Construcción de un Test de Conocimiento General. Development of a General Knowledge Test

Entre los factores que contribuyen a predecir el rendimiento académico se pueden destacar aquellos que reflejan capacidades cognitivas (inteligencia, por ejemplo), y aquellas diferencias individuales consideradas como no-cognitivas (rasgos de personalidad, por ejemplo). En los últimos años, también se considera al Conocimiento General (CG) como un criterio para el éxito académico (ver Ackerman, 1997), ya que se ha evidenciado que el conocimiento previo ayuda en la adquisición de nuevo conocimiento (Hambrick & Engle, 2001). Uno de los objetivos de la psicología educacional consiste en identificar las principales variables que explican el rendimiento académico, como también proponer modelos teóricos que expliquen las relaciones existentes entre estas variables. El modelo teórico PPIK (Inteligencia-como-Proceso, Personalidad, Intereses e Inteligencia-como-Conocimiento) propuesto por Ackerman (1996) propone que el conocimiento y las destrezas adquiridas en un dominio en particular son el resultado de la dedicación de recursos cognitivos que una persona realiza durante un prolongado período de tiempo. Este modelo propone que los rasgos de personalidad, intereses individuales/vocacionales y aspectos motivacionales están integrados como rasgos complejos que determinan la dirección y la intensidad de la dedicación de recursos cognitivos sobre el aprendizaje que realiza una persona (Ackerman, 2003). En nuestro medio (Córdoba, Argentina), un grupo de investigadores ha desarrollado una serie de recursos técnicos necesarios para la evaluación de algunos de los constructos propuesto por este modelo. Sin embargo, por el momento no contamos con una medida de Conocimiento General. Por lo tanto, en el presente proyecto se propone la construcción de un instrumento para medir Conocimiento General (CG), indispensable para poder contar con una herramienta que permita establecer parámetros sobre el nivel de conocimiento de la población universitaria y para en próximos trabajos poner a prueba los postulados de la teoría PPIK (Ackerman, 1996). Between the factors that contribute to predict the academic achievement, may be featured those who reflect cognitive capacities (i.g. intelligence) and those who reflect individual differences that are considered like non-cognitive (i.g. personality traits). In the last years, also the General Knowledge has been considered like a criterion for the academic successfully (see Ackerman, 1997), since it has been shown that the previous knowledge helps in the acquisition of the new knowledge (Hambrick & Engle, 2001). An interesting theoretical model that has proposed an explanation for the academic achievement, is the PPIK (intelligence like a process, interests and inteligence like knowledge) proposed by Ackerman (1996), who argues that knowledge and the acquired skills in a particular domain are the result of the dedication of cognitive resources that a person perform during a long period of time. This model proposes that personality traits, individuals interests and motivational aspects are integrated as complex traits that determine the direction and the intensity of the dedication of cognitive resources on the learning that a person make (Ackerman, 2003). In our context, (Córdoba, Argentina), a group of researcher has developed a series of necessary technical resoures for the assesment of some of the theoretical constructs proposed by this model. However, by the moment, we do not have an instrument for evaluate the General Knowledge. Therefore, this project aims the construction of an instrument to asess General Knowledge, essential to set parameters on the knowledge level of the university population and for in next works test the PPIK theory postulates.

Influència de la dislèxia en els resultats d'eficàcia del test IGF

En el present treball es pretén determinar si existeix una correlació entre la dislèxia (dificultat en l'aprenentatge de la lectura i l'escriptura) i els resultats en el test IGF (intel·ligència general i factorial), concretament els resultats d'eficàcia. Es va seleccionar una mostra d'alumnes a la que, en primer lloc, es va diagnosticar o descartar la dislèxia, i després se'ls-hi va administrar l'IGF. No es van observar diferències significatives en els resultats d'eficàcia del test IGF entre dislèxics i no-dislèxics en dits resultats.

Interpretarium: una propuesta de plataforma educativa Moodle para la enseñanza-aprendizaje en línea de la Interpretación

Dentro del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, las nuevas tecnologías se han convertido en la herramienta por excelencia del aprendizaje, como lo demuestra la multiplicación de los campus virtuales. Los programas informáticos para la formación en interpretación, si bien ofrecen recursos valiosos para la práctica, siguen siendo escasos y su acceso muy restringido. El propósito de nuestro proyecto es proponer un dispositivo que una todos los recursos necesarios para formarse en interpretación y saque mayor provecho del desarrollo reciente de plataformas educativas. Así, planteamos la creación de Interpretarium mediante la plataforma Moodle, cuyas funcionalidades permiten no sólo subsanar las carencias de los proyectos anteriores sino también potenciar una enseñanza-aprendizaje reflexiva y cooperativa en línea. El diseño de la versión test de Interpretarium constituye el primer paso de un proceso de innovación docente para el que la colaboración de sus usuarios (docentes, estudiantes y profesionales de la interpretación) es esencial.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias en Educación infantil: la construcción de modelos científicos precursores

En este artículo se presentan los resultados acerca de la construcción del modelo científico precursor (MCP) de flotación basado en la naturaleza del material de los objetos por parte de niños de Educación infantil, a partir del uso de habilidades científicas procedimentales y comunicativas, en un contexto dialógico de instrucción. El estudio exploratorio siguió un enfoque cualitativo en la recogida y el análisis de los datos y se llevó a término en tres fases: pre-test, proceso de instrucción y post-test. Los resultados muestran que, después del periodo de instrucción, varios menores fueron capaces de construir el modelo precursor de flotación, y que, en general, todos mostraron mejorar cualitativamente su razonamiento al describir el fenómeno en términos del acontecimiento mismo y al cambiar la forma de explicarlo en términos más científicos. En base a estos resultados asumimos que las actividades fueron efectivas y que, en el contexto de la educación infantil, el enfoque que se propone puede contribuir a mejorar la comprensión de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias en la educación infantil, con el objetivo de promover una alfabetización científica desde edades tempranas.

Las artes (Música, Plástica y Teatro) como procedimiento para el aprendizaje de contenidos propios de la Etapa Infantil

En la educación infantil las artes (Gardner, 1994; Wild, 1999 Jordan-Decarbo y Nelson, 2002) pueden proporcionar un marco especial, incluso único, de expresión personal, tanto para el maestro/a como para el niño/a y pueden ser usadas de igual forma como procedimiento o como fin en sí mismo, atendiendo a la diversidad con sus distintas fortalezas (Brice, 2003). El principal objetivo de la presente investigación es: Evaluar la implementación de un programa de educación con población infantil (5 años), poniendo en práctica procedimientos basados en la utilización de las artes, como vehículo de aprendizaje para contenidos propios de la etapa -lógica, cantidad, forma, grafomotricidad y conocimiento del entorno-.Ya que los aspectos afectivos son de vital importancia para el aprendizaje y desarrollo del niño (Parke y Gauvain, 2009), hemos evaluado el impacto inicial, procesual y final a la implementación del programa en el estado emocional del niño de cinco años, ya que a esa edad finaliza la etapa infantil.Metodológicamente nos acogemos al modelo de investigación evaluativa participativa, ya que nuestras pretensiones son valorar la eficacia de la implementación de un elemento, proceso o programa educativo (Sandín, 2003). La muestra está constituida por 100 niños y niñas de Madrid y Barcelona de edades comprendidas entre cinco y seis años. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recogida de los datos han sido: el test del Dibujo la Figura Humana (Koppitz, 2010), una pauta de observación sistematizada y una entrevista estructurada abierta.Los resultados obtenidos certifican los efectos positivos del programa implementado, concluyendo que la incidencia emocional ha resultado significativamente beneficiosa para una gran parte del conjunto de la muestra (81,2%), mejorando con respecto al primer periodo concretamente en estabilidad emocional y autoestima.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Valoración experiencial del aprendizaje tras formación virtual.

[eng] An observable study on the behaviour in the laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology II (pharmaceutical pilot plant), with two groups of students of 3rd course (proactive aptitude and valuation of the"knowledge to do acquired") is carried out. The variable between groups is that one has realised a training (by means of self-study of an interactive application multimedia, especially designed), without tutorship on behalf the teacher in front of the other group that carried out the same training with the same material but with the guide of the teacher in the computer lab. On the one hand it is valued if there is some effect differentiator between both types of training, by means of the accounting of the correct results obtained in a previous test to the entrance in the pilot plant and by another one the valuation that the professors made responsible for the groups of practices in situ. The results demonstrate the previous hypothesis that there must not be significant differences between the groups, beyond the inherent ones to personality of the students itself (interest and personal implication by the subject). On the other hand the test for the observation in the laboratory did not facilitate the distinction of objective differences. [spa] Se lleva a cabo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento de los estudiantes (aptitud pro-activa y valoración del “saber hacer adquirido”) en el laboratorio de Tecnología Farmacéutica II (planta piloto farmacéutica) de dos grupos de estudiantes de 3er curso. La variable entre los dos grupos es que uno ha realizado una formación no presencial (mediante el autoestudio de una aplicación interactiva multimedia, especialmente diseñada), sin tutoría por parte del profesor, frente al otro grupo que llevó a cabo la misma formación con el mismo material pero con la guía del profesor en el aula de informática. Por una parte se valora si hay algún efecto diferenciador entre ambos tipos de formación, mediante la contabilización de los resultados correctos obtenidos en un test previo a la entrada en la planta piloto y por otro la valoración que hicieron los profesores responsables de los grupos de prácticas in situ. Los resultados demuestran la hipótesis previa de que no debían existir diferencias significativas entre los grupos, más allá de las inherentes a la propia personalidad de los estudiantes (interés e implicación personal por el tema). Por otra parte el test para la observación en el laboratorio no facilitó la distinción de diferencias objetivas.

Valoración experiencial del aprendizaje tras formación virtual.

[eng] An observable study on the behaviour in the laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology II (pharmaceutical pilot plant), with two groups of students of 3rd course (proactive aptitude and valuation of the"knowledge to do acquired") is carried out. The variable between groups is that one has realised a training (by means of self-study of an interactive application multimedia, especially designed), without tutorship on behalf the teacher in front of the other group that carried out the same training with the same material but with the guide of the teacher in the computer lab. On the one hand it is valued if there is some effect differentiator between both types of training, by means of the accounting of the correct results obtained in a previous test to the entrance in the pilot plant and by another one the valuation that the professors made responsible for the groups of practices in situ. The results demonstrate the previous hypothesis that there must not be significant differences between the groups, beyond the inherent ones to personality of the students itself (interest and personal implication by the subject). On the other hand the test for the observation in the laboratory did not facilitate the distinction of objective differences. [spa] Se lleva a cabo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento de los estudiantes (aptitud pro-activa y valoración del “saber hacer adquirido”) en el laboratorio de Tecnología Farmacéutica II (planta piloto farmacéutica) de dos grupos de estudiantes de 3er curso. La variable entre los dos grupos es que uno ha realizado una formación no presencial (mediante el autoestudio de una aplicación interactiva multimedia, especialmente diseñada), sin tutoría por parte del profesor, frente al otro grupo que llevó a cabo la misma formación con el mismo material pero con la guía del profesor en el aula de informática. Por una parte se valora si hay algún efecto diferenciador entre ambos tipos de formación, mediante la contabilización de los resultados correctos obtenidos en un test previo a la entrada en la planta piloto y por otro la valoración que hicieron los profesores responsables de los grupos de prácticas in situ. Los resultados demuestran la hipótesis previa de que no debían existir diferencias significativas entre los grupos, más allá de las inherentes a la propia personalidad de los estudiantes (interés e implicación personal por el tema). Por otra parte el test para la observación en el laboratorio no facilitó la distinción de diferencias objetivas.

Aportes del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) en la enseñanza de la Fisiología Animal en un programa de Zootecnia

En partant de quelques difficultés observées autour des aspects de la conceptualisation technoscientifique et de l’intégration de la de la théorie et la pratique dans l’apprentissage de la physiologie animale chez les étudiants du programme de Zootechnie de l’Université Nationale de Colombie, siège Medellín, cette recherche propose une stratégie didactique s’appuyant sur la méthode de l’Apprentissage Basé sur les Problèmes (ABP), appliquée spécifiquement aux sujets de thermorégulation et stress physiologique des animaux domestiques. Dans cette étude de cas on a travaillé avec un échantillon de huit étudiants à qui on a présenté dès la première session un problème didactique pour être résolu à travers le cours. Afin d’évaluer le processus on a réalisé trois enquêtes nommées Épreuves de Niveau de Formulation (NF) réalisées à différents moments de l’essai : l’une avant de commencer avec le sujet (NF 1), l’autre après la troisième classe théorique donnée et avant de faire la pratique sur le terrain (NF 2), et l’autre à la fin du processus (NF 3). Finalement on a réalisé des entretiens individuels avec chaque étudiant afin de connaître sa perception concernant la méthode. L’information obtenue a été soumise à une analyse qualitative et par des correspondances, par le biais du programme QDA Miner à travers de la révision et codification des textes provenants des enquêtes et de l’entretien individuel, complétés à leur tour par des observations sur le terrain, en analysant le changement conceptuel, la relation théorie-pratique et les correspondances entre les variables et les catégories établies. Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus on souligne le fait qu’après avoir appliqué l’ABP dans ce cours de Physiologie Animale le changement conceptuel a été favorisé et le problème formulé a servi comme connecteur entre la théorie et la pratique. En outre, on a observé la fusion des connaissances préalables avec les nouveaux acquis, l’apprentissage significatif, l’amélioration du niveau de formulation et l’augmentation de la scientificité des définitions; également il a mené à la solution viii de problèmes et à surmonter les obstacles épistémologiques comme la pluridisciplinarité et la non-linéarité. Il reste comme recommandation celle d’évaluer cette méthode dans d’autres sujets de la Physiologie Animale, dans d’autres sciences, dans des échantillons d’une taille majeure, ainsi comme approcher le sujet de l’évaluation appliquée directement à cette méthode.

La escolarización y seguimiento de alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje.

Descubrir, a través de los distintos análisis, si realmente la respuesta de escolarización dada por las administraciones educativas puede considerarse aceptable o no o si las diferencias entre las agrupaciones de alumnos justifican esas medidas. Ver la evolución en el tratamiento a los deficientes así como la evolución y diagnóstico del retraso mental, técnicas e instrumentos de evaluación. Fijar las bases teóricas en torno a los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje. Demostrar que el emplazamiento de los alumnos con deficiencias dentro de los distintos sistemas escolares ha ido evolucionando en los países desarrollados. 413 alumnos entre 6 y 14 años escolarizados entre primero y séptimo de EGB y en distintas aulas y centros de Educación Especial en centros públicos de Asturias, principalmente de la zona centro. Variables dependientes: dificultades de aprendizaje (dislalia, etc.), rendimiento académico, tipo de escolarización (pretest), madurez perceptiva-motriz. Variables independientes: tipo de escolarización (postest), potencial del aprendizaje de los sujetos o capacidad intelectual, nivel de madurez en coordinación visomotora. Test estandarizados: Test de inteligencia de Wechsler para niños, Test guestáltico visomotor de Bender, Test de Análisis de Lectoescritura (TALE). Los resultados obtenidos hacen ratificarse al autor en su hipótesis general: los alumnos de aulas de EE con deficiencia mental ligera y límites deben estar integrados en aulas ordinarias. Existen diferencias significativas entre los grupos formados según los tipos de escolarización pero hay más semejanzas. Los alumnos de EE integrados en aulas ordinarias obtienen unos rendimientos similares a los de otros alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje que tienen una escolarización normal, mientras que los alumnos que permanecen todo el tiempo en el aula de EE consiguen unos rendimientos más bajos en pruebas estandarizadas. Existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la edad, siendo los más jovenes los que obtienen mejores resultados; en cuanto al sexo, se observa que aunque son más los varones con dificultades de aprendizaje, las mujeres presentan una problemática más grave. A pesar de la diferencias interindividuales que existen entre los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje son más las semejanzas que existen entre ellos, por lo que el autor no ve la existencia de razones, desde el punto de vista pedagógico organizativo de los centros, para mantener aislados a un elevado porcentaje de alumnos que hasta fechas recientes poblaban las aulas de EE con características similares a otros de aulas ordinarias; salvo en aquellos casos que por su situación personal pudieran representar un trastorno general o un peligro para los compañeros, para los que se aconseja un tratamiento diferenciado.

Dificultades de aprendizaje en la Enseñanza Básica : tipificación y evolución.

Analizar la evolución a lo largo de la EGB del 'cuantum' de alumnos tipificables como alumnos con dificultades en su aprendizaje escolar. 740 alumnos de primero de EGB, 628 de quinto y 572 de octavo. Se parte de la idea de que hay que identificar el bajo rendimiento de estos alumnos como una discrepancia entre la capacidad intelectual en tanto que potencial y los conocimientos académicos adquiridos en las áreas instrumentales. La severidad de la discrepancia se fija a partir de la regresión multivariada de aptitudes sobre los conocimientos escolares según modelo adaptado de los recomendados por Cone y Wilson y Bodoo. Test de Aptitudes Cognoscitivas (TAC) en primero de EGB. Test de Aptitudes Escolares (TEA-1 y TEA-2) en quinto y octavo respectivamente. Pruebas objetivas de conocimientos en Lenguaje y Matemáticas en los tres cursos. Los límites del residual que identifican al alumnado con dificultades de aprendizaje, se han fijado tomando los valores de fiabilidad de las pruebas estándar y calculando los de las pruebas de conocimiento. El análisis de los porcentajes permite concluir que, de acuerdo a las pruebas aplicadas y los datos recogidos, el criterio de DA lo cumplen un 18 por ciento en primero, incrementándose en los mismos alumnos hasta un 31,1 por ciento en quinto y decreciendo bruscamente hasta un 7,2 por ciento en octavo de EGB; a nivel general, sólo un 28 por ciento aproximadamente llega a octavo en su centro y curso con buen rendimiento; un 26,4 por ciento llega a octavo en su centro y curso aún habiendo mostrado DA en alguno de los momentos de la evaluación; un 45,7 por ciento se retrasa de curso o cambia de centro, un 15,2 por ciento lo hace en la primera etapa y un 30,5 por ciento en la segunda. Se observan diferencias en función de la titularidad de centro y el hábitat de pertenencia. De los resultados encontrados en esta investigación y teniendo en cuenta el contexto y las limitaciones experimentales, se puede resaltar la fuerte acumulación de alumnos con DA en la primera etapa de EGB, a lo cual contribuye la escasa movilidad de centro y la lógica resistencia a la repetición de curso. Estas variables, relacionadas con otras personales y curriculares, reclaman una inmediata puesta en marcha de programas correctivos durante este período.

Dificultades de aprendizaje perceptivo-visual, análisis de una experiencia escolar : estudio de casos.

Comprobar si los cambios curriculares que se introducen en la investigación producen cambios en el desarrollo de los alumnos. Ofrecer la posibilidad de aplicación de estos resultados a pedagogos y profesionales de Educación Especial cuyos alumnos tengan características semenjantes. Fase de inmersión, exploración, diagnóstico y formulación de hipótesis; análisis de los recursos, elaboración del plan de intervención; intervención educativa, y evaluación del proceso. Memorandum análitico y anotaciones de investigación, entrevistas y cuestionarios, anotaciones de otros observadores, test y pruebas psicopedagógicas, documentación fotográfica y perfiles. Análisis de documentos. La aportación de actividades perceptivo-visuales y motrices previas y simultáneas a la enseñanza lectoescritora proporciona unas habilidades que ayudan al aprendizaje por varias razones: los programas suponen la adquisición de estrategias que se corresponden con las exigidas para cualquier tarea escolar; el plan de intervención comprende tres aspectos el desarrollo de la comunicación verbal, asimilación de términos referidos a conceptos básicos de espacio, tiempo y cantidad y potenciar el lenguaje como regulador de la acción y aprendizaje. Fecha finalización tomada del código del documento.