703 resultados para polpa cítrica


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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

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Silagens de milho são mais propensas à deterioração quando expostas ao ar. As leveduras assimiladoras de ácido lático são frequentemente os primeiros microrganismos a iniciar a deterioração aeróbia nas silagens. Alguns estudos reportam que silagem de milho aerobicamente instável está associada à redução no consumo, na produção de leite e depressão no teor de gordura do leite. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de inoculação de leveduras (Pichia norvegensis) e a exposição ao ar por 48 horas sobre o valor nutritivo das silagens e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. O milho foi colhido com 34% de MS, tratado sem (Controle) ou com P. norvegensis, na dose 1×105 ufc/g MV (Levedura) e armazenado silos tipo bolsa (40 t/silo). Após 123 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e a silagem foi fornecida para vacas leiteiras. Diariamente, as silagens foram retiradas e fornecidas imediatamente (Fresca) ou após 48 horas de exposição (Exposta). Vinte vacas Holandesas foram distribuídas em 5 quadrados latinos replicados 4×4, com períodos de 21 dias (15 d para adaptação + 6 d para amostragem). As dietas foram formuladas para conter: 53% silagem de milho, 8% caroço de algodão, 18% farelo de soja, 9,5% polpa cítrica, 9% milho seco moído e 2,5% premix vitamínico e mineral. Os quatro tratamentos foram assim constituídos: silagem controle fresca (CF), silagem controle exposta (CE), silagem inoculada com levedura fresca (LF) e silagem inoculada com levedura exposta (LE). A inoculação com levedura aumentou as perdas de matéria seca (P<0,001) e reduziu o tempo de estabilidade aeróbia (P=0,03) das silagens de milho. No ensaio de desempenho animal, reduziu a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (P=0,03) e a eficiência alimentar (ELL leite/CMS) (P<0,01), porém não alterou o teor de gordura do leite. Quanto aos efeitos da exposição ao ar por 48 horas, estes reduziram a concentração de ácido lático (P<0,001), que consequentemente aumentou o pH (P=0,004) das silagens, além de reduzir outros produtos de fermentação. A exposição também reduziu a produção de leite corrigido para gordura (P=0,02) e a eficiência alimentar (P=0,10). Nenhum tratamento alterou o consumo de MS. Houve tendência para redução da digestibilidade da MS e FDN e do NDT, quando as silagens foram expostas ao ar. A inoculação com leveduras e a exposição ao ar por 48 horas deprimem o desempenho animal através da redução no valor nutritivo das silagens de milho.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de caroço de algodão e vitamina E em dietas para bovinos confinados por 83, 104 e 111 dias sobre as características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e características sensoriais da carne in natura e de hambúrgueres. Foram utilizados 54 bovinos da raça Nelore, machos, não castrados, com média de 350 kg ± 30 kg de peso vivo inicial e 24 meses de idade, divididos em três grupos de acordo com o peso vivo inicial e distribuídos em três dietas: dieta sem inclusão de caroço de algodão (C), dieta contendo 30% MS de caroço de algodão (CA) e dieta contendo 30% MS de caroço de algodão e 500 UI de vitamina E/kg de matéria seca da ração (CAE). As dietas empregadas foram compostas de diferentes concentrados, incluindo milho grão seco, polpa cítrica, bagaço de cana cru e farelo de soja, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 14:86 e média de 16% PB nas três dietas. Os animais abatidos aos 83 dias de confinamento eram correspondentes ao grupo de maior peso vivo, já os animais mais leves foram abatidos aos 111 dias de confinamento. O experimento foi em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3, considerando três dietas e três períodos de confinamento, totalizando 9 tratamentos. Os animais que permaneceram em confinamento por mais tempo apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (56,33%) e carnes mais macias (3,02 kg). As dietas CA e CAE resultaram em menor força de cisalhamento (3,15 e 3,31 kg, respectivamente). A inclusão de vitamina E se mostrou indiferente para a cor e TBARS, em relação à dieta CA. A inclusão do caroço de algodão em dietas para bovinos não influenciou no teor de ácidos graxos saturados, porém aumentou os teores de alguns ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) nas carnes. Por outro lado, houve um aumento linear nos níveis de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) à medida que aumentaram os dias de confinamento. Em relação às características sensoriais, no teste descritivo, as carnes in natura dos animais alimentados com CA e CAE foram mais macias e suculentas (P < 0,05), porém apresentaram um sabor mais intenso e os provadores treinados detectaram um sabor estranho nestas carnes (P < 0,05). No entanto, para o teste afetivo, apenas foi detectado sabor estranho para os hambúrgueres provenientes da dieta CA, os atributos aroma e aroma estranho não foram influenciados pelas dietas (P > 0,05). Por meio do teste discriminativo, foi observado que os hambúrgueres provenientes de animais alimentados com CA e CAE por 104 e 111 dias de confinamento apresentaram diferença em relação ao sabor quando comparados aos hambúrgueres de animais do grupo C destes mesmos períodos, e que os hambúrgueres da dieta CA não apresentaram diferença de sabor quanto aos dias de confinamento. A inclusão de 30% MS de caroço de algodão mostrou ser uma boa alternativa para melhorar as características físico-químicas da carne e seu perfil de ácidos graxos, entretanto atribui um sabor estranho ao produto final, independente do período de confinamento, sendo perceptível ao consumidor e reduzindo aceitabilidade. Ao longo dos dias de confinamento, a carne dos animais se torna menos saudável, do ponto de vista de composição lipídica, ao consumo humano. A adição de 500 UI de vitamina E em dietas contendo caroço de algodão mostrou-se desnecessária

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v. 17, n .2, p. 164-174, abr./jun. 2016.

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L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és centra en l’estudi de la tratabilitat dels efluents procedents del blanqueig de polpa kraft per tal de poder-los reutilitzar de nou a la fàbrica.

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O presente trabalho estuda o reaproveitamento do efluente alcalino do branqueamento da polpa, da indústria de celulose, através de processos de separação com membranas. Para tanto, foram realizados testes com o efluente industrial para diferentes membranas e, simultaneamente, foi pesquisada a aplicação do processo de flotação como pré-tratamento para retirada de fibras do efluente. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada por meio de determinações analíticas e monitoramento de alguns parâmetros. Os experimentos foram executados em equipamentos de bancada e piloto. A etapa de separação com membranas envolveu os processos de ultrafiltração, nanofiltração, osmose reversa e combinações destas operações. De forma a escolher um processo com retenção e fluxo permeado adequados variou-se durante os testes a pressão através das membranas e a temperatura. As análises realizadas para a caracterização do efluente foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, sólidos totais (ST), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), compostos organo-halogenados (AOX), ferro, magnésio, cálcio, sódio, potássio e manganês. A DQO foi o principal critério utilizado para avaliar a qualidade do permeado. Os ensaios de flotação foram realizados com e sem adição de compostos químicos auxiliares. A eficiência do processo foi avaliada através das análises de ST, condutividade elétrica, pH, recuperação de fibras, teor de alumínio, turbidez e visualmente Os resultados indicaram que todos os processos testados trouxeram uma melhoria nas características do efluente, incluindo reduções de até 90% no valor de DQO em alguns casos. O processo que apresentou a melhor performance foi a combinação UF5+ORP. A investigação preliminar sobre a flotação das fibras mostrou que, apesar de ter atingido uma remoção de fibras de 95% ainda havia a presença de partículas grosseiras, as quais poderiam causar danos aos processos com membranas. Mais estudos devem ser realizados no sentido de otimizar o processo de flotação.

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This study investigated the impact of pulp hexenuronic acids (HexAs) content on pulping yield by changing cooking reaction temperature. The bleachability of pulps containing variable amounts of HexAs was also investigated. The cooking at 170 degrees C produced pulp of kappa number, HexAs and screen yield of 16.2, 49.4 mmol/kg and 50.2%, respectively, whereas the cooking at 156 degrees C resulted pulp of kappa 17.0, 61.3 mmol/kg HexAs and 50.8% screened yield. The pulp produced at lower cooking temperature also showed better bleachability as evaluated by the total amount of active chlorine required to achieve 90% ISO. The sequence OAHTD(EP) DD showed the lowest bleaching performance among all.

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The study analyzed the wood basic density effect in two Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clones (440 kg/m(3) e 508 kg/m(3)) on bleached pulp quality (fiber dimensions and physical-mechanical properties). The woods performance on pulping, bleaching and beating results were analyzed. The Kraft pulping was carried out in forced circulation digester in order to obtain 17 +/- 1 kappa number targets. The pulps were bleached to 90 +/- 1 using delignification oxygen and D0EOPD1 bleaching sequence. Bleached pulp of low basic density clone showed, significantly, lowest revolutions number in the PFI mill to reach tensile index of 70 N.m/g, low Schopper Riegler degree and generated sheets with higher values to bulk and opacity. These characteristics and properties allow concluding that bleached pulp of low basic density clone was the most indicated to produce printing and writing sheets. The bleached pulp of high basic density clone showed higher values of bulk and capillarity Klemm and lower water retention value when analyzed without beating. The bleached pulp of high basic density clone showed more favorable characteristics to the production of tissue papers.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

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Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

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Aiming to consumer s safety the presence of pathogenic contaminants in foods must be monitored because they are responsible for foodborne outbreaks that depending on the level of contamination can ultimately cause the death of those who consume them. In industry is necessary that this identification be fast and profitable. This study shows the utility and application of near-infrared (NIR) transflectance spectroscopy as an alternative method for the identification and classification of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial fruit pulp (pineapple). Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and Discriminant Analysis Partial Least Squares (PLS-DA) were used in the analysis. It was not possible to obtain total separation between samples using PCA and SIMCA. The PLS-DA showed good performance in prediction capacity reaching 87.5% for E. coli and 88.3% for S. Enteritides, respectively. The best models were obtained for the PLS-DA with second derivative spectra treated with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.87 and 0.83, respectively. These results suggest that the NIR spectroscopy and PLS-DA can be used to discriminate and detect bacteria in the fruit pulp