluid structure interaction (FSI), giving reliable information on the cases where FSI should been taken into account.

Photovernetzbare flüssigkristalline Polymere unterschiedlicher Kettentopologien

„Photovernetzbare flüssigkristalline Polymere unterschiedlicher Kettentopologien“, Patrick Beyer, Mainz 2007 Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synthese und Charakterisierung flüssigkristalliner Elastomere unterschiedlicher Polymertopologien vorgestellt. Dabei wurden Systeme synthetisiert, bei denen die mesogenen Einheiten entweder als Seitengruppen an ein Polymerrückgrat angebunden (Seitenkettenelastomere) oder direkt in die Polymerkette integriert (Hauptkettenelastomere) sind (siehe Abbildung). Bezüglich der Seitenkettensysteme konnten erstmals photovernetzbare smektische Seitenkettenpolymere, in denen aufgrund der Anknüpfung eines photoisomerisierbaren Azobenzols eine Photo- modulation der ferroelektrischen Eigenschaften möglich ist, dargestellt werden. Homöotrop orientierte freistehende Filme dieser Materialien konnten durch Spincoaten dargestellt und unter Ausnutzung des Dichroismus der Azobenzole durch geeignete Wahl der Bestrahlungsgeometrie photovernetzt werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Untersuchungen wurde anhand eines nicht vernetzbaren Modellsystems im Detail der Einfluss der trans-cis Isomerisierung des Azobenzols auf die ferroelektrischen Parameter untersucht. Durch zeitaufgelöste Messungen der Absorption der Azobenzole, der spontanen Polarisation und des Direktorneigungswinkels und Auswertung der kinetischen Prozesse konnte eine lineare Abhängigkeit der ferroelektrischen Eigenschaften vom Grad der Isomerisierungsreaktion festgestellt werden. Durch Vergleich dieser in der flüssigkristallinen Phase erhaltenen Ergebnisse mit der Kinetik der thermischen Reisomerisierung in Lösung (Toluol) konnte ferner eine deutliche Reduzierung der Relaxationszeiten in der anisotropen flüssigkristallinen Umgebung festgestellt und auf eine Absenkung der Aktivierungsenergie zurückgeführt werden. Makroskopische Formänderungen der Seitenkettenelastomere am Phasenübergang von der flüssigkristallinen in die isotrope Phase konnten jedoch nicht festgestellt werden. Aus diesem Grund wurden neue Synthesestrategien für die Darstellung von Hauptkettenelastomeren entwickelt, die sich aufgrund der direkten Kopplung von flüssigkristallinem Ordnungsgrad und Polymerkettenkonformation besser für die Herstellung thermischer Aktuatoren eignen. Auf Basis flüssigkristalliner Polymalonate konnten dabei lateral funktionalisierte smektische Hauptkettenpolymere synthetisiert werden, welche erstmals die Darstellung von LC-Hauptkettenelastomeren durch Photovernetzung in der flüssigkristallinen Phase erlauben. Durch laterale Bromierung konnte in diesen Systemen die Kristallisationstendenz der verwendeten Biphenyleinheiten unterdrückt werden. Bezüglich der Photovernetzung konnten zwei neue Synthesemethoden entwickelt werden, bei denen der Vernetzungsschritt entweder durch radikalische Polymerisation lateral angebundener Acrylatgruppen oder durch photoaktive Benzophenongruppen erfolgte. Basierend auf den Benzophenon funktionalisierten Systemen konnte ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Darstellung makroskopisch orientierter Hauptkettenelastomere durch Photovernetzung entwickelt werden. Die Elastomerproben, deren Ordnungsgrad durch Röntgenuntersuchungen ermittelt werden konnte, zeigen am Phasenübergang von der flüssigkristallinen in die isotrope Phase eine reversible Formänderung von 40%. Im Gegensatz zu anderen bekannten smektischen Systemen konnten die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Elastomere ohne Zerstörung der Phase bis zu 60% entlang der smektischen Schichtnormalen gestreckt werden, was im Kontext einer geringen Korrelation der smektischen Schichten in Hauptkettenelastomeren diskutiert wurde.

Molecular organization of n-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals on a molybdenite surface

The alignement and anchoring of liquid crystals on solid surfaces is a key problem for modern device technology that until now has been treated empirically, but that can now be tackled by atomistic computer simulations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used in this thesis work to study two films of 7 and 8 n-alkyl-4’cyanobiphenyl (7CB and 8CB) liquid crystals , with a thickness of 15 nm, confined between two (001) surfaces of MoS2 (molybdenite). The isotropic and nematic phases of both liquid crystals were simulated, and the resulting structures characterized structurally. A new force field was designed to model the interactions between the liquid crystal (LC) molecules and the surface of molybdenite, while an accurate force field developed previously was used to model the 7CB and 8CB molecules. The results show that the (001) molybdenite surface induces a planar orientation in both the liquid crystals. For the nematic phase of 8CB, one of the two solid/LC interfaces is composed of a first layer of molecules aligned parallel to the surface, followed by a second layer of molecules aligned perpendicular to the surface (also called, homeotropic). The effect of the surface appears to be local in nature as it is confined to the first 15 Angström of the LC film. Conversely, for the nematic phase of 7CB, a planar ordering is established into the LC film. The LC molecules at the interface with the molybdenite appear to align preferentially their alkyl chains toward the solid substrate. The resulting tilt angle of molecules was found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements available in literature. Despite the fact that the MD simulations spanned a time range of more than 100 ns, the nematic phases of both 7CB and 8CB were found not to be completely formed. In order to confirm the findings presented in this thesis, we propose to extend the current study.

The Effect Of Misleading Prior Information On The Subjective Visual Vertical

When tilted sideways participants misperceive the visual vertical assessed by means of a luminous line in otherwise complete dark- ness. A recent modeling approach (De Vrijer et al., 2009) claimed that these typical patterns of errors (known as A- and E-effects) could be explained by as- suming that participants behave in a Bayes optimal manner. In this study, we experimentally manipulate participants’ prior information about body-in-space orientation and measure the effect of this manipulation on the subjective visual vertical (SVV). Specifically, we explore the effects of veridical and misleading instructions about body tilt orientations on the SVV. We used a psychophys- ical 2AFC SVV task at roll tilt angles of 0 degrees, 16 degrees and 4 degrees CW and CCW. Participants were tilted to 4 degrees under different instruction conditions: in one condition, participants received veridical instructions as to their tilt angle, whereas in another condition, participants received the mis- leading instruction that their body position was perfectly upright. Our results indicate systematic differences between the instruction conditions at 4 degrees CW and CCW. Participants did not simply use an ego-centric reference frame in the misleading condition; instead, participants’ estimates of the SVV seem to lie between their head’s Z-axis and the estimate of the SVV as measured in the veridical condition. All participants displayed A-effects at roll tilt an- gles of 16 degrees CW and CCW. We discuss our results in the context of the Bayesian model by De Vrijer et al. (2009), and claim that this pattern of re- sults is consistent with a manipulation of precision of a prior distribution over body-in-space orientations. Furthermore, we introduce a Bayesian Generalized Linear Model for estimating parameters of participants’ psychometric function, which allows us to jointly estimate group level and individual level parameters under all experimental conditions simultaneously, rather than relying on the traditional two-step approach to obtaining group level parameter estimates.

Twelve percent of hips with a primary cam deformity exhibit a slip-like morphology resembling sequelae of slipped capital femoral epiphysis

BACKGROUND In some hips with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), we observed a morphology resembling a more subtle form of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Theoretically, the morphology in these hips should differ from hips with a primary cam-type deformity. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked if (1) head-neck offset; (2) epiphyseal angle; and (3) tilt angle differ among hips with a slip-like morphology, idiopathic cam, hips after in situ pinning of SCFE, and normal hips; and (4) what is the prevalence of a slip-like morphology among cam-type hips? METHODS We retrospectively compared the three-dimensional anatomy of hips with a slip-like morphology (29 hips), in situ pinning for SCFE (eight hips), idiopathic cam deformity (171 hips), and 30 normal hips using radial MRI arthrography. Normal hips were derived from 17 asymptomatic volunteers. All other hips were recruited from a series of 277 hips (243 patients) seen at a specialized academic hip center between 2006 and 2010. Forty-one hips with isolated pincer deformity were excluded. Thirty-six of 236 hips had a known cause of cam impingement (secondary cam), including eight hips after in situ pinning of SCFE (postslip group). The 200 hips with a primary cam were separated in hips with a slip-like morphology (combination of positive fovea sign [if the neck axis did not intersect with the fovea capitis] and a tilt angle [between the neck axis and perpendicular to the basis of the epiphysis] exceeding 4°) and hips with an idiopathic cam. We evaluated offset ratio, epiphyseal angle (angle between the neck axis and line connecting the center of the femoral head and the point where the physis meets the articular surface), and tilt angle circumferentially around the femoral head-neck axis. Prevalence of slip-like morphology was determined based on the total of 236 hips with cam deformities. RESULTS Offset ratio was decreased anterosuperiorly in idiopathic cam, slip-like, and postslip (eg, 1 o'clock position with a mean offset ranging from 0.00 to 0.14; p < 0.001 for all groups) compared with normal hips (0.25 ± 0.06 [95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.37]) and increased posteroinferiorly in slip-like (eg, 8 o'clock position, 0.5 ± 0.09 [0.32-0.68]; p < 0.001) and postslip groups (0.55 ± 0.12 [0.32-0.78]; p < 0.001) and did not differ in idiopathic cam (0.32 ± 0.09 [0.15-0.49]; p = 0.323) compared with normal (0.31 ± 0.07 [0.18-0.44]) groups. Epiphyseal angle was increased anterosuperiorly in the slip-like (eg, 1 o'clock position, 70° ± 9° [51°-88°]; p < 0.001) and postslip groups (75° ± 13° [49°-100°]; p = 0.008) and decreased in idiopathic cam (50° ± 8° [35°-65°]; p < 0.001) compared with normal hips (58° ± 8° [43°-74°]). Posteroinferiorly, epiphyseal angle was decreased in slip-like (eg, 8 o'clock position, 54° ± 10° [34°-74°]; p < 0.001) and postslip (44° ± 11° [23°-65°]; p < 0.001) groups and did not differ in idiopathic cam (76° ± 8° [61°-91°]; p = 0.099) compared with normal (73° ± 7° [59°-88°]) groups. Tilt angle increased in slip-like (eg, 2/8 o'clock position, 14° ± 8° [-1° to 30°]; p < 0.001) and postslip hips (29° ± 10° [9°-48°]; p < 0.001) and decreased in hips with idiopathic cam (-7° ± 5° [-17° to 4°]; p < 0.001) compared with normal (-1° ± 5° [-10° to 8°]) hips. The prevalence of a slip-like morphology was 12%. CONCLUSIONS The slip-like morphology is the second most frequent pathomorphology in hips with primary cam deformity. MRI arthrography of the hip allows identifying a slip-like morphology, which resembles hips after in situ pinning of SCFE and distinctly differs from hips with idiopathic cam. These results support previous studies reporting that SCFE might be a risk factor for cam-type FAI.