931 resultados para many-objective problems


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Elderly patients in palliative situations residing in a nursing home present characteristics and specificities that clearly distinguish them from patients with advanced cancer. Besides the difficulty to define a precise prognosis, their many comorbidities, their communication difficulties because of cognitive disorders, their high sensitivity to primary and secondary effects of drugs render their management a real challenge for physician and caregivers. Accompanying these patients at the end of their life also raises many ethical problems, especially when they are no longer able to express their wishes and have not previously expressed advance directives.

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The processing of national petroleums causes many operational problems due to the asphaltene aggregation phenomena. To evaluate the behavior of these phenomena, a study based on optical scan technique was carried out to understand the behavior of pure oils and their mixtures. The evaluation according to criteria established by ASTM D7061-06¹ gives a result of asphaltene flocculation of according to the separability number. In this study, the aspects related to the existence of colloidal forms of peptized asphaltenes in distinct solvents present in petroleums can cause changes in the kinetics of asphaltene flocculation.

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Pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisia vaikutuksia vaihtoehtoisella yksityisen kopioinnin hyvitysmaksujärjestelmällä voisi olla Suomessa. Hyvitysmaksulla tarkoitetaan korvausta, joka maksetaan oikeudesta tehdä teoskappaleesta kopioita yksityiseen käyttöön. Maksu on Suomessa sisällytetty vuodesta 1984 alkaen kopiointilaitteiden hintoihin ja näin vyörytetty valmistajilta ja maahantuojilta kuluttajien maksettavakasi. Maksun alaisia laitteita ovat esimerkiksi C- kasetit, CD- levyt, digiboxit ja ulkoiset kovalevyt. Tutkielmassa kuvataan hyvitysmaksujärjestelmän historiallista kehitystä nykyiseen muotoonsa, sen toimivuutta eri intressiryhmien näkökulmasta sekä arvioidaan varteenotettavia vaihtoehtoja nykyiselle järjestelmälle. Aina uusiutuvan haasteen hyvitysjärjestelmän kehittämisessä muodostaa teknologian jatkuva muuntuminen ja uusien kopiointitekniikoiden yleistyminen. Siihen tekijänoikeuksia koskevat säädökset ovat vastanneet puutteellisesti tai jälkikäteen. Tutkimuskysymyksiä tarkastellaan virallistenlähteiden, kirjallisuuden ja asiasta julkaistujen, eri intressitahojen kannanottojen perusteella. Tutkimuksen toteutus on sekoitus kvalitatiivista, historiallista ja lainopillista tarkastelua sekä oikeustaloustiedettä. Tutkimuksesta selvisi, että hyvitysmaksujärjestelmä ei tällä hetkellä suoriudu sille asetetuista tehtävistä tyydyttävästi, ja vaihtoehtoisen järjestelmän etsiminen on ajankohtaista. Varteenotettavaksi vaihtoehdoksi yksityiseen käyttöön tapahtuvan kopioinnin korvaamiseksi tekijöille ja tuottajille on tässä tutkielmassa arvioitu korvauksen toteuttaminen viestintärahaston kautta. Tämä ratkaisisi monet nykyiset ongelmat, ja näyttäisi tutkimuksen pohjalta arvioituna olevan paras vaihtoehto. Tähän siirtyminen vaatii kuitenkin ratkaisua kohtuullisen hyvityksen määrittämisen ongelmaan.

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Cyber security is one of the main topics that are discussed around the world today. The threat is real, and it is unlikely to diminish. People, business, governments, and even armed forces are networked in a way or another. Thus, the cyber threat is also facing military networking. On the other hand, the concept of Network Centric Warfare sets high requirements for military tactical data communications and security. A challenging networking environment and cyber threats force us to consider new approaches to build security on the military communication systems. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a cyber security architecture for military networks, and to evaluate the designed architecture. The architecture is described as a technical functionality. As a new approach, the thesis introduces Cognitive Networks (CN) which are a theoretical concept to build more intelligent, dynamic and even secure communication networks. The cognitive networks are capable of observe the networking environment, make decisions for optimal performance and adapt its system parameter according to the decisions. As a result, the thesis presents a five-layer cyber security architecture that consists of security elements controlled by a cognitive process. The proposed architecture includes the infrastructure, services and application layers that are managed and controlled by the cognitive and management layers. The architecture defines the tasks of the security elements at a functional level without introducing any new protocols or algorithms. For evaluating two separated method were used. The first method is based on the SABSA framework that uses a layered approach to analyze overall security of an organization. The second method was a scenario based method in which a risk severity level is calculated. The evaluation results show that the proposed architecture fulfills the security requirements at least at a high level. However, the evaluation of the proposed architecture proved to be very challenging. Thus, the evaluation results must be considered very critically. The thesis proves the cognitive networks are a promising approach, and they provide lots of benefits when designing a cyber security architecture for the tactical military networks. However, many implementation problems exist, and several details must be considered and studied during the future work.

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Mood disorders cause many social problems, often involving family relationships. Few studies are available in the literature comparing patients with bipolar, unipolar, dysthymic, and double depressive disorders concerning these aspects. In the present study, demographic and disease data were collected using a specifically prepared questionnaire. Social adjustment was assessed using the Disability Adjustment Scale and family relationships were evaluated using the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning Scale. One hundred patients under treatment for at least 6 months were evaluated at the Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP. Most patients were women (82%) more than 50 (49%) years old with at least two years of follow-up, with little schooling (62% had less than 4 years), and of low socioeconomic level. Logistic regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of unipolar disorder (P = 0.003, OR = 0.075, CI = 0.014-0.403) and dysthymia (P = 0.001, OR = 0.040, CI = 0.006-0.275) as well as family relationships (P = 0.002, OR = 0.953, CI = 0914-0.992) played a significant role in social adjustment. Unipolar and dysthymic patients presented better social adjustment than bipolar and double depressive patients (P < 0.001), results that were not due to social class. These patients, treated at a teaching hospital, may represent the severest mood disorder cases. Evaluations were made knowing the diagnosis of the patients, which might also have influenced some of the results. Social disabilities among mood disorder patients are very frequent and intensive.

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Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has been steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is associated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females, adiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a protective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone strength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare bone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and adolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included normal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n = 13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition was assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was measured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No differences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D intake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300 mg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls (14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated significantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day (MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW, i respectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity groups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight groups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared with the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated with tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into groups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53). MVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion, in contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight and obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed with QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least partially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls and adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with high body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further research is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

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La théorie de l'information quantique étudie les limites fondamentales qu'imposent les lois de la physique sur les tâches de traitement de données comme la compression et la transmission de données sur un canal bruité. Cette thèse présente des techniques générales permettant de résoudre plusieurs problèmes fondamentaux de la théorie de l'information quantique dans un seul et même cadre. Le théorème central de cette thèse énonce l'existence d'un protocole permettant de transmettre des données quantiques que le receveur connaît déjà partiellement à l'aide d'une seule utilisation d'un canal quantique bruité. Ce théorème a de plus comme corollaires immédiats plusieurs théorèmes centraux de la théorie de l'information quantique. Les chapitres suivants utilisent ce théorème pour prouver l'existence de nouveaux protocoles pour deux autres types de canaux quantiques, soit les canaux de diffusion quantiques et les canaux quantiques avec information supplémentaire fournie au transmetteur. Ces protocoles traitent aussi de la transmission de données quantiques partiellement connues du receveur à l'aide d'une seule utilisation du canal, et ont comme corollaires des versions asymptotiques avec et sans intrication auxiliaire. Les versions asymptotiques avec intrication auxiliaire peuvent, dans les deux cas, être considérées comme des versions quantiques des meilleurs théorèmes de codage connus pour les versions classiques de ces problèmes. Le dernier chapitre traite d'un phénomène purement quantique appelé verrouillage: il est possible d'encoder un message classique dans un état quantique de sorte qu'en lui enlevant un sous-système de taille logarithmique par rapport à sa taille totale, on puisse s'assurer qu'aucune mesure ne puisse avoir de corrélation significative avec le message. Le message se trouve donc «verrouillé» par une clé de taille logarithmique. Cette thèse présente le premier protocole de verrouillage dont le critère de succès est que la distance trace entre la distribution jointe du message et du résultat de la mesure et le produit de leur marginales soit suffisamment petite.

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Le Sénégal est confronté à plusieurs enjeux environnementaux accentués par l’exode rural, la croissance démographique et l’urbanisation galopante. Dans la capitale de Dakar, les populations sont exposées à des risques industriels, sanitaires et environnementaux importants. Face aux conséquences néfastes des phénomènes de la dégradation de l’environnement en milieu urbain, il convient de chercher à mieux comprendre ce que l’environnement représente pour les populations notamment chez la jeune génération qui aura à vivre avec les conséquences liées à la détérioration de l'environnement léguée par les générations précédentes. S’appuyant sur la théorie des représentations sociales, cette recherche a comme objectifs 1) d’explorer les représentations sociales de l’environnement chez les jeunes sénégalais âgés de 9 à 16 ans en milieu scolaire situé en milieu urbain, et ce, dans différentes écoles de la ville de Dakar ; 2) d’étudier les connaissances, les sensibilités et les comportements des jeunes en matière écologique et environnementale; 3) finalement de déterminer les principaux agents responsables de la socialisation des jeunes dakarois en matière d’environnement. Le tout analysé en fonction de trois variables soit l’âge, le genre et le type d’école. La méthodologie de notre recherche est essentiellement qualitative de type exploratoire et elle s’appui principalement sur des questionnaires et des dessins. Les résultats montrent qu’en ce qui concerne les représentations sociales de l’environnement des jeunes dakarois, à travers l’analyse du discours, que l’environnement est représenté par les catégories typologiques dites « négative » « utilitariste » et « milieu de vie ». Ces représentations sociales varient à divers degrés en fonction du groupe d’âge, du genre et du type d’école. Les jeunes sont également nombreux à utiliser un vocabulaire associé aux notions liées à l’environnement naturel. De son côté, l’analyse picturale, qui concorde avec l’analyse lexicale, montre que les catégories typologiques de l’environnement sont liées au « milieu de vie », à l’« environnement ressource » et à l’« environnement nature » et ce, peu importe l’âge, le type d’école et le genre.

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Les adolescents qui décrochent de l’école secondaire arrivent difficilement à s’intégrer dans une économie axée sur le savoir et éprouvent plusieurs problèmes d’ajustement à l’adolescence et à l’âge adulte. Pour prévenir le décrochage scolaire, une étape cruciale consiste à dépister efficacement les élèves les plus à risque. Deux formes de dépistage axées sur des données peuvent être utilisées en milieu scolaire: une forme utilisant des informations auto-rapportées par les élèves à partir de questionnaires, et une autre fondée sur des informations administratives consignées au dossier des élèves. Toutefois, à notre connaissance, l’efficacité de ces différentes modalités n’a jamais été comparée directement. De plus, il est possible que l’efficacité relative de ces outils de dépistage soit différente selon le sexe de l’élève. Cette étude vise à comparer différents outils de dépistage pour prédire le décrochage scolaire, en tenant compte de l’effet modérateur du sexe. Les outils utilisés seront a) un questionnaire auto-rapporté validé (Archambault et Janosz, 2009) et b) un outil conçu à l’aide de données administratives, créé par une commission scolaire du Québec. La comparaison de ces outils est effectuée en termes de qualités psychométriques et d’aspect pratique pour le milieu scolaire. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 1557 élèves (50% de garçons), âgé entre 14 et 18 ans est utilisé. Les résultats indiquent que l’indice administratif possède une capacité discriminante adéquate, mais inférieure à celle de l’indice auto-rapportée, jugée excellente. L’effet modérateur du sexe n’a pas été confirmé. Les avantages et inconvénients respectifs de ces deux modes de dépistage sont discutés.

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A fully relativistic four-component Dirac-Fock-Slater program for diatomics, with numerically given AO's as basis functions is presented. We discuss the problem of the errors due to the finite basis-set, and due to the influence of the negative energy solutions of the Dirac Hamiltonian. The negative continuum contributions are found to be very small.

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There are many learning problems for which the examples given by the teacher are ambiguously labeled. In this thesis, we will examine one framework of learning from ambiguous examples known as Multiple-Instance learning. Each example is a bag, consisting of any number of instances. A bag is labeled negative if all instances in it are negative. A bag is labeled positive if at least one instance in it is positive. Because the instances themselves are not labeled, each positive bag is an ambiguous example. We would like to learn a concept which will correctly classify unseen bags. We have developed a measure called Diverse Density and algorithms for learning from multiple-instance examples. We have applied these techniques to problems in drug design, stock prediction, and image database retrieval. These serve as examples of how to translate the ambiguity in the application domain into bags, as well as successful examples of applying Diverse Density techniques.

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La hemoglobina es una proteína sanguínea que puede transportar oxígeno, un gas insoluble en medio acuoso, llevándolo a las diferentes partes del organismo en donde es requerido para su buen funcionamiento, así como productos metabólicos como el CO2 y el hidrógeno, para su excreción. Estos procesos se ven condicionados por factores como el pH, la concentración de BPG, las presiones parciales de O2 y CO2, la cooperatividad de la unión entre la hemoglobina y esos compuestos y los cambios conformacionales que la hemoglobina debe sufrir para captar y soltar eficientemente estas moléculas en el sitio del organismo donde son requeridos. Cambios abruptos en la presión atmosférica ligados a la altura, y la exposición a altas concentraciones de otros gases afines a la hemoglobina como el monóxido de carbono, presente en vehículos o recintos cerrados, pueden comprometer el funcionamiento normal del organismo precisamente porque causan efectos sobre esa función transportadora de la hemoglobina. En este escrito, se explicarán fenómenos de la vida diaria relacionados con el transporte de gases por la hemoglobina, como una demostración de que los conocimientos bioquímicos comienzan a ser útiles desde ahora para entender situaciones cotidianas y a dejarnos la expectativa de su valor para entender muchos de los problemas de salud que tendremos en nuestras manos.

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Les restriccions reals quantificades (QRC) formen un formalisme matemàtic utilitzat per modelar un gran nombre de problemes físics dins els quals intervenen sistemes d'equacions no-lineals sobre variables reals, algunes de les quals podent ésser quantificades. Els QRCs apareixen en nombrosos contextos, com l'Enginyeria de Control o la Biologia. La resolució de QRCs és un domini de recerca molt actiu dins el qual es proposen dos enfocaments diferents: l'eliminació simbòlica de quantificadors i els mètodes aproximatius. Tot i això, la resolució de problemes de grans dimensions i del cas general, resten encara problemes oberts. Aquesta tesi proposa una nova metodologia aproximativa basada en l'Anàlisi Intervalar Modal, una teoria matemàtica que permet resoldre problemes en els quals intervenen quantificadors lògics sobre variables reals. Finalment, dues aplicacions a l'Enginyeria de Control són presentades. La primera fa referència al problema de detecció de fallades i la segona consisteix en un controlador per a un vaixell a vela.

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Este trabalho teve por base a promoção da saúde em escolares dos 15 aos 19 anos e estudar as possíveis estratégias a aplicar para se atingir este fim. Dentro deste tema analisaram-se os níveis de alcoolismo, tabagismo e drogas tanto a nível nacional como internacional com o fim de perceber a dimensão destes riscos assim como elaborar possíveis programas para diminuir os consumos destas substâncias. Os principais problemas na adolescência são as dependências tais como o alcoolismo, tabagismo e drogas que levam muitas vezes também a acidentes rodoviários. Existem também muitos problemas de saúde associados à imagem física tais como a obesidade, a anorexia e a acne. Além destes problemas, há também alguma falta de educação sexual de maneira a prevenir as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e as gravidezes indesejáveis, assim como, mais recentemente, o bulling e cyberbulling. Dentro destes possíveis problemas que podem ocorrer na adolescência, aprofundou-se neste trabalho as dependências do álcool, tabaco e drogas por parte dos adolescentes dos 15 aos 19 anos. Dentro deste tema analisaram-se as razões do aparecimento destes problemas nos adolescentes, porque começam o consumo destas substâncias, quais as suas motivações e quais as estratégias a adotar para prevenir este tipo de consumos e posteriores consequências físicas e mentais no futuro.

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Objectives: To assess the potential source of variation that surgeon may add to patient outcome in a clinical trial of surgical procedures. Methods: Two large (n = 1380) parallel multicentre randomized surgical trials were undertaken to compare laparoscopically assisted hysterectomy with conventional methods of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy; involving 43 surgeons. The primary end point of the trial was the occurrence of at least one major complication. Patients were nested within surgeons giving the data set a hierarchical structure. A total of 10% of patients had at least one major complication, that is, a sparse binary outcome variable. A linear mixed logistic regression model (with logit link function) was used to model the probability of a major complication, with surgeon fitted as a random effect. Models were fitted using the method of maximum likelihood in SAS((R)). Results: There were many convergence problems. These were resolved using a variety of approaches including; treating all effects as fixed for the initial model building; modelling the variance of a parameter on a logarithmic scale and centring of continuous covariates. The initial model building process indicated no significant 'type of operation' across surgeon interaction effect in either trial, the 'type of operation' term was highly significant in the abdominal trial, and the 'surgeon' term was not significant in either trial. Conclusions: The analysis did not find a surgeon effect but it is difficult to conclude that there was not a difference between surgeons. The statistical test may have lacked sufficient power, the variance estimates were small with large standard errors, indicating that the precision of the variance estimates may be questionable.