Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) functional imaging in acute, neuroleptic-naive, first-episode, productive schizophrenia

Functional imaging of brain electrical activity was performed in nine acute, neuroleptic-naive, first-episode, productive patients with schizophrenia and 36 control subjects. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA, three-dimensional images of cortical current density) was computed from 19-channel of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity obtained under resting conditions, separately for the different EEG frequencies. Three patterns of activity were evident in the patients: (1) an anterior, near-bilateral excess of delta frequency activity; (2) an anterior-inferior deficit of theta frequency activity coupled with an anterior-inferior left-sided deficit of alpha-1 and alpha-2 frequency activity; and (3) a posterior-superior right-sided excess of beta-1, beta-2 and beta-3 frequency activity. Patients showed deviations from normal brain activity as evidenced by LORETA along an anterior-left-to-posterior-right spatial axis. The high temporal resolution of EEG makes it possible to specify the deviations not only as excess or deficit, but also as inhibitory, normal and excitatory. The patients showed a dis-coordinated brain functional state consisting of inhibited prefrontal/frontal areas and simultaneously overexcited right parietal areas, while left anterior, left temporal and left central areas lacked normal routine activity. Since all information processing is brain-state dependent, this dis-coordinated state must result in inadequate treatment of (externally or internally generated) information.

Medio ambiente social y cultural : Análisis de los enunciados de las clases de Educación Física

El análisis de las acciones verbales que tienen lugar en las clases proporciona información sobre las prácticas docentes. Los seres humanos contamos con el lenguaje como herramienta fundamental para comunicarnos y construir conocimiento. La reflexión sobre su uso, concretamente el uso que los docentes hacen de este instrumento netamente humano en sus prácticas, es esencial para acrecentar nuestro conocimiento acerca de la tarea docente.
Desde el área de la Didáctica de la Lengua y los enfoques teóricos de la Teoría de la actividad (Leontiev, 1983) y el Interaccionismo socio-discursivo (Bronckart, 1997/2004, 2007), emprendemos este trabajo que se circunscribe al material resultado de las observaciones de clases de Educación Física de nivel primario de escuelas públicas de San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro-Argentina). La metodología consiste en convertir los textos orales de las clases en registros escritos para estudiar su organización interna según tres niveles superpuestos, tal como Bronckart (1997/2004) plantea. El resultado es un trabajo de corte cualitativo en el que se estudian en profundidad los contenidos actitudinales presentes en las clases.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las interacciones docente-alumnos en el medio social áulico para determinar a través de qué actividades los docentes propiciamos el desarrollo de nuestros alumnos. Es decir, analizar cómo a través de los enunciados de los docentes, se construye el medio ambiente social y cultural (Voloshinov, 1992; Riestra, 2011) en las clases de Educación física.

Medio ambiente social y cultural : Análisis de los enunciados de las clases de Educación Física

El análisis de las acciones verbales que tienen lugar en las clases proporciona información sobre las prácticas docentes. Los seres humanos contamos con el lenguaje como herramienta fundamental para comunicarnos y construir conocimiento. La reflexión sobre su uso, concretamente el uso que los docentes hacen de este instrumento netamente humano en sus prácticas, es esencial para acrecentar nuestro conocimiento acerca de la tarea docente.
Desde el área de la Didáctica de la Lengua y los enfoques teóricos de la Teoría de la actividad (Leontiev, 1983) y el Interaccionismo socio-discursivo (Bronckart, 1997/2004, 2007), emprendemos este trabajo que se circunscribe al material resultado de las observaciones de clases de Educación Física de nivel primario de escuelas públicas de San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro-Argentina). La metodología consiste en convertir los textos orales de las clases en registros escritos para estudiar su organización interna según tres niveles superpuestos, tal como Bronckart (1997/2004) plantea. El resultado es un trabajo de corte cualitativo en el que se estudian en profundidad los contenidos actitudinales presentes en las clases.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las interacciones docente-alumnos en el medio social áulico para determinar a través de qué actividades los docentes propiciamos el desarrollo de nuestros alumnos. Es decir, analizar cómo a través de los enunciados de los docentes, se construye el medio ambiente social y cultural (Voloshinov, 1992; Riestra, 2011) en las clases de Educación física.

Medio ambiente social y cultural : Análisis de los enunciados de las clases de Educación Física

El análisis de las acciones verbales que tienen lugar en las clases proporciona información sobre las prácticas docentes. Los seres humanos contamos con el lenguaje como herramienta fundamental para comunicarnos y construir conocimiento. La reflexión sobre su uso, concretamente el uso que los docentes hacen de este instrumento netamente humano en sus prácticas, es esencial para acrecentar nuestro conocimiento acerca de la tarea docente.
Desde el área de la Didáctica de la Lengua y los enfoques teóricos de la Teoría de la actividad (Leontiev, 1983) y el Interaccionismo socio-discursivo (Bronckart, 1997/2004, 2007), emprendemos este trabajo que se circunscribe al material resultado de las observaciones de clases de Educación Física de nivel primario de escuelas públicas de San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro-Argentina). La metodología consiste en convertir los textos orales de las clases en registros escritos para estudiar su organización interna según tres niveles superpuestos, tal como Bronckart (1997/2004) plantea. El resultado es un trabajo de corte cualitativo en el que se estudian en profundidad los contenidos actitudinales presentes en las clases.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las interacciones docente-alumnos en el medio social áulico para determinar a través de qué actividades los docentes propiciamos el desarrollo de nuestros alumnos. Es decir, analizar cómo a través de los enunciados de los docentes, se construye el medio ambiente social y cultural (Voloshinov, 1992; Riestra, 2011) en las clases de Educación física.

Negotiating, Communicating, Collaborating: A Sociocultural View of Online Program Development

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-05

Editorial

This special issue of the Journal of the Operational Research Society is dedicated to papers on the related subjects of knowledge management and intellectual capital. These subjects continue to generate considerable interest amongst both practitioners and academics. This issue demonstrates that operational researchers have many contributions to offer to the area, especially by bringing multi-disciplinary, integrated and holistic perspectives. The papers included are both theoretical as well as practical, and include a number of case studies showing how knowledge management has been implemented in practice that may assist other organisations in their search for a better means of managing what is now recognised as a core organisational activity. It has been accepted by a growing number of organisations that the precise handling of information and knowledge is a significant factor in facilitating their success but that there is a challenge in how to implement a strategy and processes for this handling. It is here, in the particular area of knowledge process handling that we can see the contributions of operational researchers most clearly as is illustrated in the papers included in this journal edition. The issue comprises nine papers, contributed by authors based in eight different countries on five continents. Lind and Seigerroth describe an approach that they call team-based reconstruction, intended to help articulate knowledge in a particular organisational. context. They illustrate the use of this approach with three case studies, two in manufacturing and one in public sector health care. Different ways of carrying out reconstruction are analysed, and the benefits of team-based reconstruction are established. Edwards and Kidd, and Connell, Powell and Klein both concentrate on knowledge transfer. Edwards and Kidd discuss the issues involved in transferring knowledge across frontières (borders) of various kinds, from those borders within organisations to those between countries. They present two examples, one in distribution and the other in manufacturing. They conclude that trust and culture both play an important part in facilitating such transfers, that IT should be kept in a supporting role in knowledge management projects, and that a staged approach to this IT support may be the most effective. Connell, Powell and Klein consider the oft-quoted distinction between explicit and tacit knowledge, and argue that such a distinction is sometimes unhelpful. They suggest that knowledge should rather be regarded as a holistic systemic property. The consequences of this for knowledge transfer are examined, with a particular emphasis on what this might mean for the practice of OR Their view of OR in the context of knowledge management very much echoes Lind and Seigerroth's focus on knowledge for human action. This is an interesting convergence of views given that, broadly speaking, one set of authors comes from within the OR community, and the other from outside it. Hafeez and Abdelmeguid present the nearest to a 'hard' OR contribution of the papers in this special issue. In their paper they construct and use system dynamics models to investigate alternative ways in which an organisation might close a knowledge gap or skills gap. The methods they use have the potential to be generalised to any other quantifiable aspects of intellectual capital. The contribution by Revilla, Sarkis and Modrego is also at the 'hard' end of the spectrum. They evaluate the performance of public–private research collaborations in Spain, using an approach based on data envelopment analysis. They found that larger organisations tended to perform relatively better than smaller ones, even though the approach used takes into account scale effects. Perhaps more interesting was that many factors that might have been thought relevant, such as the organisation's existing knowledge base or how widely applicable the results of the project would be, had no significant effect on the performance. It may be that how well the partnership between the collaborators works (not a factor it was possible to take into account in this study) is more important than most other factors. Mak and Ramaprasad introduce the concept of a knowledge supply network. This builds on existing ideas of supply chain management, but also integrates the design chain and the marketing chain, to address all the intellectual property connected with the network as a whole. The authors regard the knowledge supply network as the natural focus for considering knowledge management issues. They propose seven criteria for evaluating knowledge supply network architecture, and illustrate their argument with an example from the electronics industry—integrated circuit design and fabrication. In the paper by Hasan and Crawford, their interest lies in the holistic approach to knowledge management. They demonstrate their argument—that there is no simple IT solution for organisational knowledge management efforts—through two case study investigations. These case studies, in Australian universities, are investigated through cultural historical activity theory, which focuses the study on the activities that are carried out by people in support of their interpretations of their role, the opportunities available and the organisation's purpose. Human activities, it is argued, are mediated by the available tools, including IT and IS and in this particular context, KMS. It is this argument that places the available technology into the knowledge activity process and permits the future design of KMS to be improved through the lessons learnt by studying these knowledge activity systems in practice. Wijnhoven concentrates on knowledge management at the operational level of the organisation. He is concerned with studying the transformation of certain inputs to outputs—the operations function—and the consequent realisation of organisational goals via the management of these operations. He argues that the inputs and outputs of this process in the context of knowledge management are different types of knowledge and names the operation method the knowledge logistics. The method of transformation he calls learning. This theoretical paper discusses the operational management of four types of knowledge objects—explicit understanding; information; skills; and norms and values; and shows how through the proposed framework learning can transfer these objects to clients in a logistical process without a major transformation in content. Millie Kwan continues this theme with a paper about process-oriented knowledge management. In her case study she discusses an implementation of knowledge management where the knowledge is centred around an organisational process and the mission, rationale and objectives of the process define the scope of the project. In her case they are concerned with the effective use of real estate (property and buildings) within a Fortune 100 company. In order to manage the knowledge about this property and the process by which the best 'deal' for internal customers and the overall company was reached, a KMS was devised. She argues that process knowledge is a source of core competence and thus needs to be strategically managed. Finally, you may also wish to read a related paper originally submitted for this Special Issue, 'Customer knowledge management' by Garcia-Murillo and Annabi, which was published in the August 2002 issue of the Journal of the Operational Research Society, 53(8), 875–884.

The practice and process of delivering integration through strategic planning

This paper explains how strategic planning is able to deliver strategic integration within organizations. While communication and participation within planning processes are perceived to have an integrative effect, we argue that these effects are unlikely to arise simply from bringing people together. Rather, we suggest that, given the varying interests of actors in different business units, integration will only arise from active negotiations and compromises between these actors. The paper is based upon a case of strategic planning in a multinational that was attempting to develop greater strategic integration across Europe. Drawing upon an activity theory framework, we examine how a common strategy emerges over time through modifications to the planning process and to different actors’ roles within it. The findings are used to develop a process model that shows how different business unit characteristics of planning experience and relative power shape different experiences of communication and participation activities and different processes for achieving integration. The paper concludes with a discussion of how this process model contributes to the literature on strategic planning, political processes of strategy-making, and strategy-as-practice.

“It’s the People That Drive It”: Motivating and Supporting Collaborative Data Use Practices in Three Teacher Education Programs

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Understanding Contradictions in Times of Change: A CHAT Analysis in an Art Museum

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Finnish Preclinical and Clinical Medical Students as Strategic L2 English Learners: Language Learning Strategies and Communicating with Patients

This thesis focused on medical students’ language learning strategies for patient encounters. The research questions concerned the types of learning strategies that medical students use and the differences between the preclinical students and the clinical students, two groups who have had varying amounts of experience with patients. Additionally, strategy use was examined through activity systems to gain information on the context of language learning strategy use in order to learn language for patient encounters. In total, 130 first-year medical students (preclinical) and 39 fifth-year medical students (clinical) participated in the study by filling in a questionnaire on language learning strategies. In addition, two students were interviewed in order to create activity systems for the medical students at different stages of their studies. The study utilised both quantitative and qualitative research methods; the analysis of the results relies on Oxford’s Strategic Self-Regulation Model in the quantitative part and on activity theory in the qualitative part. The theoretical sections of the study introduced earlier research and theories regarding English for specific purposes, language learning strategies and activity theory. The results indicated that the medical students use affective, sociocultural-interactive and metasociocultural-interactive strategies often and avoid using negative strategies, which hinder language learning or cease communication altogether. Slight differences between the preclinical and clinical students were found, as clinical students appear to use affective and metasociocultural-interactive strategies more frequently compared to the preclinical students. The activity systems of the two students interviewed were rather similar. The students were at different stages of their studies, but their opinions were very similar. Both reported the object of learning to be mutual understanding between the patient and the doctor, which in part explains the preference for strategies that support communication and interaction. The results indicate that the nature of patient encounters affects the strategy use of the medical students at least to some extent.

Surveillance in Cyberspace: Applying Natural and Place Manager Surveillance to System Trespassing

Research on the criminological side of system trespassing (i.e. unlawfully gaining access to a computer system) is relatively rare and has yet to examine the effect of the presence of other users on the system during the trespassing event (i.e. the time of communication between a trespasser’s system and the infiltrated system). This thesis seeks to analyze this relationship drawing on principles of Situational Crime Prevention, Routine Activities Theory, and restrictive deterrence. Data were collected from a randomized control trial of target computers deployed on the Internet network of a large U.S. university. This study examined whether the number (one or multiple) and type (administrative or non-administrative) of computer users present on a system reduced the seriousness and frequency of trespassing. Results indicated that the type of user (administrative) produced a restrictive deterrent effect and significantly reduced the frequency and duration of trespassing events.

La gestion facultaire en contexte budgétaire difficile : analyse sous l’angle de l’activité des doyens

Cette thèse examine le comportement de quatre doyens canadiens dont les facultés sont en situation financière précaire. Dans un contexte d’imputabilité accrue des établissements universitaires et de modification constante aux rapports de pouvoir internes, cette étude présente une importance particulière pour la compréhension de l’exercice réel des fonctions administratives des cadres académiques intermédiaires. La recherche scientifique sur ce sujet attribue aux doyens une contribution vitale au bon fonctionnement des établissements; le doyen en demeure pourtant un des rouages les moins étudiés. La position intermédiaire qu’occupent les doyens les place dans un conflit de rôle évident. Pris entre des rôles et des attentes contradictoires émis par la communauté facultaire, d’une part, et par la direction de l’établissement, d’autre part, ils doivent conjuguer cette ambiguïté avec des responsabilités croissantes en matière de gestion financière, de leadership et d’opérationnalisation des visées stratégiques de l’université. Comprendre la façon dont les doyens arrivent à mobiliser les leviers institutionnels à leur disposition pour résoudre des situations critiques permettra d’améliorer notre compréhension de la complexité de la prise de décision au niveau intermédiaire et notre compréhension globale du fonctionnement des établissements universitaires. La présente étude importe de la théorie culturelle-historique de l’activité (culturalhistorical activity theory, ou CHAT) un modèle d’analyse de l’activité collective en situation de contradictions systémiques. Quatre doyens d’une même université ont été interviewés afin de présenter une situation vécue de difficulté budgétaire, et le processus de résolution qui a suivi. Les données ont été analysées qualitativement afin de décrire les interventions que réalisent les doyens sur les leviers présents dans leurs environnements. Les résultats suggèrent que les participants ont misé sur une maîtrise fine des rouages institutionnels et sur des interventions diversifiées afin de résoudre les contradictions de leurs systèmes d’activité.

La gestion facultaire en contexte budgétaire difficile : analyse sous l’angle de l’activité des doyens

Cette thèse examine le comportement de quatre doyens canadiens dont les facultés sont en situation financière précaire. Dans un contexte d’imputabilité accrue des établissements universitaires et de modification constante aux rapports de pouvoir internes, cette étude présente une importance particulière pour la compréhension de l’exercice réel des fonctions administratives des cadres académiques intermédiaires. La recherche scientifique sur ce sujet attribue aux doyens une contribution vitale au bon fonctionnement des établissements; le doyen en demeure pourtant un des rouages les moins étudiés. La position intermédiaire qu’occupent les doyens les place dans un conflit de rôle évident. Pris entre des rôles et des attentes contradictoires émis par la communauté facultaire, d’une part, et par la direction de l’établissement, d’autre part, ils doivent conjuguer cette ambiguïté avec des responsabilités croissantes en matière de gestion financière, de leadership et d’opérationnalisation des visées stratégiques de l’université. Comprendre la façon dont les doyens arrivent à mobiliser les leviers institutionnels à leur disposition pour résoudre des situations critiques permettra d’améliorer notre compréhension de la complexité de la prise de décision au niveau intermédiaire et notre compréhension globale du fonctionnement des établissements universitaires. La présente étude importe de la théorie culturelle-historique de l’activité (culturalhistorical activity theory, ou CHAT) un modèle d’analyse de l’activité collective en situation de contradictions systémiques. Quatre doyens d’une même université ont été interviewés afin de présenter une situation vécue de difficulté budgétaire, et le processus de résolution qui a suivi. Les données ont été analysées qualitativement afin de décrire les interventions que réalisent les doyens sur les leviers présents dans leurs environnements. Les résultats suggèrent que les participants ont misé sur une maîtrise fine des rouages institutionnels et sur des interventions diversifiées afin de résoudre les contradictions de leurs systèmes d’activité.

A study of the role of a technology-enhanced learning implementation group in mediating an institutional VLE minimum standards policy

Recent years have seen a focus on responding to student expectations in higher education. As a result, a number of technology-enhanced learning (TEL) policies have stipulated a requirement for a minimum virtual learning environment (VLE) standard to provide a consistent student experience. This paper offers insight into an under-researched area of such a VLE standard policy development using a case study of one university. With reference to the implementation staircase model, this study takes cue from the view that an institutional VLE template can affect lower levels directly, sidestepping the chain in the implementation staircase. The Group's activity whose remit is to design and develop a VLE template, therefore, becomes significant. The study, drawing on activity theory, explores the mediating role of such a Group. Factors of success and sources of tension are analysed to understand the interaction between the individuals and the collective agency of Group members. The paper identifies implications to practice for similar TEL development projects. Success factors identified demonstrated the importance of good project management principles, establishing clear rules and division of labour for TEL development groups. One key finding is that Group members are needed to draw on both different and shared mediating artefacts, supporting the conclusion that the nature of the group's composition and the situated expertise of its members are crucial for project success. The paper's theoretical contribution is an enhanced representation of a TEL policy implementation staircase.

A systemic model for differentiating school technology integration

School technology integration rarely begins with school or educator choice. It is part of a wider context where external and internal factors have direct influence on the goals and tools that are adopted over time. The objective of this study is to investigate the systemic conditions that contribute or inhibit the development of different activities by teachers making use of new media. We compiled a list of well-known conditions for technology integration success and mapped these in the historical and culturally bound perspective of activity theory (cultural historical activity theory). We conducted a multiple case study analysis of four schools, public and private. The results point to unique and distinctive scenarios even when homogeneity would be expected, reinforcing the argument that material conditions do not determine pedagogical outcomes nor do they determine changes in practice. Beyond this, the study proposes a methodology that can help elicit tensions in technology integration, pointing to avenues for school development.