Hidróxidos duplos lamelares: nanopartículas inorgânicas para armazenamento e liberação de espécies de interesse biológico e terapêutico

Studies about the inorganic nanoparticles applying for non-viral release of biological and therapeutic species have been intensified nowadays. This work reviews the preparation strategies and application of layered double hydroxides (LDH) as carriers for storing, carrying and control delivery of intercalated species as drugs and DNA for gene therapy. LDH show low toxicity, biocompatibility, high anion exchange capacity, surface sites for functionalization, and a suitable equilibrium between chemical stability and biodegradability. LDH can increase the intercalated species stability and promote its sub-cellular uptake for biomedical purposes. Concerning the healthy field, LDH have been evaluated for clinical diagnosis as a biosensor component.

Functional characterization of the putative Aspergillus nidulans DNA damage binding protein homologue DdbA

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) eliminates helix-distorting DNA base lesions. Seven XP-deficient genetic complementation groups (XPA to XPG) have already been identified in mammals, and their corresponding genes have been cloned. Hereditary defects in NER are associated with several diseases, including xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). UV-DDB (XPE) is formed by two associated subunits, DDB1 and DDB2. UV-DDB was identified biochemically as a protein factor that exhibits very strong and specific binding to ultraviolet (UV)-treated DNA. As a preliminary step to characterize the components of the NER in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, here we identified a putative DDB1 homologue, DdbA. Deletion and expression analysis indicated that A. nidulans ddbA gene is involved in the DNA damage response, more specifically in the UV light response and 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) sensitivity. Furthermore, the Delta ddbA strain cannot self-cross and expression analysis showed that ddbA can be induced by oxidative stress and is developmentally regulated in both asexual and sexual processes. The Delta ddbA mutation can genetically interact with uvsB(ATR), atmA(ATM), nkuA(KU70), H2AX-S129A (a replacement of the conserved serine in the C-terminal of H2AX with alanine), and cshB (a mutation in CSB Cockayne`s syndrome protein involved in the transcription-coupled repair subpathway of NER) mutations. Finally, to determine the DdbA cellular localization, we constructed a GFP:DdbA strain. In the presence and absence of DNA damage, DdbA was mostly detected in the nuclei, indicating that DdbA localizes to nuclei and its cellular localization is not affected by the cellular response to DNA damage induced by 4-NQO and UV light.

Proteomic analysis of normal and malignant prostate tissue to identify novel proteins lost in cancer

BACKGROUND. Alterations of important protein pathways, including loss of prostate secretory granules, and disruption of the prostatic secretory pathway have been identified as early events in malignancy. In this study, proteomics was used to map the differences in protein expression between normal and malignant prostate tissues and to identify and analyze differentially expressed proteins in human prostate tissue with particular regard to the proteins lost in malignancy. METHODS. Small quantities of normal and malignant prostate tissue were taken fresh from 34 radical prostatectomy cases. After histological examination, proteins were solubilized from selected tissues and separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Using image analysis, the proteome of normal and malignant tissues were mapped and differentially expressed proteins (present in normal and absent in malignant tissue) were identified and subsequently analyzed using peptide mass finger printing and N-terminal sequencing. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine expression profiles and tissue localization of candidate proteins. RESULTS. Comparison of protein maps of normal and malignant prostate were used to identify 20 proteins which were lost in malignant transformation, including prostate specific antigen (PSA), alpha-l antichymotrypsin (ACT), haptoglobin, and lactoylglutathione lyase. Three of the 20 had not previously been reported in human prostate tissue (Ubiquitin-like NEDD8, calponin, and a follistatin-related protein). Western blotting confirmed differences in the expression profiles of NEDD8 and calponin, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated differences in the cellular localization of these two proteins in normal and malignant prostate glands. CONCLUSIONS. The expression of NEDD8, calponin, and the follistatin-related protein in normal prostate tissues is a novel finding and the role of these important functional proteins in normal prostate and their loss or reduced expression in prostate malignancy warrants further investigations. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa that induces anxiolytic-like effects in rodents and humans after systemic administration. Previous results from our group showed that CBD injection into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) attenuates conditioned aversive responses. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of this region on the anxiolytic effects of the CBD. Moreover, considering that CBD can activate 5-HT1A receptors, we also verified a possible involvement of these receptors in those effects. Male Wistar rats received injections of CBD (15, 30, or 60 nmol) into the BNST and were exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or to the Vogel conflict test (VCT), two widely used animal models of anxiety. CBD increased open arms exploration in the EPM as well as the number of punished licks in the VCT, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect. The drug did not change the number of entries into the enclosed arms of the EPM nor interfered with water consumption or nociceptive threshold, discarding potential confounding factors in the two tests. Moreover, pretreatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (0.37 nmol) blocked the effects of CBD in both models. These results give further support to the proposal that BNST is involved in the anxiolytic-like effects of CBD observed after systemic administration, probably by facilitating local 5-HT1A receptor-mediated neurotransmission.

Bcl-X-L translocation in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro protects distal cells from oxidative stress

Background. The molecular pathogenesis of different sensitivities of the renal proximal and distal tubular cell populations to ischemic injury, including ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced oxidative stress, is not well-defined. An in vitro model of oxidative stress was used to compare the survival of distal [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)] and proximal [human kidney-2 (HK-2)] renal tubular epithelial cells, and to analyze for links between induced cell death and expression and localization of selected members of the Bcl-2 gene family (anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-X-L, pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad), Methods. Cells were treated with 1 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Or were grown in control medium for 24 hours. Cell death (apoptosis) was quantitated using defined morphological criteria. DNA gel electrophoresis was used for biochemical identification. Protein expression levels and cellular localization of the selected Bcl-2 family proteins were analyzed (West ern immunoblots, densitometry, immunoelectron microscopy). Results. Apoptosis was minimal in control cultures and was greatest in treated proximal cell cultures (16.93 +/- 4.18% apoptosis) compared with treated distal cell cultures (2.28 +/- 0.85% apoptosis, P < 0.001). Endogenous expression of Bcl-X-L and Bax, but not Bcl-2 or Bad, was identified in control distal cells, Bcl-X-L and Bax had nonsignificant increases (P > 0.05) in these cells. Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-X-L, but not Bad, were endogenously expressed in control proximal cells. Bcl-X-L was significantly decreased in treated proximal cultures (P < 0.05), with Bas and Bcl-2 having nonsignificant increases (P > 0.05). Immunoelectron microscopy localization indicated that control and treated hut surviving proximal cells had similar cytosolic and membrane localization of the Bcl-2 proteins. In comparison, surviving cells in the treated distal cultures showed translocation of Bcl-X-L from cytosol to the mitochondria after treatment with H2O2, a result that was confirmed using cell fractionation and analysis of Bcl-XL expression levels of the membrane and cytosol proteins. Bax remained distributed evenly throughout the surviving distal cells, without particular attachment to any cellular organelle. Conclusion. The results indicate that in this in vitro model, the increased survival of distal compared with proximal tubular cells after oxidative stress is best explained by the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-X-L in proximal cells, as well as translocation of Bcl-X-L protein to mitochondria within the surviving distal cells.

The murine chaperonin 10 gene family contains an intronless, putative gene for early pregnancy factor, Cpn10-rs1

Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a secreted protein with growth regulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Human platelet-derived EPF shares amino acid sequence identity with chaperonin 10 (Cpn10), a mitochondrial matrix protein which functions as a molecular chaperone. The striking differences in cellular localization and function of the two proteins suggest differential regulation of production reflecting either alternative transcription of the same gene or transcription from different genes. In mammals and more distantly related genera, there is a large gene family with homology to CPN 10 cDNA, which includes intronless copies of the coding sequence. To determine whether this could represent the gene for EPF, we have screened a mouse genomic library and sequenced representative Cpn10 family members, looking for a functional gene distinct from that of Cpn 10, which could encode EPF. Eight distinct genes were identified. Cpn10 contains introns, while other members are intronless. Six of these appear to be pseudogenes, and the remaining member, Cpn10-rs1, would encode a full-length protein. The 309-bp open reading frame (ORF) is identical to that of mouse Cpn10 cDNA with the exception of three single-base changes, two resulting in amino acid changes. Only one further single nucleotide difference between the Cpn10-rs1 and Cpn10 cDNAs is observed, located in the 3' UTR. Single nucleotide primer extension was applied to discriminate between Cpn10-rs1 and Cpn10 expression. Cpn10, which is ubiquitous, was detected in all tissue samples tested, whereas Cpn10-rs1 was expressed selectively. The pattern was completely coincident with known patterns of EPF activity, strongly suggesting that Cpn10-rs1 does encode EPF. The complete ORF of Cpn10-rs1 was expressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant protein was found to be equipotent with native human platelet-derived EPF in the bioassay for EPF, the rosette inhibition test.

The role of growth hormone in fetal development

Studies across several species, particularly the mouse, show that growth hormone (GH, somatotrophin) is an important determinant of litter size, and to a lesser extent, of birth length. GH acts at all stages of development, from ovulation through preimplantation development to the late fetus, with actions on both embryo/fetus and mother contributing to successful fetal development. The fact that these are not more obvious in vivo is likely a result of redundancy of cytokine hormone action, particularly in relation to prolactin, which shares common actions and receptor locations with GH. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Epitope map for a growth hormone receptor agonist monoclonal antibody, MAb 263

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 263 is a widely used monoclonal antibody that recognizes the extracellular domain (ECD) of the GH receptor. It has been shown to act as a GH agonist both in vitro and in vivo, and we report here that it must be divalent to exert its effect on the full-length receptor. To understand the mechanism of its agonist action, we have determined the precise epitope for this antibody using a novel random PCR mutagenesis approach together with expression screening in yeast. A library of 5200 clones of rabbit GH receptor ECD mutants were screened both with MAb 263 and with an anticarboxy-tag antibody to verify complete ECD expression. Sequencing for clones that expressed complete ECD but were not MAb 263 positive identified 20 epitope residues distributed in a discontinuous manner throughout the ECD. The major part of the epitope, as revealed after mapping onto the crystal structure model of the ECD molecule, was located on the side and upper portion of domain 1, particularly within the D - E strand disulfide loop 79 - 96. Molecular dynamics docking of an antibody of the same isotype as MAb 263 was used to dock the bivalent antibody to the 1528-Angstrom(2) epitope and to visualize the likely consequences of MAb binding. The minimized model enables the antibody to grasp two receptors in a pincer-like movement from opposite sides, facilitating alignment of the receptor dimerization domains in a manner similar to, but not identical with, GH.

Molybdenum-containing proteins from Sulphate Reducing Bacteria: studying proteins with novel cofactors and revealing new features of old enzymes

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Bioquímica, especialidade de Bioquímica-Física pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Accumulation, responses and genotoxicity of trace elements in octopus vulgaris

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Bioquímica pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

The involvement of CDH1 in cancer angiogenesis

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Nanomateriais manufaturados : avaliação de segurança através da caracterização dos seus efeitos genéticos

RESUMO - Os nanomateriais manufaturados (NMs), isto é, fabricados deliberadamente para fins específicos, apresentam propriedades físico-químicas únicas como a dimensão, área superficial ou funcionalização, que lhes conferem caraterísticas mecânicas, óticas, elétricas e magnéticas muito vantajosas para aplicações industriais e biomédicas. Efetivamente, a tecnologia baseada nos NMs, ou nanotecnologia, foi identificada como uma key enabling technology, impulsionadora do crescimento económico dos países industrializados, devido ao seu potencial para melhorar a qualidade e desempenho de muitos tipos de produtos e de processos. Contudo, a expansão da utilização de NMs contrasta com a insuficiente avaliação de risco para a saúde humana e para o ambiente, sendo considerados como um risco emergente para a saúde pública. As incertezas sobre a segurança dos NMs para a saúde pública advêm sobretudo de estudos epidemiológicos em humanos expostos a nanomateriais produzidos como consequência dos processos e atividades humanas e da poluição. Uma das principais preocupações relativamente aos efeitos adversos dos NMs na saúde humana é o seu potencial efeito carcinogénico, que é sugerido por alguns estudos experimentais, como no caso dos nanomateriais de dióxido de titânio ou dos nanotubos de carbono. Para avaliar em curto termo as propriedades carcinogénicas de um composto, utilizam-se frequentemente ensaios de genotoxicidade em linhas celulares de mamífero ou ensaios em modelos animais, em que se analisa uma variedade de lesões genéticas potencialmente relacionados com o processo de carcinogénese. No entanto, a investigação sobre as propriedades genotóxicas dos NMs não foi, até hoje, conclusiva. O presente estudo tem por objectivo principal caracterizar os efeitos genotóxicos associados à exposição a nanomateriais manufaturados, de forma a contribuir para a avaliação da sua segurança. Constituíram objectivos específicos deste estudo: i) avaliar a genotoxicidade dos NMs em três tipos de células humanas expostas in vitro: linfócitos humanos primários, linha celular de epitélio brônquico humano (BEAS-2B) e linha celular de adenocarcinoma epitelial de pulmão humano (A549); ii) avaliar a sua genotoxicidade num modelo de ratinho transgénico; iii) investigar alguns mecanismos de acção que poderão contribuir para a genotoxicidade dos nanomateriais, como a contribuição de lesões oxidativas para a genotoxicidade induzida pelos NMs in vitro, e a investigação da sua bioacumulação e localização celular in vivo. Foram analisados os efeitos genotóxicos associados à exposição a duas classes de NMs, dióxido de titânio e nanotubos de carbono de parede múltipla, bem como a um NM de óxido de zinco, candidato a ser utlilizado como controlo positivo de dimensão nanométrica. Os xx NMs utilizados foram previamente caracterizados com detalhe relativamente às suas características físico-químicas e também relativamente à sua dispersão em meio aquoso e no meio de cultura. A metodologia incluiu ensaios de citotoxicidade e de genotoxicidade in vitro, designadamente, ensaios de quebras no DNA (ensaio do cometa) e nos cromossomas (ensaio do micronúcleo) em células humanas expostas a várias concentrações de NMs, por comparação com células não expostas. Também foram realizados ensaios in vivo de quebras no DNA, quebras cromossómicas e ainda um ensaio de mutações em vários órgãos de grupos de ratinhos transgénicos LacZ, expostos por via intravenosa a duas doses de dióxido de titânio. Foi investigada a existência de uma relação dose-resposta após exposição das células humanas ou dos animais a NMs. A contribuição de lesões oxidativas para a genotoxicidade após exposição das células aos NMs in vitro foi explorada através do ensaio do cometa modificado com enzima. Realizaram-se estudos histológicos e citológicos para deteção e localização celular dos NMs nos órgãos-alvo dos ratinhos expostos in vivo. Os resultados demonstraram efeitos genotóxicos em alguns dos NMs analisados em células humanas. No entanto, os efeitos genotóxicos, quando positivos, foram em níveis reduzidos, ainda que superiores aos valores dos controlos, e a sua reprodutibilidade era dependente do sistema experimental utilizado. Para outros NMs, a evidência de genotoxicidade revelou-se equívoca, conduzindo à necessidade de esclarecimento através de ensaios in vivo. Para esse fim, recorreu-se a uma análise integrada de múltiplos parâmetros num modelo animal, o ratinho transgénico baseado em plasmídeo contendo o gene LacZ exposto a um NM de dióxido de titânio, NM-102. Embora tenha sido demonstrada a exposição e a acumulação do NM no fígado, não se observaram efeitos genotóxicos nem no fígado, nem no baço nem no sangue dos ratinhos expostos a esse NM. Neste estudo concluiu-se que algumas formas de dióxido de titânio e nanotubos de carbono de parede múltipla produzem efeitos genotóxicos em células humanas, contribuindo para o conjunto de evidências sobre o efeito genotóxico desses NMs. As diferenças observadas relativamente à genotoxicidade entre NMs do mesmo tipo, mas distintos em algumas das suas características físico-quimicas, aparentemente não são negligenciáveis, pelo que os resultados obtidos para um NM não devem ser generalizados ao grupo correspondente. Para além disso, a genotoxicidade equívoca verificada para o NM-102 em células humanas expostas in vitro, não foi confirmada no modelo in vivo, pelo que o valor preditivo da utilização dos ensaios in vitro para a identificação de NMs com efeitos genotóxicos (e portanto potencialmente carcinogénicos) ainda tem de ser esclarecido antes de ser possível extrapolar as conclusões para a saúde humana. Por sua vez, como a informação aqui produzida pelas metodologias in vitro e in vivo não reflete os efeitos de exposição continua ou prolongada, que poderá conduzir a efeitos genotóxicos distintos, esta xxi deverá ser complementada com outras linhas de evidência relativamente à segurança dos NMs. Perante a incerteza dos níveis de exposição real do organismo humano e do ambiente, a segurança da utilização dos NMs não pode ser garantida a longo prazo e, tendo em conta a elevada produção e utilização destes NMs, são prementes futuros estudos de monitorização ambiental e humana.

Subcellular investigation of photosynthesis-driven carbon assimilation in the symbiotic reef coral Pocillopora damicornis.

Reef-building corals form essential, mutualistic endosymbiotic associations with photosynthetic Symbiodinium dinoflagellates, providing their animal host partner with photosynthetically derived nutrients that allow the coral to thrive in oligotrophic waters. However, little is known about the dynamics of these nutritional interactions at the (sub)cellular level. Here, we visualize with submicrometer spatial resolution the carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the intact coral-dinoflagellate association from the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis by combining nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy with pulse-chase isotopic labeling using [(13)C]bicarbonate and [(15)N]nitrate. This allows us to observe that (i) through light-driven photosynthesis, dinoflagellates rapidly assimilate inorganic bicarbonate and nitrate, temporarily storing carbon within lipid droplets and starch granules for remobilization in nighttime, along with carbon and nitrogen incorporation into other subcellular compartments for dinoflagellate growth and maintenance, (ii) carbon-containing photosynthates are translocated to all four coral tissue layers, where they accumulate after only 15 min in coral lipid droplets from the oral gastroderm and within 6 h in glycogen granules from the oral epiderm, and (iii) the translocation of nitrogen-containing photosynthates is delayed by 3 h. IMPORTANCE: Our results provide detailed in situ subcellular visualization of the fate of photosynthesis-derived carbon and nitrogen in the coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. We directly demonstrate that lipid droplets and glycogen granules in the coral tissue are sinks for translocated carbon photosynthates by dinoflagellates and confirm their key role in the trophic interactions within the coral-dinoflagellate association.

Morphological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in vivo by a multiple beam interference microscope

A recently developed technique, namely multiple beam interference microscopy, has been applied to investigate the morphology of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii for the first time. The interference pattern obtained from the multiple internal reflection of a T. gondii, sandwiched between a glass plate and a cover plate, was focused on the objective of a conventional microscope. Because of the enhance contrast, several details of sub cellular structure and separating compartments are clearly visible. Details reveal the presence of a nucleus, lipid body, dense granule, rhoptry and amylopectin. The wall thickness of the membrane of the lipid body and the amylopectin is of the order of 0.02 µm and can be clearly distinguished with the help of the present technique. The same parasite has also been examined with the help of atomic force microscopy, and because of its thick membrane, the inner structural details were not observed at all. Sub cellular details of T. gondii observed with the present technique have been reported earlier only by low amplification transmission electron microscopy and not by any optical microscopic technique.

The in vitro cytopathology of a porcine and the simian (SA-11) strains of rotavirus

Rotaviruses have been implicated as the major causal agents of acute diarrhoea in mammals and fowls. Experimental rotavirus infection have been associated to a series of sub-cellular pathologic alterations leading to cell lysis which may represent key functions in the pathogenesis of the diarrhoeic disease. The current work describes the cytopathic changes in cultured MA-104 cells infected by a simian (SA-11) and a porcine (1154) rotavirus strains. Trypan blue exclusion staining showed increased cell permeability after infection by both strains, as demonstrated by cell viability. This effect was confirmed by the leakage of infected cells evaluated by chromium release. Nuclear fragmentation was observed by acridine orange and Wright staining but specific DNA cleavage was not detected. Ultrastructural changes, such as chromatin condensation, cytoplasm vacuolisation, and loss of intercellular contact were shown in infected cells for both strains. In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tunel) assay did not show positive result. In conclusion, we demonstrated that both strains of rotavirus induced necrosis as the major degenerative effect.