Le changement social et l'État moderne en Mongolie

Ce mémoire propose une analyse socio-historique d'un cas extrême de changement social par son ampleur et sa rapidité: l'apparition ex-nihilo, à partir des années 1990, d'une population de plus de 100 000 mineurs artisanaux en Mongolie. Pour ce faire, il offre, premièrement, des outils théoriques au lecteur pour comprendre la tension entre permanence et mouvement qui anime les sociétés humaines. Deuxièmement, il identifie les tendances récurrentes de l'histoire mongole pour rendre le présent plus intelligible. Troisièmement, il détaille les principales caractéristiques contemporaines de ce nouveau phénomène, ainsi que ses potentialités pour le proche avenir. Mais surtout, à chaque étape, il construit une théorie locale et partielle du changement social, qui montre l'impact croissant de l'État moderne et de son idéologie du progrès et de la rationalité dans la vie de tous les individus, qui laisse les plus marginaux d'entre eux de plus en plus dépourvus d'influence sur leur environnement.

Triangulation of rights, balancing of interests : exploring the tensions between freedom of conscience and freedom of religion in comparative constitutional law

La liberté de religion, souvent reconnue comme étant la « première liberté » dans de nombreuses traditions juridiques, reflète également les différentes conceptions de la place de l’individu et de la communauté dans la société. Notre étude analysera les modèles constitutionnels canadien, américain et européen de liberté de religion et conscience. Dans un premier chapitre, nous examinerons les conceptions théoriques de la religion dans les sciences sociales ainsi les approches juridiques afin de mieux cerner comment la religion est conçue et de plus, comprendre les diverses influences sur sa conceptualisation. Dans un second et troisième chapitre, nous tenterons d’une part, de qualifier la relation entre la liberté de conscience et la liberté de religion au Canada en nous livrant à une analyse approfondie des deux libertés et d’autre part, d’identifier les questions qui demeurent irrésolues. Dans le chapitre final, nous observerons comment la liberté de conscience a été interprétée dans les contextes américain et dans l’Union Européenne, par le biais de la Cour Européenne des droits de l’Homme. Notre hypothèse est que l’on peut arriver à une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre les libertés de conscience et religion en clarifiant les conceptions théoriques de la religion et de la conscience en droit constitutionnel comparé.

Ni hypersexualisées ni voilées ! Tensions et enjeux croisés dans les discours sur l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile «islamique» au Québec

Cette thèse identifie une cooccurrence des discours à propos de l’hypersexualisation des jeunes filles et ceux concernant le port du voile islamique qui sont, depuis quelques années, au cœur des préoccupations sociales au Québec comme ailleurs en Occident. Plus spécifiquement, elle propose une « économie générale des discours » (Foucault, 1976) contemporains sur l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile, dans une perspective conjoncturelle, par et à travers trois contextes d'analyse particuliers : féministe, médiatique et public. Elle démontre comment l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile sont problématisés (Foucault, 2001/1984), c'est-à-dire qu’ils sont posés comme nouveaux problèmes sociaux engendrant et cristallisant bon nombre de craintes et d’anxiétés contemporaines. Ainsi, la thèse est composée de trois chapitres centraux qui reprennent chacun des contextes de problématisation identifiés. Le chapitre intitulé « Féminisme(s) et égalité des sexes », avance que l’égalité des sexes est invoquée comme valeur moderne, féministe et québécoise par excellence et qu’elle participe, à ce titre, de la problématisation du port du voile et de l’hypersexualisation. Le chapitre suivant, « Médias, diversité et (hyper) visibilité », concentre l’analyse sur les médias et la culture populaire, à la fois sujets énonciateurs, régimes et objets de discours, participant à construire et à délimiter l’adolescence et la religion/culture musulmane comme des mondes à part, mystérieux, tout en les exposant au public. Enfin, à partir d’une analyse des discours publics à propos de l’hypersexualisation et du port du voile, le chapitre intitulé « Laïcité, sexualité et neutralité » met en lumière les façons par lesquelles ces problèmes sont constitutifs de chartes, de codes et d’autres formes de règlementations qui viennent non seulement normaliser mais également discipliner la conduite de chacun, au nom du bien commun et de la neutralité de l’État. Un « Retour sur la conjoncture » vient conclure la thèse en mettant en lumière certains éléments conjoncturels qui traversent ses principaux chapitres, dont les questions du consensus et de l’extrême.

Le drame social du travail d'escorte indépendante à Montréal

Ce mémoire vise à retracer les carrières des escortes indépendantes montréalaises et les tensions qui les traversent, afin de rendre compte de la complexité du « drame social » que constitue cette activité. Nos résultats montrent que cette profession présente de nombreuses similarités avec d’autres professions, en même temps que sa position particulière dans une matrice sociale stigmatisante et dans une relation de service intime lui confère toute sa singularité. Partie de la question « Comment commence-t-on et poursuit-on dans l’activité d’escorte, alors que celle-ci est stigmatisée ? », nous avons réalisé une enquête de terrain auprès d’escortes indépendantes, composée essentiellement de sept entrevues approfondies et de l’observation de leur environnement professionnel informatisé. Nous avons décidé de nous écarter du débat actuel, tant scientifique que militant, qui divise sur le sujet du travail du sexe. Notre cadre conceptuel est, dans un perspective interactionniste, à la croisée des sociologies des professions, de la déviance et du stigmate. Nous rendons compte de nos résultats sous la forme de quatre actes, afin de poursuivre la métaphore théâtrale engagée par Hughes, qui suivent les étapes d’une carrière d’escorte et qui mettent l’accent sur leur complexité intrinsèque. Ces étapes sont ancrées dans une ambivalence entre un effort de professionnalisation de leur pratique et une tentative de rester dans la norme en se distanciant de cette activité. Cette ambivalence, causée par la matrice sociale dans laquelle évoluent ces escortes et à l’intimité des relations de service, contribue à la pérennité de la stigmatisation de cette activité.

Globalización, capitalismo financiero y responsabilidad social empresarial: tensiones estructurales

Los efectos nocivos que el capitalismo financiero y la globalización han tenido sobre los equilibrios sociales y económicos están estrechamente relacionados con los argumentos conceptuales que, como una llamada de atención, han llegado a las corporaciones y las empresas por la responsabilidad social corporativa. Sin embargo, el modelo construido en torno a la acumulación de capital y beneficios han planteado una relación simbiótica en la que ellos mismos son el recurso y el fin de su propia existencia, dando lugar a tensiones estructurales que anula las alternativas de ser sostenible y socialmente responsable al mismo tiempo. El camino que enfrentamos como sociedad, como empresas y como modelo económico sostenible se basa en el trabajo conjunto y los cambios en la manera de abordar el mercado.

Les Causes de les tensions socials i polítiques en immigració: perspectives de solució

La reforma de la Llei d’estrangeria de l’any 2009 va mirar de garantir als estrangers un catàleg de drets fonamentals i d’afavorir, pel que fa a aquells que es trobessin en situació irregular, que poguessin obtenir una autorització de residència si demostraven el seu 'arrelament social' al nostre país

Exploring the construction of social class in educational discourse: the rational order of the nation state versus global uncertainties

This article aims to create intellectual space in which issues of social inequality and education can be analyzed and discussed in relation to the multifaceted and multi-levelled complexities of the modern world. It is divided into three sections. Section One locates the concept of social class in the context of the modern nation state during the period after the Second World War. Focusing particularly on the impact of 'Fordism' on social organization and cultural relations, it revisits the articulation of social justice issues in the United Kingdom, and the structures put into place at the time to alleviate educational and social inequalities. Section Two problematizes the traditional concept of social class in relation to economic, technological and sociocultural changes that have taken place around the world since the mid-1980s. In particular, it charts some of the changes to the international labour market and global patterns of consumption, and their collective impact on the re-constitution of class boundaries in 'developed countries'. This is juxtaposed with some of the major social effects of neo-classical economic policies in recent years on the sociocultural base in developing countries. It discusses some of the ways these inequalities are reflected in education. Section Three explores tensions between the educational ideals of the 'knowledge economy' and the discursive range of social inequalities that are emerging within and beyond the nation state. Drawing on key motifs identified throughout, the article concludes with a reassessment of the concept of social class within the global cultural economy. This is discussed in relation to some of the major equity and human rights issues in education today.

Exploring the construction of social class in educational discourse: the rational order of the nation state vs. global uncertainties

This article aims to create intellectual space in which issues of social inequality and education can be analyzed and discussed in relation to the multifaceted and multi-levelled complexities of the modern world. It is divided into three sections. Section One locates the concept of social class in the context of the modern nation state during the period after the Second World War. Focusing particularly on the impact of ‘Fordism’ on social organization and cultural relations, it revisits the articulation of social justice issues in the United Kingdom, and the structures put into place at the time to alleviate educational and social inequalities. Section Two problematizes the traditional concept of social class in relation to economic, technological and sociocultural changes that have taken place around the world since the mid-1980s. In particular, it charts some of the changes to the international labour market and global patterns of consumption, and their collective impact on the re-constitution of class boundaries in ‘developed countries’. This is juxtaposed with some of the major social effects of neo-classical economic policies in recent years on the sociocultural base in developing countries. It discusses some of the ways these inequalities are reflected in education. Section Three explores tensions between the educational ideals of the ‘knowledge economy’ and the discursive range of social inequalities that are emerging within and beyond the nation state. Drawing on key motifs identified throughout, the article concludes with a reassessment of the concept of social class within the global cultural economy. This is discussed in relation to some of the major equity and human rights issues in education today.

Developing social skills in autistic children through ‘Relaxed Performances’

Families living with autism often feel unable to attend social and cultural events largely due to the fear of their child attracting negative or even aggressive reactions from others. The ‘joint attention’ that is part of the theatre experience however may be a powerful factor in the development of social and communication skills for such children. ‘Relaxed performances’ offer an opportunity for them to access and engage with theatre by making special arrangements designed to reduce tensions associated with visits to public places. Aspects of the production such as the use of lighting and sound effects which may trigger adverse reactions are also adjusted. This paper reports on how one local theatre drew on the findings of a national project to mount a ‘relaxed performance’ of their annual pantomime. It discusses the theatre’s preparations and presents evidence of the impact the event had on local children with autism and their families. The success of both the national and this local project marks a new beginning for improved access to the theatre for an audience that has hitherto felt largely excluded.

From legal commons to social commons: Brazil and the cultural industry in the 21st century

This article describes some of the current transformations regarding the processes by which information and culture are generated, from the point of view of developing countries. In this brief analysis, the article discusses the role of projects such as Creative Commons for developing countries. It also discusses the idea of legal commons and social commons. While the idea of legal commons can be understood as the voluntary use of licenses such as Creative Commons in order to create a “commons”, the idea of social commons has to do with the tensions between legality and illegality in developing countries. These tensions appear prominently in the so-called global “peripheries”, and in many instances make the legal structure of intellectual property irrelevant, unfamiliar, or unenforceable, for various reasons. With the emergence of digital technology and the Internet, in many places and regions in developing countries (especially in the “peripheries”), technology ended up arriving earlier than the idea of intellectual property. Such a de facto situation propitiated the emergence of cultural industries that were not driven by intellectual property incentives. In these cultural businesses, the idea of “sharing” and of free dissemination of the content is intrinsic to the social circumstances taking place in these peripheries. Also, the appropriation of technology on the part of the “peripheries” ends up promoting autonomous forms of bridging the digital divide, such as the “LAN house” phenomenon discussed below. This paper proposes that many lessons can be learned from the business models emerging from social commons practices in developing countries. The tension between legality and illegality in “peripheral” areas in developing countries is not new. The work of Boaventura de Sousa Santos and others in the 1970s was paradigmatic for the discussion of legal pluralism regarding the occupation of land in Brazil. This paper aims to follow in that same pioneer tradition of studies about legal pluralism, and to apply those principles to the discussion of “intellectual property” rather than the ownership of land.

Liderança e gênero na administração pública: a percepção dos gerentes das agências da previdência social em Recife

Os desafios advindos da redefinição do papel do Estado e da busca pela eficiência na prestação dos serviços públicos fundamentam a realização do presente estudo. Diante disso, abordou-se a realidade dos Gerentes das Agencias da Previdência Social do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social, pessoas-chave na implantação de um modelo de Administração Pública que atenda às demandas sociais. Buscou-se identificar as percepções sobre o desenvolvimento da liderança, explicitando as relações de gênero vivenciadas no exercício desses cargos. A abordagem de gênero baseou-se no expressivo contingente de mulheres existente no serviço público. Assim, entende-se que as questões de liderança nesse setor são permeadas pelas relações de gênero. Nesse aspecto, foi realizada a contextualização da trajetória e lutas das mulheres por emancipação e da situação delas nos cargos de destaque na Administração Pública. Contextualizando o presente estudo, realizou-se a construção histórica e a apresentação dos conceitos relacionados à modernização do Estado, à Gestão Pública e à prestação dos serviços públicos no Brasil, isso conduziu à discussão de temas relacionados à cidadania e direitos sociais. Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa, de caráter descritivo. A pesquisa de campo viabilizou os meios para a coleta dos dados, com a aplicação de questionário e entrevista semiestrurada associada à construção de desenhos. Adotou-se a análise de conteúdo para o tratamento dos dados. Foi realizada a caracterização do perfil sócio-profissional dos servidores que ocupam cargos de gerente no nível operacional do INSS e abordados os dilemas decorrentes do exercício de cargos de chefia e da busca pela liderança no desenvolvimento das competências necessárias à gestão das Agências. No âmbito das relações de gênero, foram correlacionados os significados, a partir da elaboração das vivências, enquanto homens e mulheres, no desempenho do papel de gerente nesses locais de trabalho. Importantes resultados foram observados na análise das entrevistas com a aplicação da técnica de construção de desenhos. Em geral, os gerentes demonstraram gostar e ter orgulho do que fazem, contudo, há desgastes e tensionamentos decorrentes das deficiências de infraestrutura, entre outras. Apesar disso, os gerentes demonstram capacidade de aprendizagem com essas situações e sobressaem muitos sentimentos positivos, entre eles, envolvimento, compromisso e colaboração. Os resultados da pesquisa levantam questões e recomendações que serão colocadas à disposição da organização, com elementos e reflexões no intuito de contribuir com os processos educacionais na gestão de pessoas.

The art of being together: a social constructionist perspective on dialogic methods in the organizational context

The purpose of this project is to understand, under a social constructionist approach, what are the meanings that external facilitators and organizational members (sponsors) working with dialogic methods place on themselves and their work. Dialogic methods, with the objective of engaging groups in flows of conversations to envisage and co-create their own future, are growing fast within organizations as a means to achieve collective change. Sharing constructionist ideas about the possibility of multiple realities and language as constitutive of such realities, dialogue has turned into a promising way for transformation, especially in a macro context of constant change and increasing complexity, where traditional structures, relationships and forms of work are questioned. Research on the topic has mostly focused on specific methods or applications, with few attempts to study it in a broader sense. Also, despite the fact that dialogic methods work on the assumption that realities are socially constructed, few studies approach the topic from a social constructionist perspective, as a research methodology per se. Thus, while most existing research aims at explaining whether or how particular methods meet particular results, my intention is to explore the meanings sustaining these new forms of organizational practice. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 people working with dialogic methods: 11 facilitators and 14 sponsors, from 8 different organizations in Brazil. Firstly, the research findings indicate several contextual elements that seem to sustain the choices for dialogic methods. Within this context, there does not seem to be a clear or specific demand for dialogic methods, but a set of different motivations, objectives and focuses, bringing about several contrasts in the way participants name, describe and explain their experiences with such methods, including tensions on power relations, knowledge creation, identity and communication. Secondly, some central ideas or images were identified within such contrasts, pointing at both directions: dialogic methods as opportunities for the creation of new organizational realities (with images of a ‘door’ or a ‘flow’, for instance, which suggest that dialogic methods may open up the access to other perspectives and the creation of new realities); and dialogic methods as new instrumental mechanisms that seem to reproduce the traditional and non-dialogical forms of work and relationship. The individualistic tradition and its tendency for rational schematism - pointed out by social constructionist scholars as strong traditions in our Western Culture - could be observed in some participants’ accounts with the image of dialogic methods as a ‘gym’, for instance, in which dialogical – and idealized –‘abilities’ could be taught and trained, turning dialogue into a tool, rather than a means for transformation. As a conclusion, I discuss what the implications of such taken-for-granted assumptions may be, and offer some insights into dialogue (and dialogic methods) as ‘the art of being together’.

Democracia Possível: espaços institucionais, participação social e cultura política

The present study aims at making a theoretically reflection about the reconstruction process of democracy that can be observed in the country since the opening political process, which took place with the Geisel´s government in 1974, passing through the first civil president, in 1985, the Constitution process, in 1986, and finally the Constitution promulgation in 1988. It interests to this study analyses the premise that the 1988 Constitution inaugurates the moment in which democracy starts to be reconstructed in the country, and that this reconstruction is made in such a brand new way, once it included the possibility of participation of the civil society in the deliberation of the public politics, what became possible with the creation of new spaces of a gestion shared by the three executive powers: federal; states; municipalities, and with the civil society, in the councils created in those spheres. In this way, this work wishes to focus the opening process to the civil society participation, wich became possible with the creation of the city councils of public politics. It´s about investigating the form in wich the relations set up in these hibrid spaces could be considered democratic, inclusive and promoters of effective participation, checking up tendencies, giving emphasis to regularities and some specifities encountered in the forms of participation, which have been observed in those councils. In order to comprehend the democratic process in construction in the country, the analysis of the relations established by the civil society and the local executive power in the obligatory municipal councils is taken as object of study, passing by the tensions wich evolves institutions and political practices, permeated by the local political culture. It starts from a briefly review of works already made on the subject

Desenvolvimento Urbano e Cidades Inclusivas: Estudo Analítico do Princípio Constitucional da Função Social das Cidades

The reality of Latin America points out that the industrialization and urbanization are complementary processes associated each other. Thus, by consequence of the demographic growth, observes the aggravation of an urbanization completely disordered and without infrastructure capable of guaranteeing rights and basic services to the population. In parallel, the dissemination of information, the valorization of human dignity, promoted by social welfare, and expectations of consumption aggravates the tensions among social actors, leading to the Theory of the Right to Development to worry about the (re)construction of cities. Before this reality, the Federal Constitution of 1988 proposed a participatory urban policy, grounded in the ideal of confrontation of social exclusion of a more comprehensive, represented by the principle of the social function of cities, which must be stratified into four inclusion´s central axes, namely: the social in the strict sense, the economic, the cultural and the policy. The Analysis of each of these dimensions, keeping the focus on reality and the Brazilian legal system, composes specific objectives of this work. Thus, through deductive research, with use of technique bibliographical and interdisciplinary, this dissertation aims to make connections between social function and development, proposing an analytical concept for the proposing an analytical concept for the principle of social function of cities, through the study of its basic elements. With this, purports to demonstrate how results, firstly, that the juridical study, to fully understand the process of marginalization, must maintain multidisciplinary perspective, own social sciences. Also aims to demonstrate that the dimensions of inclusion are formed by fundamental rights, individual and collective, of liberties and of social guarantees and that without respect to all of them there is no way to talk about implementation of urban development and nor, consequently, about inclusive cities. At the end, after checking the main legal instruments of urban policy that emphasize the community participation, provided for in the Statute of the Cities, and that potentiate the breakup of the circles of exclusion, the work want contribute to the clarification and the awaken to the importance of a new perspective democratic of development in the country, grounded in the appreciation of the individual for realization of modern management, decentralized and that, therefore, inserts the effective participation of urban communities in the acting of the State

O pedagogo como agente de transformação social para além dos muros escolares

This thesis concerns the problem about the pedagogue actuation in the social education into no scholars places. It search to understand the context and the social pedagogue role to his praxis and formation that enlarger the possibilities of the social educative practices into no scholars places. In this direction, we developed an investigation about the actuation of the pedagogues-educators in Natal city, in the 2007-2010 periods, into Municipal Secretary of the Labor and Social Assistance (SEMTAS). Considering that pedagogues are regularly attached in social educators profession as municipals public employees, we re the objective to evaluate their role into the social executed in the no scholars places, with the focus in the environmental dimensions of theirs work s places, pedagogical organization, institutional management and the professional formation. It privileged in this research the Specialized Reference Center of Social Assistance II (CREAS II), the Passages Houses I, II and III, the Social-Educative Measures in Open Environment Execution Program of Natal city (PENSEMA) and the Pitimbú Educational Center (CEDUC-Pitimbú). To realize this study it developed a research with qualitative nature by critic ethnography approach privileging those information collected with the social pedagogue-educators of the mentioned places. Through the methodological procedures adopted; beyond the bibliographical review we remarked the documental research, the semi-structured interview, the questionnaires-routes and the field observations. The analytical results revealed that the politics to the social education in Brazil historically came been dimensioned by the fight of social movements demanding the fundamental rights to the excluded people; that the SEMTAS politics of social education present a relative basic social protection to the excluded children and young people specially into law view; that the politics of social education in Natal city it s close of the logic of sanitarian attention about the disadvantaged groups; that the conceptual, methodological and formatives fragilities needs to the social pedagogues-educators praxis into non scholars places made difficult the operation capacity of a educative proposition anchored in a institutional action guided by the idea of emancipator education; that the SEMTAS take face several difficulties to developed a web assistance as preview in the reception proposition elaborated by the social pedagogues-educators. However in despite the tensions we remarked the value of this potentiality to the non scholar social education in her attempt to constitute herself in a legitimate space to the pedagogue professional actuation. In despite the obstacles to work and formation quotidian, across those non scholar spaces in the municipalities institutes to the social politics, it demonstrated personal sensibility and professional creativity in learning mediations and educative action to the children and younger derived from exclusion process and the social iniquities