62 resultados para oireet
Resumo:
Jokisokeus eli onkosersiaasi on ihmisen loismatotauti, jota aiheuttaa Onchocerca volvulus -rihmamato. Tautia esiintyy trooppisilla alueilla Afrikassa ja Latinalaisessa Amerikassa. Tartunnan saaneita on noin 37 miljoonaa. Jokisokeus ilmenee iho- ja silmäoireina. Oireet johtuvat loisen nuorimmista muodoista eli mikrofilarioista. Jokisokeutta vastaan on käyty jakamalla lähinnä mikrofilarioihin tehoavaa ivermektiiniä. Tarvetta olisi lääkkeelle, joka tappaisi aikuiset madot tai steriloisi naaraat. Rokote olisi vielä parempi vaihtoehto. Antibiootit on uusi hoitokeino, sillä O. volvuluksella on elintärkeänä symbionttina Wolbachia-bakteeri. Doksisykliini tappaa vähintään 60 prosenttia aikuisista madoista ja steriloi naaraita, mutta kuuri kestää viikkoja. Yksi lupaava yhdiste on emodepsidi, jolla on loismatolääkkeille uusi vaikutusmekanismi. Rihmamatolääkkeiksi on testattu lukuisia yhdisteitä. Jotkut niistä inhiboivat entsyymejä, joilla madot kiertävät ihmisen immuunipuolustusta. Toiset häiritsevät neljä kertaa tapahtuvaa nahanvaihtoa. Hyvä lääkkeiden vaikutuskohde on loiselle välttämätön mutta puuttuu nisäkkäiltä. Betuliini on triterpeeni, jota on runsaasti koivun tuohessa. Betuliini ja monet sen johdannaiset ovat farmakologisesti aktiivisia yhdisteitä, joita tutkitaan etenkin syöpä- ja HIV-lääkkeiksi. Helsingin yliopiston lääkekemian ryhmä on syntetisoinut ja tutkinut lukuisia johdoksia. Jotkin niistä ovat lupaavia esimerkiksi Leishmania-alkueläimiin, Chlamydia pneumoniae -bakteeriin ja alfaviruksiin. Siksi yhdisteitä kannattaisi tutkia muihinkin taudinaiheuttajiin, kuten rihmamatoihin. Sekä Wolbachialla että C. pneumoniaella on sama lipidisynteesireitti, joka on kummallekin elintärkeä. Betuliinista syntetisoitiin johdoksia, joissa betuliinin alkoholeja on hapetettu karbonyyleiksi ja joihin on liitetty typpiheterorengas. Sekä Leishmania donovani että L. braziliensis -tutkimuksissa tehokkain oli formyylibetuliinin heterosykli. Vaikka valmistettuja yhdisteitä ei ole tutkittu rihmamatotesteissä, jatkossa voisi syntetisoida johdannaisia, joissa karbonyylien tilalla on typpirakenteita, koska C. pneumoniaehen hyvin tehonneessa yhdisteessä betuliinin OH-ryhmien tilalla on oksiimi.
Resumo:
Goals. Specific language impairment (SLI) has a negative impact on child s speech and language development and interaction. Disorder may be associated with a wide range of comorbid problems. In clinical speech therapy it is important to see the child as a whole so that the rehabilitation can be targeted properly. The aim of this study was to describe the linguistic-cognitive and comorbid symptoms of children with SLI at the age of five, as well as to provide an overwiew of the developmental disorders in the families. The study is part of a larger research project, which will examine paths of development and quality of life of children with SLI as young adults. Methods. The data consisted of patient documents of 100 5-year old children, who were examined in Lastenlinna mainly at 1998. Majority of the subjects were boys, and children s primary diagnosis was either F80.1 or F80.2, which was most common, or both. The diagnosis and the information about the linguistic-cognitive status and comorbid symptoms were collected from reports of medical doctors and experts of other fields, as well as mentions related to familiality. Linguistic-cognitive symptoms were divided into subclasses of speech motor functions, prosessing of language, comprehension of language and use of language. Comorbid symptoms were divided into subclasses of interaction, activity and attention, emotional and behavior problems and neurologic problems. Statistical analyses were based mainly on Pearson s Chi Square test. Results and conclusions. Problems in language processing and speech motor functions were most common of the linguistic-cognitive symptoms. Most of the children had symptoms from two or three symptom classes, and it seemed that girls had more symptoms than boys. Usually children did not have any comorbid symptoms, or had them from one or three symptom classes. Of the comorbid symptoms the most prevalent ones were problems in activity and attention and neurological symptoms, which consisted mostly of motoric and visuomotoric symptoms. The most common of the comorbid diagnoses was F82, specific developmental disorder of motor function. According to literature children with SLI may have problems in mental health, but the results of this study did not confirm that. Children with diagnosis F80.2 had more linguistic-cognitive and comorbid symptoms than children with diagnosis F80.1. The cluster analyses based on all the symtoms revealed four subgroups of the subjects. Of the subjects 85 percent had a positive family history of developmental disorders, and the most prevalent problem in the families was delayed speech development. This study outlined the symptom profile of children with SLI and laid a foundation for the future longitudinal study. The results suggested that there are differences between linguistic-cognitive symptoms of boys and girls, which is important to notice especially when assessing and diagnosing children with SLI.