Properties of high k gate dielectric gadolinium oxide deposited on Si(100) by dual ion beam deposition (DIBD)

Gadolinium oxide thin films have been prepared on silicon (100) substrates with a low-energy dual ion-beam epitaxial technique. Substrate temperature was an important factor to affect the crystal structures and textures in an ion energy range of 100-500 eV. The films had a monoclinic Gd2O3 structure with preferred orientation ((4) over bar 02) at low substrate temperatures. When the substrate temperature was increased, the orientation turned to (202), and finally, the cubic structure appeared at the substrate temperature of 700 degreesC, which disagreed with the previous report because of the ion energy. The AES studies found that Gadolinium oxide shared Gd2O3 structures, although there were a lot of oxygen deficiencies in the films, and the XPS results confirmed this. AFM was also used to investigate the surface images of the samples. Finally, the electrical properties were presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Properties of high k gate dielectric gadolinium oxide deposited on Si(100) by dual ion beam deposition (DIBD)

Gadolinium oxide thin films have been prepared on silicon (100) substrates with a low-energy dual ion-beam epitaxial technique. Substrate temperature was an important factor to affect the crystal structures and textures in an ion energy range of 100-500 eV. The films had a monoclinic Gd2O3 structure with preferred orientation ((4) over bar 02) at low substrate temperatures. When the substrate temperature was increased, the orientation turned to (202), and finally, the cubic structure appeared at the substrate temperature of 700 degreesC, which disagreed with the previous report because of the ion energy. The AES studies found that Gadolinium oxide shared Gd2O3 structures, although there were a lot of oxygen deficiencies in the films, and the XPS results confirmed this. AFM was also used to investigate the surface images of the samples. Finally, the electrical properties were presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Progresses of heavy-ion cancer therapy

The status of heavy-ion cancer therapy has been reviewed. The existing and constructing heavy-ion beam facilities for cancer therapy in the world are introduced. The first clinical trials of superficially placed tumor therapy at heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) are presented.

Study on the apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bax expression of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells after exposure to heavy-ion and X-ray irradiations

This study is aimed at observing the apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bax gene expression of mammalian cells following heavy-ion and X-ray irradiations. Exponentially growing human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells cultured in vitro were irradiated with a C-12 ion beam of 50 MeV/u (corresponding to a LET value of 44.56 keV/mu m) from Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) at doses varying from 0 to 3 Gy. The X-ray irradiation (8 MV) was performed in the therapy unit of the General Hospital of the Lanzhou Military Area. Survival fractions of irradiated cells at various doses were measured by means of MTT assay. Apoptotic cells after irradiation were analyzed with fluorescence microscope and flow cytometer (FCM). Immuno-histological assay were applied to detect the expression of Bcl-2/Bax genes in the irradiated cells. The survival fraction of SMMC-7721 cells decreased gradually (vs. control p<0.05) with increasing the dose of the carbon ion beam more obviously than X-ray irradiation, and the carbon ion irradiation efficiently induced cell apoptosis and significantly promoted the expression of Bax gene while Bcl-2 gene expression was restrained. High-LET heavy ion beam would induce cell apoptosis effectively than low-LET X-ray, and the apoptosis rate is correlated with the transcription of Bcl-2/Bax and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells after irradiation to heavy ion beam.

Isospin effect in the nuclear reaction induced by neutron-halo nuclei

We study the average property of the isospin effect of reaction induced by halo-neutron nuclei He-8 and He-10 in the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model (IQMD). This study is based on the extended neutron density distribution for the halo-neutron nuclei, which includes the average property of the isospin effect-of reaction mechanism and loose inner structure. The extended neutron density distribution brings an important isospin. effect into the average property of reaction mechanism because the interaction potential and nucleon-nucleon(N-N) cross section in IQMD model depend sensitively on the density distribution of colliding system. In order to see clearly the average properties of reaction mechanism induced by halo-neutron nuclei we also compare the results for the neutron-halo colliding systems with those for the corresponding stable colliding systems under the same incident channel condition. We found that the extended density distribution for the neutron-halo projectile brings an important isospin effect to the reaction mechanism, which leads to the decrease of nuclear stopping R, yet induces obvious increase of the neutron-proton ratio of nucleon emissions and isospin fractionation ratio for all beam energies studied in this work, compared to the corresponding stable colliding system. In this case, nuclear stopping, the neutron-proton ratio of nucleon emissions and isospin fractionation ratio induced by halo-neutron nuclei can be used as possible probes for studying the average property of the isospin effect of reaction mechanism and extracting the information of symmetry potential and in-medium N-N cross section by the neutron-halo nuclei in heavy ion collisions.

Probing the symmetrical potential in nuclear reaction iinduced by neutron-halo nuclei

In terms of the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model (IQMD), important isospin effect in the halo-neutron nucleus induced reaction mechanism is. investigated, and consequently, the symmetrical potential form is extracted in the intermediate energy heavy ion collision. Because the interactive potential and in-medium nucleon-nucleon (N-N) cross section in the IQMD model sensitively depend on the density distribution of the colliding system, this type of study is much more based on the extended density distribution with a looser inner nuclear structure of the halo-neutron nucleus. Such a density distribution includes averaged characteristics of the isospin effect of the reaction mechanism and the looser inner nuclear structure. In order to understand clearly the isospin effect of the halo-neutron nucleus induced reaction mechanism, the effects caused by the neutron-halo nucleus and by the stable nucleus with the same mass are compared under the same condition of the incident channel. It is found that in the concerned beam energy region, the ratio of the emitted neutrons and protons and the ratio of the isospin fractionations in the neutron-halo nucleus case are considerably larger than those in the stable nucleus case. Therefore, the information of the symmetry potential in the heavy ion collision can be extracted through such a procedure.

Isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction in isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics

An isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamical model (IQMD) is developed, with the isospin degree of freedom in the momentum-dependent interaction(MDI) included in IQMD, to obtain an isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction (IMDI) in IQMD. We investigate the effect of IMDI on the isospin fractionation ratio and its dynamical mechanism in the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. It is found that the IMDI induces the significant reductions in the isospin fractionation ratio for all of beam energies, impact parameters, neutron-proton ratios and mass number of colliding systems. However, the strong dependence of isospin fractionation ratio on the symmetrical potential is preserved, with the isospin degree of freedom included in the MDI, i.e. the isospin fractionation ratio is still a good probe for extracting the information about the equation of state of isospin asymmetrical nuclear matter.

Mask assisted fabrication of nanoislands of BiFeO3 by ion beam milling

We report on a low-damage method for direct and rapid fabrication of arrays of epitaxial BiFeO3(BFO) nanoislands. An array of aluminium dots is evaporated through a stencil mask on top of an epitaxial BiFeO3 thin film. Low energy focused ion beam milling of an area several microns wide containing the array-covered film leads to removal of the bismuth ferrite in between the aluminium-masked dots. By chemical etching of the remaining aluminium, nanoscale epitaxial bismuth ferrite islands with diameter ∼250 nm were obtained. Piezoresponse force microscopy showed that as-fabricated structures exhibited good piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, with polarization state retention of several days.

中能中离子碰撞中的同位素标度

本论文利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学（IQMD）模型,系统的研究了平均场中的对称势和动量相关作用以及两体碰撞对同位素标度的影响，发现动量相关作用和两体碰撞的同位旋相关性都对同位素标度参量α有明显的影响，具体说就是它们都减小了标度参量α的值。故α可以作为提取重离子碰撞过程中动量相关作用和核子－核子碰撞截面信息的物理观测量。论文利用同位素标度规律对核反应过程的平衡问题进行了研究，同时我们也利用同位素标度规律对IQMD模型中的时间信息进行了研究，提出了“碎裂时刻”的概念

中能核反应中的统计发射过程及核温度参量

在过去的几年里，利用兰州重离子加速器（HIRFL）提供的束流，以及在OUVERTURE合作研究中，利用意大利国家核物理研究院南方实验室（INFN-LNS）超导回旋提供的束流，进行了多次中能区重离子核反应实验研究工作。如，最初的46.7MeV/u ~(12)C+~(58)Ni，~(115)In，~(197)Au的实验及30MeV/u ~(40)Ar+~(58)Ni，~(64)Ni~(115)In和30MeV/u Ni轰击Ni，Au，Al在MULTICS+MEDEA：4π装置上进行的实验工作。此外，本人还从事过一些理论研究工作，包括多粒子散射形式理论和相关数学物理问题研究，量子分子动力学和量子统计模型计算。本文是从事这些核物理研究工作的积累，主要侧重于实验结果的物理内容分析，而不强调实验技术，数据处理的技巧。主要的物理内容有以下几个方面：1.对于利用双同位素产额比提取同位素核温度的方法进行研究推广，使得对于实验中碰到的仅有部分能谱可以实现很好同位素分辩的情况，即使不能得到总的同位素产额，仅仅通过一段能区的同位素产额也可提取核温度。用于具体的实验研究工作中后，对于46.7MeV/u ~(12)C+~(58)Ni，~(115)In，~(197)Au核反应过程，同一体系利用这种方法得到的同位素核温度和利用粒子非稳态布居提取的核温度一致。2.围绕核反应过程中核温度的参量的提取，对于双同位素产额比与核温度的刻度关系进行了分析研究，通过计算考虑中等质量碎片（IMF）内部激发能后的内部配分函数表明，中等质量碎片的内部激发对刻度关系有重要影响。零阶近似下区域密度近似的结果和Gemini模拟计算的结果反映了相同的情况。3.研究核反应机制，多个粒子散射的形式理论的必需的，对于两体散射，其形式理论已经比较成熟，但是对于多个粒子散射问题出现的严重的困难是多体Lippmann-Schwinger方程无唯一收敛的解。作为一种探索性的研究工作，开展了多体散射理论研究工作，发展了一些具有普遍意义的数学物理方法。在本项研究工作中，通过能基础数学中的约当引理的推广，发现一个特例：对非连接图，Lippmann-Schwingwer方程存在收敛的解，因此多体散射形式理论，有可能重新建立。由于核力和多体问题是当今核物理研究的两大难点，世界各国的科学家都在努力以图攻克它们，而且多体问题还是物理学的其它许多领域的难题，因而多体散射还是引起诸多研究学科广泛兴趣的课题。通过发展一些新的数学理论和方法，我们已得到一些有意义的结果。4.将量子分子动力学这种中高能量区域所用的理论分析方法扩展至较低能区，通过对相空间中初始位置和动量抽样增加限制条件。如结合能和实验值要求一致，平均核势，核内Pauli阻塞更强一些，在演化中能量和动量守恒等等。得到一个很稳定的初始基态。均方半径保持不弥散的时间可达1600fm/c，用于研究10.6MeV/u Ne~(20)+Al~(27)的实验分析过程中。另外，量子统计模型（QSM）主要描述中心核-核碰撞，将它和碎裂模型结合，作一些改进后，可以对核-核碰撞进行统一描述。5.在中能核反应研究中发现，核反应过程中有大量的中子，轻带电粒子以及中等质量碎片发射出来，可以将这些粒子发射机制大致分为两大类。其中一类可以归结为动力学发射过程的产物。另一类则可以归于统计发射的产物。在低能核反应中，其发射能谱的斜率的负倒数，可作为复合核的核温度。而在中能重离子核反应中，其发射能谱变得很复杂，不再具有Maxwell分布。通常的三源拟合所给出的温度参数，已不能反映物理实质。提出多阶矩分析方法用于分析中能核反应中统计发射规律及受动力学过程的影响。

中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应和热核巨共振中的有限力程研究

本论文包括两部分内容，第一部分是关于中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应研究。第二部分是热原子核巨共振中有限力程研究。随着放射性次级核束的产生和利用，使得中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应研究成为核物理学的重要前沿课题。通过从稳定线到滴线附近大跨度同位旋范围内的重离子反应，使得人们可以提取核物质状态方程和介质中核子－核子碰撞同位旋旋相关截面的知识。我们将量子分子动力学(QMD)改造成为同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)，对中能重离子碰撞中同位旋效应进行了深入而系统地研究。在研究丰中子和缺中子系统的多重碎裂过程中，发现了多重碎裂过程的同位旋效应，例如缺中子系统的中等质量碎片多重性大于丰中子系统。这对于了解多重碎裂的机理有重要意义。在研究对同位旋相关的核物质状态方程(对称势)和介质中核子－核子碰撞截面灵敏的观测量过程中，发现前平衡发射中子－质子比在较宽能区内(E<150MeV／u)对同位旋相关的核物质状态方程灵敏，但对介质中同位旋相关的核子-核子碰撞截面不灵敏；而原子核阻止在中能区(费米能

中能重离子在生物组织中产生的核碎片

在利用重离子束治疗肿瘤和辐射生物学效应研究中，重离子束产生的核碎片会引起辐射场的改变。一方面主束的粒子数减少，另一方面产生了低Z的弹核碎片。这直接影响了主束的剂量-深度分布，这些低Z的碎片在主束Bragg峰外会产生附加的剂量，进一步影响生物学效应，而这种影响随离子射程的增加而增加。发展精确计算剂量的物理模型就必须有重离子束在等效生物组织中产生碎片的实验数据。有关碎片研究的实验，已广泛进行了许多年，近年来随着人类对加速器物理技术应用到放射治疗和人类对空间探索防护的需要，研究重离子束与生物相互作用以及弹核碎片的影响，已成为各国核应用科学家研究的热点问题，然而，有关中能重离子在等效生物组织中的实验数据并不多。基于此，本论文对这一问题，利用HIRFL产生的55MeV/u ~(40)Ar在 1.5mm有机玻璃(生物组织等效材料)中产生的碎片，对不同角度分布情况进行了研究，结果表明，重离子在生物组织等效材料中产生的核碎片，主要集中在向前的很小角度范围，碎片随角度的增加，原子序数接近主束的碎片产额急剧减少，而质子的角分布最广，在同一角度内的产额比其它碎片高：主束的展宽较小。将主束的剂量贡献与各角度的碎片剂量贡献总和比较，主束的剂量远大于各角度的碎片剂量贡献总和，这说明碎片的展宽效应就剂量方面考虑影响很小，但它对生物效应的影响还需要研究。本文还利用RIBLL80MeV/u ~(20)Ne离子产生的低强度62.8 MeV/u ~(12)C离，对不同厚度有机玻璃产生的核碎片进行了研究。结果表明，主束产额随厚度的增加呈现指数衰减；而碎片产额随厚度的增加而增加，且在某一厚度产额逐渐饱和。重离子在生物体内产生的核碎片不利于重离子治疗，为此本文在理论上全面考虑了碎片对剂量的贡献后，提出了剂量-深度曲线计算方法，其计算结果与实验数据符合相当好。但对其广泛应用还需更多的实验数据验证。通过对中能重离子在生物等效组织中碎片的研究，提出了在放射治疗中应尽量采用轻的离子束以减少碎片对治疗的影响；而在象育种那样的诱变工作中，考虑到提高诱变效率，应尽量采用重的离子束。论文还对剂量测量中复合效应的影响进行了研究，并提出了修正F的计算公式。对剂量监测系统性能的研究表明，在治疗中，当达到治疗剂量后，治疗系统切断束流的反应速度对治疗效果有不可忽视的影响，为此在应用重离子束治疗的控制中必须引起注意。还研究了实验中产生的中子角分布及其防护。产尘的中子剂量与重离子束剂量的比较表明，中子剂量的贡献在应用重离子束治疗中是可忽略的。总之，论文通过碎片效应的实验和理论研究积累了一些有价值的资料，它们对重离子辐射育种、重离子放射治疗和放射治疗中中子防护是有用的。

低能重离子束对生物分子的辐照效应研究

该文采用L(+)-半胱氨酸及其衍生物和原卟啉Ⅸ二钠盐等生物分子中所没有的铁元素的重离子注入和多种现代仪器分析技术,研究了低能重离子束对生物分子的辐射照应.总之,荷能铁离子束辐照生物分子不但可引起分子的结构损伤,产生新的分子产物,也可沉积在新的改性分子产物之中,直接证实了注入重离子的质量沉积效应,对重离子束生物学的发展提供了重要的理论支持.该文的研究结果还预示着重离子束必将在生物和药物分子改性等研究领域具有重要的实际应用价值.