Estimating the under-reporting of road crash injuries to police using multiple linked data collections

The reliance on police data for the counting of road crash injuries can be problematic, as it is well known that not all road crash injuries are reported to police which under-estimates the overall burden of road crash injuries. The aim of this study was to use multiple linked data sources to estimate the extent of under-reporting of road crash injuries to police in the Australian state of Queensland. Data from the Queensland Road Crash Database (QRCD), the Queensland Hospital Admitted Patients Data Collection (QHAPDC), Emergency Department Information System (EDIS), and the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) for the year 2009 were linked. The completeness of road crash cases reported to police was examined via discordance rates between the police data (QRCD) and the hospital data collections. In addition, the potential bias of this discordance (under-reporting) was assessed based on gender, age, road user group, and regional location. Results showed that the level of under-reporting varied depending on the data set with which the police data was compared. When all hospital data collections are examined together the estimated population of road crash injuries was approximately 28,000, with around two-thirds not linking to any record in the police data. The results also showed that the under-reporting was more likely for motorcyclists, cyclists, males, young people, and injuries occurring in Remote and Inner Regional areas. These results have important implications for road safety research and policy in terms of: prioritising funding and resources; targeting road safety interventions into areas of higher risk; and estimating the burden of road crash injuries.

Democracia participativa nas comunidades carentes cariocas com Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora: Gestão e planejamento democráticos das políticas públicas urbanas

Desde o fim da era das remoções, o foco de preocupação do Estado em relação às favelas tem se deslocado da urbanização para a violência, em especial para o tráfico de drogas. A militarização da questão da violência urbana se manifesta de forma definitiva com a inauguração das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora nas comunidades carentes cariocas. A despeito dos aspectos positivos imediatos, a ausência de participação popular no processo de ocupação pelo Estado desses espaços segregados têm levantado preocupações, não apenas quanto à eficiência do programa em longo prazo, como também com a possibilidade de instauração de um Estado policial altamente repressivo. Esse trabalho analisa a utilização de mecanismos de gestão e planejamento democráticos como forma de aprimorar o programa de ocupação das favelas, partindo do pressuposto de que a participação política pode contribuir para a maximização dos direitos fundamentais. Para isso, estuda-se com profundidade a história dos atores políticos presentes nessas comunidades, além dos instrumentos existentes e possíveis no Direito Brasileiro para participação popular. Após a análise dos aspectos sociológicos e históricos que explicam a situação atual das favelas cariocas, ao fim, propõe-se um modelo de gestão democrática que aproveite ao máximo seu potencial de participação.

Padronização do Direito em tempos de grande encarceramento: os influxos da nova ordem global

O presente trabalho pretende analisar alguns reflexos da incorporação dos influxos da nova ordem globalizada e do neoliberalismo na ordem jurídica nacional. Será demonstrado que os valores sugeridos ainda que essa sugestão tenha caráter quase cogente pelo Banco Mundial, por meio de sua atividade paranormativa, são incorporados pela ordem legal brasileira através de reformas processuais que priorizam a justiça quantitativa. Essas reformas, somadas a outros fatores tais como o aumento das demandas levadas ao Poder Judiciário, a influência da economia na análise do Direito, a utilização equivocada, irrefletida e mecânica de discursos de fundamentação prévia, a pobreza do ensino jurídico e a submissão dos juízes ao que ditam os tribunais, resultam em um patamar de jurisdição padronizada. Paralelamente a esse processo, a população carcerária brasileira cresce em acelerado ritmo, o que pode ser relacionado com o avanço dos valores neoliberais e da retração do estado do bem estar social.Diante desse quadro, é proposto, como forma de aproximação da teoria jurídica com a prática forense e de maneira a proporcionar abertura do direito penal ao mundo dos fatos, a dogmática funcional redutora, de modo que o Direito Penal atue como dique de contenção do estado de polícia que subjaz a cada estado de direito. Ademais, propõe-se que essa adoção se dê nas salas de aula dos cursos de direito, utilizando-se, tanto quanto possível, de diversos recursos didáticos para tornar mais palpáveis e inteligíveis os conceitos e ideias propostos.

Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców a praktyka turecka. Problem przybyszów zza wschodniej granicy

Celem publikacji jest podjęcie próby przeanalizowania polityki, jaką Turcja prowadzi wobec obcokrajowców poszukujących schronienia na jej terytorium. O ważkości zagadnienia zadecydowała w ostatnich latach przede wszystkim tocząca się w Syrii wojna domowa, w wyniku której na terytorium Turcji znalazło się ponad 700 tysięcy Syryjczyków. Szczególne w tym kontekście kontrowersje budzi fakt stosowania przez Turcję podwójnych standardów w przedmiocie nadawania imigrantom konwencyjnego statusu uchodźcy. Państwo to, jako jedno z czterech na świecie, w momencie przystępowania do Konwencji dotyczącej statusu uchodźców i Protokołu nowojorskiego zastrzegło sobie prawo do stosowania w tej materii tzw. kryterium geograficznego. W efekcie, o ile status uchodźcy nadany być może osobom przybywającym zza zachodnich granic Turcji, o tyle uciekinierzy z państw takich, jak Syria, Iran, czy Irak z formalnego punktu widzenia są „poszukującymi schronienia” (tur. sığınmacı). To zaś oznacza brak ich konwencyjnej ochrony. Celem artykułu jest jednak nie tylko przeanalizowanie prawnego i rzeczywistego położenia, w jakim znajdują się ofiary syryjskiej wojny domowej, przybywające na terytorium Turcji, a także próba przewidzenia scenariusza rozwoju tejże sytuacji. Celem uczynienia analizy możliwie najbardziej rzetelną, odwołano się zarówno do anglo, jak i tureckojęzycznych materiałów źródłowych.

Collective bargaining in Brazilian manufacturing, 1978-95

Collective bargaining, it is widely claimed, has been on the increase in Brazil since the late 1970s. This is seen as part of a broader change in Brazilian industrial relations towards a hybrid system of interest representation, in which elements of both the old state corporatism and pluralism now coexist. However, there is little or no systematic empirical evidence available to support this conclusion. This thesis addresses the question of the strengthening of collective bargaining as a method of job regulation in Brazil by providing a detailed empirical study. The questions of this study are: (a) how important has collective bargaining become in establishing provisions on the terms and conditions of the employment relationship which are not simply reproducing rules established via state regulation?; and (b) what factors accounted for changes in the content of these provisions? An analysis of 10,734 provisions in 287 collective agreements in manufacturing industries in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, the capital of the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, was carried out for the period of 1978-95. This analysis offers support for the thesis that the significance of collective bargaining has increased. It shows that: (a) most substantive provisions created rules that were not established in other forms of regulation; (b) provisions that replicate the contents of regulatory legislation accounted for one out of seven substantive provisions, but in spite of being a copy of the law, these provisions are not entirely neutral for job regulation; (c) collective agreements also laid down substantive provisions benefiting employers, and not simply employees; and (d) the pace of change in bargaining outcomes oscillated with changes in the economic, legal and judicial contexts. This pace of change was mostly affected by (i) the rate of unemployment, (ii) the degree of openness of the economy to foreign competition, (iii) the capacity of employers to pass on costs to costumers, (iv) stabilisation policies aimed at curbing inflation, (v) the Federal Constitution made in 1988, (vi) the official rate of minimum wages, and (vii) the conduct of the labour judicial system in settling collective disputes.

Arranjo institucional do financiamento do ensino fundamental no Brasil: considerações sobre os municípios brasileiros e estudo de caso do município de São Paulo no período de 1997 a 2006

O ambiente institucional do financiamento do ensino fundamental no Brasil sofreu diversas modificações nas últimas décadas, principalmente nos anos 1990. Com o objetivo de aliar a priorização do ensino fundamental à descentralização das políticas públicas de educação para o nível municipal, o governo federal promoveu uma reforma profunda nas normas legais para a execução dessas políticas, inclusive através de emendas constitucionais, que passaram a constituir importantes regras para o financiamento do ensino. Uma das principais alterações foi a criação do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valorização do Magistério – Fundef, destinado ao financiamento do ensino fundamental no Brasil. Apesar das reformas ocorridas, a situação do ensino fundamental no Brasil é ainda bastante precária. Esta não condiz com as necessidades de sua população, e nem com as possibilidades econômicas do Estado brasileiro. Do ponto de vista analítico, com base no referencial teórico da Nova Economia Institucional, a criação da vinculação de verbas para a política educacional é considerada a principal regra de financiamento do ensino fundamental e serviu à redução de vários custos de transação. Esses custos estão relacionados à descontinuidade de ações e ao comportamento oportunista dos atores envolvidos no cenário das políticas públicas. Dentre esses atores estão os representantes do poder público, executivo e legislativo, a burocracia estatal e a sociedade civil. Esta tese busca avaliar se o conjunto de estratégias de financiamento do ensino criado a partir das vinculações orçamentárias de receitas, em especial para o ensino fundamental, é condição suficiente para a obtenção de eficiência na condução das políticas de educação, ou se há outros elementos, ligados ou não a essa estratégia, que contribuem para a manutenção de ineficiências. O enfoque teórico utilizado na tese é o da Nova Economia Institucional, baseado, principalmente, nos trabalhos de North (1988 e 1990), Williamson (1985) e Miller (1992). Esse referencial teórico fundamenta-se no papel central das instituições na avaliação de problemas sócio-econômicos. Dessa maneira, a primeira parte da tese é dedicada à descrição dos elementos centrais dessa teoria, como, por exemplo, os conceitos de regras formais e informais, custos de transação e estruturas de governança. Com base nessa estruturação inicial é construído o modelo teórico utilizado na tese que pode ser entendido como uma adaptação da abordagem da Nova Economia Institucional para organizações do setor público. Esse modelo leva em consideração elementos e características importantes das instituições, atores e estruturas de governança, fundamentais na análise das organizações públicas. A partir desse modelo teórico é realizada uma análise pormenorizada do arranjo institucional desenvolvido para o financiamento do ensino fundamental nos municípios brasileiros, abrangendo o ambiente institucional, isto é, as regras do jogo, assim como o comportamento dos agentes frente a essas regras. Como forma de testar empiricamente os pressupostos teóricos utilizados na tese, é também realizado um estudo de caso para o Município de São Paulo. Esta tese busca contribuir com as discussões acerca das mudanças necessárias na construção das políticas de educação no Brasil, chamando atenção para a importância da adequação institucional entre as regras formais estabelecidas para as políticas e as características, valores e capacitação dos atores envolvidos na implantação dessas regras. A própria teoria institucional antecipa que a não consideração desses fatores implica a possibilidade de ocorrência de custos de transação associados aos custos de controle dos gestores públicos e ao comportamento oportunista dos agentes no cenário das políticas públicas. Com isso, mesmo existindo recursos vinculados não estará garantida uma condução eficiente das políticas públicas de ensino.

Plano municipal de saúde: Análise do instrumento de gestão

Among planning instruments used by manager instances of Brazilian Health System it pointed the Health Municipal Plan (PMS) that should be built collectively showing political intentions, directresses, priorities, objectives, goals framework, estimative of resources and need costs to get the goals of the health sector. The aim of this work was to analyze the plans in relation to attendance of legal requirements which manage the Brazilian Health System, its constitution and showing of essential items. The study included three municipalities form São Paulo State. It was used the documental analysis as research technique. Near all plans showed an analysis of situation with detailed descriptions of general situation of municipality, and only one of them realized critical analysis of their epidemiological data; the financial income applied on health was decrypted by only one municipality. About programming, all municipalities described the main problems and its solutions. Although they had goals framework, the question about cost estimative to get the goals was not approached. Any municipality showed an annual review, being one of them delayed over than two years. It was observed no participation of Municipal Health Council on elaboration and review of plans. It was concluded that there was a deficiency in the plans analyzed. It's necessary to execute continuing education with managers in relation to importance of systematic elaboration of plans and to incentive the promotion of active participation of Municipal Health Council promotion of aiming to became true the social control of health actions.

Coação administrativa: limites e responsabilidades

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

O plano de ações articuladas nos municípios paulistas prioritários: o exercício cooperativo em análise

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

A luta por direitos étnicos e coletivos frete à expansão do agronegócio: a experiência das comunidades tradicionais faxinalenses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Plano Munucipal de saúde: análise do instrumento de gestão

Among planning instruments used by manager instances of Brazilian Health System it pointed the Health Municipal Plan (PMS) that should be built collectively showing political intentions, directresses, priorities, objectives, goals framework, estimative of resources and need costs to get the goals of the health sector. The aim of this work was to analyze the plans in relation to attendance of legal requirements which manage the Brazilian Health System, its constitution and showing of essential items. The study included three municipalities form São Paulo State. It was used the documental analysis as research technique. Near all plans showed an analysis of situation with detailed descriptions of general situation of municipality, and only one of them realized critical analysis of their epidemiological data; the financial income applied on health was decrypted by only one municipality. About programming, all municipalities described the main problems and its solutions. Although they had goals framework, the question about cost estimative to get the goals was not approached. Any municipality showed an annual review, being one of them delayed over than two years. It was observed no participation of Municipal Health Council on elaboration and review of plans. It was concluded that there was a deficiency in the plans analyzed. It’s necessary to execute continuing education with managers in relation to importance of systematic elaboration of plans and to incentive the promotion of active participation of Municipal Health Council promotion of aiming to became true the social control of health actions.

Structural transformations related to organic solid-state reactions: correlation studies of NMR and X-ray analysis

Eine zielgerichtete Steuerung und Durchführung von organischen Festkörperreaktionen wird unter anderem durch genaue Kenntnis von Packungseffekten ermöglicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte durch den kombinierten Einsatz von Einkristallröntgenanalyse und hochauf-lösender Festkörper-NMR an ausgewählten Beispielen ein tieferes Verständnis und Einblicke in die Reaktionsmechanismen von organischen Festkörperreaktionen auf molekularer Ebene gewonnen werden. So konnten bei der topotaktischen [2+2] Photodimerisierung von Zimt-säure Intermediate isoliert und strukturell charakterisiert werden. Insbesondere anhand statischer Deuteronen- und 13C-CPMAS NMR Spektren konnten eindeutig dynamische Wasserstoffbrücken nachgewiesen werden, die transient die Zentrosymmetrie des Reaktions-produkts aufheben. Ein weiterer Nachweis gelang daraufhin mittels Hochtemperatur-Röntgen-untersuchung, sodass der scheinbare Widerspruch von NMR- und Röntgenuntersuchungen gelöst werden konnte. Eine Veresterung der Zimtsäure entfernt diese Wasserstoffbrücken und erhält somit die Zentrosymmetrie des Photodimers. Weiterhin werden Ansätze zur Strukturkontrolle in Festkörpern basierend auf der molekularen Erkennung des Hydroxyl-Pyridin (OH-N) Heterosynthon in Co-Kristallen beschrieben, wobei vor allem die Stabilität des Synthons in Gegenwart funktioneller Gruppen mit Möglichkeit zu kompetetiver Wasserstoffbrückenbildung festgestellt wurde. Durch Erweiterung dieses Ansatzes wurde die molekulare Spezifität des Hydroxyl-Pyridin (OH-N) Heterosynthons bei gleichzeitiger Co-Kristallisation mit mehreren Komponenten erfolgreich aufgezeigt. Am Beispiel der Co-Kristallisation von trans--1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylen (bpe) mit Resorcinol (res) in Gegenwart von trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethan (bpet) konnten Zwischenprodukte der Fest-körperreaktionen und neuartige Polymorphe isoliert werden, wobei eine lückenlose Aufklärung des Reaktionswegs mittels Röntgenanalyse gelang. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Templat Resorcinol aus den Zielverbindungen entfernbar ist. Ferner gelang die Durchführung einer seltenen, nicht-idealen Einkristall-Einkristall-Umlagerung von trans--1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylen (bpe) mit Resorcinol (res). In allen Fällen konnten die Fragen zur Struktur und Dynamik der untersuchten Verbindungen nur durch gemeinsame Nutzung von Röntgenanalyse und NMR-Spektroskopie bei vergleichbaren Temperaturen eindeutig und umfassend geklärt werden.

A Comparative Study of Central and Eastern European Social Policy Concernig Mental Disability

The main goal of this project was to identity whether an imported system of social policy can be suitable for a host country, and if not why not. Romanian social policy concerning the mentally disabled represents a paradoxical situation in that while social policy is designed to ensure both an institutional structure and a juridical environment, in practice it is far from successful. The central question which Ms. Ciumageanu asked therefore was whether this failure was due to systemic factors, or whether the problem lay in reworking an imported social policy system to meet local needs. She took a comparative approach, also considering both the Scandinavian model of social policy, particularly the Danish model which has been adopted in Romania, and the Hungarian system, which has inherited a similar universal welfare system and perpetuated it to some extent. In order to verify her hypothesis, she also studied the transformation of the welfare system in Great Britain, which meant a shift from state responsibility towards community care. In all these she concentrated on two major aspects: the structural design within the different countries and, at a micro level, the societal response. Following her analyses of the various in the other countries concerned, Ms. Ciumageanu concluded that the major differences lie first in the difference between the stages of policy design. Here Denmark is the most advanced and Romania the most backwards. Denmark has a fairly elaborate infrastructure, Britain a system with may gaps to bridge, and Hungary and Romania are struggling with severe difficulties owing both to the inherited structure and the limits imposed by an inadequate GDP. While in Denmark and Britain, mental patients are integrated into an elaborate system of care, designed and administered by the state (in Denmark) or communities (in Britain), in Hungary and Romania, the state designs and fails to implement the policy and community support is minimal, partly due to the lack of a fully developed civil society. At the micro level the differences are similar. While in Denmark and Britain there is a consensus about the roles of the state and of civil societies (although at different levels in the two countries, with the state being more supportive in Denmark), in Romania and to a considerable extent in Hungary, civil society tends to expect too much from the state, which in its turn is withdrawing faster from its social roles than from its economic ones, generating a gap between the welfare state and the market economy and disadvantaging the expected transition from a welfare state to a welfare society and, implicitly, the societal response towards those mentally disabled persons in it. On an intermediate level, the factors influencing social policy as a whole were much the same for Hungary and Romania. Economic factors include the accumulated economic resources of both state and citizens, and the inherited pattern of redistribution, as well as the infrastructure; institutional resources include the role of the state and the efficiency of the state bureaucracy, the strength and efficiency of the state apparatus, political stability and the complexity of political democratisation, the introduction of market institutions, the strength of civil society and civic sector institutions. From the standpoint of the societal response, some factors were common to all countries, particularly the historical context, the collective and institutional memories and established patterns of behaviour. In the specific case of Romania, general structural and environmental factors - industrialisation and forced urbanisation - have had a definite influence on family structure, values and behavioural patterns. The analysis of Romanian social policy revealed several causes for failure to date. The first was the instability of the policy and the failure to consider the structural network involved in developing it, rather than just the results obtained. The second was the failure to take into account the relationship between the individual and the group in all its aspects, followed by the lack of active assistance for prevention, re-socialisation or professional integration of persons with mental disabilities. Finally, the state fails to recognise its inability to support an expensive psychiatric enterprise and does not provide any incentive to the private sector. This creates tremendous social costs for both the state and the individual. NGOs working in the field in Romania have been somewhat more successful but are still limited by their lack of funding and personnel and the idea of a combined system is as yet utopian in the circumstances in the country.