Sustainable productivity improvements in allium and solanaceous vegetable crops in Indonesia and sub-tropical Australia

The most important vegetable crops grown in Indonesia, and particularly lowland coastal production, are the true shallot and chilli. These crops are usually grown in rotation with rice but are far more valuable crops and are increasingly in high demand. They offer an opportunity for small farmers to generate extra income, increase farm profitability and shift away from subsistence production. However, the yield and profitability of shallot and chilli production is severely limited by a range of agronomic constraints. This project aims towards raising the productivity of allium (shallot and garlic) and chilli/capsicum cropping systems. The methodology will include a benchmarking survey and review of grower practices. This will be supplemented with physical surveys of crops for disease incidence and efficiency of fertiliser use. Once surveys are completed in Indonesia and the important pathogens identified, recommendations can be made for disease management. This will include review of chemical usage in Indonesia and Australia to provide best management guidelines for the application of insecticides, fungicides and other chemicals.

Controlling plant and fruit diseases in strawberry fields

Grey mould, powdery mildew and stem-end rot are major diseases affecting the strawberry industry. Some of the chemicals used are ineffective under wet weather, have limits to the number of applications allowed in a season or may become ineffective in the long-term because of the development of resistance in the fungi. We will assess the effectiveness of the chemicals currently used by the strawberry industry and whether the fruit rot fungi are resistant to these fungicides. We will screen other chemicals that are used to control these diseases in related crops. We will also evaluate new chemicals in collaboration with the crop protectant industry. We will also undertake similar work to control nematodes in strawberry fields.

Population structure of Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch of barley

Spring barley is the most important crop in Finland based on cultivated land area. Net blotch, a disease caused by Pyrenophora teres Drech., is the most damaging disease of barley in Finland. The pressure to improve the economics and efficiency of agriculture has increased the need for more efficient plant protection methods. Development of durable host-plant resistance to net blotch is a promising possibility. However, deployment of disease resistant crops could initiate selection pressure on the pathogen (P. teres) population. The aim of this study was to understand the population biology of P. teres and to estimate the evolutionary potential of P. teres under selective pressure following deployment of resistance genes and application of fungicides. The study included mainly Finnish P. teres isolates. Population samples from Russia and Australia were also included. Using AFLP markers substantial genotypic variation in P. teres populations was identified. Differences among isolates were least within Finnish fields and significantly higher in Krasnodar, Russia. Genetic differentiation was identified among populations from northern Europe and from Australia, and between the two forms P. teres f. teres (PTT, net form of net blotch) and P. teres f. maculata (PTM, spot form of net blotch) in Australia. Differentiation among populations was also identified based on virulence between Finnish and Russian populations, and based on prochloraz (fungicide) tolerance in the Häme region in Finland. Surprisingly only PTT was recovered from Finland and Russia although both forms were earlier equally common in Finland. The reason for the shift in occurrence of forms in Finland remained uncertain. Both forms were found within several fields in Australia. Sexual reproduction of P. teres was supported by recover of both mating types in equal ratio in those areas although the prevalence of sexual mating seems to be less in Finland than in Australia. Population from Krasnodar was an exception since only one mating type was found in there. Based on the substantial high genotypic variation in Krasnodar it was suggested go represent an old P. teres population, whereas the Australian samples were suggested to represent newer populations. In conclusion, P. teres populations are differentiated at several levels. Human assistance in dispersal of P. teres on infected barley seed is obvious and decreases the differentiation among populations. This can increase the plant protection problems caused by this pathogen. P. teres is capable of sexual reproduction in several areas but the prevalence varies. Based on these findings it is apparent that P. teres has the potential to pose more serious problems in barley cultivation if plant protection is neglected. Therefore, good agricultural practices, including crop rotation and the use of healthy seed, are recommended.

Integrated disease management of stem end rot of mango in the Southern Philippines

This research aimed to develop and evaluate pre- and postharvest management strategies to reduce stem end rot (SER) incidence and extend saleable life of 'Carabao' mango fruits in Southern Philippines. Preharvest management focused on the development and improvement of fungicide spray program, while postharvest management aimed to develop alternative interventions aside from hot water treatment (HWT). Field evaluation of systemic fungicides, namely azoxystrobin ( Amistar 25SC), tebuconazole ( Folicur 25WP), carbendazim ( Goldazim 500SC), difenoconazole ( Score 250SC) and azoxystrobin+difenoconazole ( Amistar Top), reduced blossom blight severity and improved fruit setting and retention, resulting in higher fruit yield but failed to sufficiently suppress SER incidence. Based on these findings, an improved fungicide spray program was developed taking into account the infection process of SER pathogens and fungicide resistance. Timely application of protectant (mancozeb) and systemic fungicides (azoxystrobin, carbendazim and difenoconazole) during the most critical stages of mango flower and fruit development ensured higher harvestable fruit yield and minimally lowered SER incidence. Control of SER was also achieved by employing postharvest treatment such as HWT (52-55°C for 10 min), which significantly prolonged the saleable life of mango fruits. However, extended hot water treatment (EHWT; 46°C pulp temperature for 15 min), rapid heat treatment (RHT; 59°C for 30-60 sec), fungicide dip and promising biological control agents failed to satisfactorily reduce SER and prolong saleable life. In contrast, the integration of the improved spray program as preharvest management practice, and postharvest treatments such as HWT and fungicide dips (azoxystrobin, 150-175 ppm; carbendazim, 312.5 ppm; and tebuconazole, 125-156 ppm), significantly reduced disease and extended marketable life for utmost 8 days.

Timing of Infection and Development of Alternaria Diseases in the Canopy of Apple Trees

Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot of apple caused by Alternaria spp. cause annual losses to the Australian apple industry. Erratic control using protectant fungicides is often experienced and may be due to the lack of understanding of the timing of infection and epidemiology of the diseases. We found that Alternaria leaf blotch infection began about 20 days after bloom (DAB) and the highest disease incidence occurred from 70 to 110 DAB. Alternaria fruit spot infection occurred about 100 DAB in the orchard. Fruit inoculations in planta showed that there was no specific susceptible stage of fruit. Leaves and fruit in the lower canopy of trees showed higher levels of leaf blotch and fruit spot incidence than those in the upper canopy and the incidence of leaf blotch in shoot leaves was higher than in spur leaves. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall affected leaf blotch and fruit spot incidence. The gained knowledge on the timing of infection and development of disease may aid in the development of more effective disease management strategies.

The use of plant activators in mango postharvest diseases management

Anthracnose and stem end rots are the main postharvest diseases affecting mangoes in Australia and limiting the shelf life of fruits whenever they are not controlled. The management of these diseases has often relied on the use of fungicide applications either as field spray treatments, postharvest dips or both. Because of concerns with continuous fungicide use, other options for the sustainable management of these diseases are needed. Field trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of three plant activators for the control of these diseases over a 2-year period on 20-year old ‘R2E2’ mango trees in north Queensland. The activators evaluated were: Bion, Kasil and Mangocote. The efficacy of these activators was compared with that of a standard industry field spray program using a combination of fungicides, as well as to un¬treated controls. Conditions favoured good development of the target diseases in both years to be able to differentiate treatment effects. Kasil as a drench was as effective as the standard fungicide program on the management of anthracnose and stem end rots. Bion as foliar sprays showed similar efficacy with its effectiveness comparable with the standard spray program. Both activators had significantly less disease incidences when compared with the untreated control. The third activator, Mangocote was not very effective in controlling the target diseases. Its effect was not significantly better than the untreated controls. The results from this 2-year study suggest that plant activators can play an effective role in mango postharvest disease management. Proper timing could reduce the number of fungicide sprays in an integrated disease management program enabling sustainable yields of quality fruits without the continuous concerns of health and environmental risks from continuous reliance on fungicide use.

Re-thinking mango disease management in Australia; the rationale and approach

The shelf life of mangoes is limited by two main postharvest diseases when not consistently managed. These are anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and stem end rots (SER) ( Fusicoccum parvum). The management of these diseases has often relied mainly on the use of fungicides either as field spray treatments or as postharvest dips. These have done a fairly good job at serving the industry and allowing fruits to be transported, stored and sold at markets distant from the areas of production. There are however concerns on the continuous use of these fungicides as the main or only tool for the management of these diseases. This has necessitated a re-think of how these diseases could be sustainably managed into the future using a systems approach that focuses on integrated crop management. It is a holistic approach that considers all the crop protection management strategies including the genetics of the plant and its ability to naturally defend itself from infection with plant activators and growth regulators. It also considers other cultural or agronomic management tools such as the use of crop nutrition, timely application of irrigation water and the pruning of trees on a regular basis as a means of reducing inoculum levels in the orchards. The ultimate aim of this approach is to increase yields and obtain long term sustainable production. It is guided by the sustainable crop production principle which states that producers should apply as little inputs as possible but as much as needed.

Screening and breeding for genetic resistance to anthracnose in mango

Postharvest diseases remain a significant constraint to the transport, storage and marketing of mangoes. The two main ones are anthracnose and stem end rot. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the more wide-spread of the two. Varieties within Mangifera indica are known to vary in their level of reactions to anthracnose; however, the best tolerance in current commercial cultivars is not sufficient to eliminate the need for pre- and postharvest fungicides treatments. A screening program was initiated in mango accessions in the Australian National Mango Genebank to look for any significant resistance to C. gloeosporioides in fruit as they ripened. Screening was conducted by rating reactions to natural infection of anthracnose and reactions to artificially inoculating fruit with virulent isolates of C. gloeosporioides. A range of reactions to the pathogen were identified, with strong resistance found in one accession of the species M. laurina. This accession was used as the pollen parent in a controlled crossing program with a M. indica hybrid from the Australian Mango Breeding Program (AMBP). Sixty successful hybrids between the species have been generated. The hybrid population will be screened for resistance to anthracnose and used for gene discovery investigations to identify markers for anthracnose resistance.

Planet of the cavendish - understanding the domination

Those seeking to bring change to cultivars sold in the banana markets of the world have encountered major difficulties over the years. Change has been sought because of production difficulties caused by banana diseases such as Fusarium wilt or a desire to invigorate a stagnant market and obtain a competitive advantage by the introduction of diversity of product. Currently the world banana scene is dominated by cultivars from the Cavendish subgroup with their production in excess of 40% of total world production of banana and plantain combined, and in most western countries Cavendish is synonymous with banana. But Cavendish production usually necessitates very regular applications of pesticides, particularly fungicides for Mycosphaerella leaf spots control. So genetic resistance to these and other diseases would be very beneficial to minimizing costs of production, as well as reducing health risks to banana workers and the general population and minimizing impacts on the environment. In recent years, the overall market sales of some crops, such as tomatoes, have increased by providing diversity of cultivars to consumers. Can the same be done for banana? Perhaps a better understanding of how we have arrived at our current situation and the forces that have shaped our preference for Cavendish will allow us to plan more strategic crop improvement research which has enhanced chances of adoption by the banana industries of the world. A scoping study was recently undertaken in Australia to determine the current market opportunity for alternative cultivars and provide a roadmap for the industry to successfully develop this market. A multidisciplinary team reviewed the literature, surveyed the supply chain, analyzed gross margins and conducted consumer and sensory evaluations of 'new' cultivars. This has provided insight on why Cavendish dominates the market, which is the focus of this paper, and we believe will provide a solid foundation for future progress.

Evaluación de técnicas de defensa y de la densidad en el cultivo de una nueva hortaliza : Cucúrbita pepo var. vegetable spaghetti

El zapallo Spaghetti, cultivo vigoroso de clima templado, constituye una alternativa productiva interesante y novedosa para nuestro país. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del mulching y de la densidad sobre el rendimiento total, el peso medio y el calibre de los frutos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Azul sobre un suelo Argiudol típico en camellones de 0,80 m de ancho con diferentes densidades de siembra. Se realizó una fertilización profunda en bandas de 0,80 m con fosfato diamónico, controlando las malezas en forma química, manual y mecánicamente, y las plagas haciendo aplicaciones preventivas de insecticidas y fungicidas. La siembra manual se efectuó el 2 de noviembre y los tratamientos fueron: densidades de siembra de 20, 15, 10 y 5 mil pl/ha (D1, D2, D3 y D4), con y sin mulching. Se trabajó con 32 parcelas y cada una tenía tres surcos de seis metros de longitud separados entre si por 2m. Se realizaron cuatro cosechas al llegar a la madurez completa (15/2, 29/2, 7/3 y 3/4). Los calibres evaluados fueron: (1) 2,2 kg, (2) 1,7 kg; (3) 1,3 kg y (4) 0,8 kg / fruto. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó un modelo de bloques completamente aleatorizados con parcelas sub-divididas. En la parcela principal se evaluó el efecto del mulching, en la subparcela la densidad y la interacción de mulching por densidad, y en la subsubparcelas las diferentes cosechas. La cosecha total mostró diferencias significativas para el efecto del mulching, obteniéndose 71,90 t/ha (a) (con mulching) y 62,02 t/ha (b) (sin mulching); para cada densidad se detectaron diferencias significativas para el efecto mulching: D1: 84,45 t/ha (a), D2: 76,47 t/ha (ab); D3: 65,14 t/ha (b) y D4: 61,55 t/ha (b). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el número de frutos cosechados: con mulching (51.667 frutos/ha) y sin mulching (44.167 frutos/ha), y para las diferentes densidades: D1: 54.167 (a); D2: 50.000 (ab); D3: 47.700 (ab) y D4: 40.833 (b) t/ha. La composición de calibres de frutos cosechados fue el mismo para todos los tratamientos y cosechas.

Avaliação dos teores de resíduos do pesticida ditiocarbamato no solo de uma cultura de couve (Brassica Oleracea L.) utilizando cloridrato de L-cisteina para preservação das amostras

Os pesticidas etileno-bis-ditiocarbamatos da classe dos ditiocarbamatos estão entre os fungicidas mais empregados em todo o mundo para o controle de pragas. Muitos métodos para determinar ditiocarbamatos são baseados na hidrólise ácida em presença de cloreto estanoso e análise do CS2 gerado por diferentes técnicas. Nesse contexto, constituiram em objetivos do presente trabalho, como primeira etapa, o estudo de condições adequadas à estocagem de amostras de solo, e como segunda etapa, a avaliação das taxas de degradação e de lixiviação do fungicida mancozebe num cambissolo distrófico através do método espectrofotométrico. O sítio de estudo foi uma área delimitada de 36 m2, de uma cultura de couve, localizada em São Lourenço no 3 distrito do município de Nova Friburgo-RJ. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de tecnologia ambiental (LABTAM/UERJ). Na primeira etapa, duas sub-amostras de solo contaminadas com mancozebe foram submetidas a tratamento com cloridrato de L-cisteina e estocadas às temperaturas ambiente e de -20C, sendo posteriormente analisadas em intervalos de 1, 7, 15 e 35 dias após a aplicação do fungicida. Outras duas sub-amostras não tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina foram submetidas às mesmas condições de temperatura e analisadas nos mesmos intervalos de tempo. Na segunda etapa, foi efetuada a aplicação do fungicida MANZATE 800 (Dupont Brasil, 80% mancozebe) na dose recomendada de 3,0 Kg ha-1 e coletadas amostras do solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm em intervalos de 2,5,8,12,15,18 e 35 dias após aplicação. As amostras de cada profundidade foram tratadas com cloridrato de L-cisteina e acondicionadas sob temperatura de -20C. Através dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, pôde-se concluir que o tratamento com cisteina foi eficaz para conservação do analito, tanto para a amostra mantida a -20C quanto para a amostra mantida à temperatura ambiente. Os dados obtidos na segunda etapa do estudo mostraram que mancozebe apresentou comportamento semelhante ao descrito na literatura, para persistência no solo. Os resultados de lixiviação mostraram que nas condições pelas quais foi conduzido o experimento, resíduos de mancozebe foram detectados em profundidades de até 40 cm, porém através dos modelos de potencial de lixiviação, concluiu-se que o fungicida não oferece risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas

Monitoramento do agrotóxico mancozeb no solo em diferentes sistemas de plantios de tomate

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo monitorar o agrotóxico Mancozeb no solo em diferentes sistemas de plantios de tomate utilizando a metodologia de decomposição dos ditiocarbamatos (DTCs) com geração de dissulfeto de carbono (CS2). Este método é amplamente utilizado na determinação dos resíduos de DTCs em alimentos, tendo sido adaptado para trabalhar com amostras de solo artificiais e reais. O método foi avaliado utilizando amostras contaminadas artificialmente a partir de uma amostra de solo controle, proveniente da Amazônia. A contaminação foi realizada com uma solução de campo (2 g.L-1 em água) do agrotóxico Manzate 800 (Mancozeb). A partir do momento em que foram determinadas as condições ideais de operação do método de decomposição dos DTCs, analisou-se o teor de Mancozeb em amostras reais, provenientes de uma área cultivada com tomate, no Município de São José de Ubá (RJ), sob sistemas de Plantios Convencional, Mínimo e Direto. Foi possível constatar a presença de teores de Mancozeb nas amostras reais de solo em estudo, coletadas nas profundidades 0 - 5 cm; 5 - 10 cm; 10 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm. Os resultados mostraram que os solos provenientes dos sistemas convencional e mínimo apresentaram, na camada superficial, um teor de Mancozeb de (7,44 mg.kg-1 e 5,70 mg.kg-1) superior ao obtido no sistema direto, que apresentou teores de (1,14 mg.kg-1 e 1,95 mg.kg-1) de Mancozeb

A review on oil sardine 3. Oil and meal industry

The author reviews the advances in the oil and meal industries related to the oil sardine fishery (Sardinella longiceps) since the 1920s. Data on the production of by-produced produced in Kerala over the period 1964- 69 are tabulated. Details of the properties of the commercial oil are given, and the values compared to those for other similar oils. The use of oil sardine for industrial purposes - the oil has been used to cure leather, temper metals and as fungicides or insecticides - and the production of fish meal and fish protein concentrate is considered.

A column method for determination of soil organic partition coefficients of eight pesticides

A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as an eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log K-oc values are 1.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively.

捷安肽素对采后柑桔青绿霉菌抑制效果及作用机理研究

捷安肽素是一种由枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）ZK 产生的抗真菌多肽。本文以柑桔青霉菌（Penicillium italicum）和绿霉菌（Penicillium digitaum）为供试真菌，研究了捷安肽素的抑菌性能及作用机理，为捷安肽素开发为有效的生物杀菌剂提供理论依据。全文共分两部分：第一部分：捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌和绿霉菌抑制效果研究。采用琼脂扩散法测定捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌和绿霉菌的抑菌活性。53.9 µg/mL 捷安肽素对绿霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌圈直径分别为26.7mm 和24.1mm。结果表明捷安肽素能够抑制柑桔青绿霉菌的生长，柑桔绿霉菌比青霉菌对捷安肽素敏感。在柑桔果实上，研究了不同浓度、不同接入时间的捷安肽素对柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的防治效果，并与常用化学杀菌剂抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵作比较。53.9 µg/mL捷安肽素处理柑桔果实，柑桔青霉病和绿霉病发病率分别为5.0 %和5.3 %,比对照低95.0 %和94.7 %；柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的病情指数分别为1.87 和2.18，比对照低73.73 和97.82。结果表明，捷安肽素能够有效地防治柑桔青绿霉病。与对照相比，捷安肽素先于或后于柑桔青绿霉菌接入时，对柑桔青绿霉菌均有抑制作用，但抑制效果随接入间隔时间的增长而降低。第二部分：捷安肽素对绿霉菌作用机理研究。首先在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察捷安肽素处理后绿霉菌菌丝表面形态结构与菌丝体内超微结构的变化。形态观察发现，捷安肽素处理24h以内，绿霉菌菌丝结构无变化。捷安肽素作用36h后，绿霉菌菌丝不规则缢缩和膨大。48h后，在绿霉菌菌丝顶端、中部、末端的多处细胞均可发生畸形的球状结构，这种畸变结构随处理的延长而增加，致使细胞成为捻珠状。处理72 h后，畸变球形细胞开始断裂离解。处理96h后，镜下几乎无完整菌丝，成单个的球状细胞，部分细胞出现破裂。而对照菌丝表面光滑，结构完整。通过透射电镜观察发现，与对照相比，捷安肽素处理后，绿霉菌细胞壁、细胞膜轮廓模糊不清，细胞质外泄。推测捷安肽素能够使绿霉菌细胞膜通透性发生改变。进一步实验利用紫外-可见分光光度计检测捷安肽素作用后绿霉菌胞外液紫外吸光度的变化，表明捷安肽素作用于绿霉菌菌丝后，细胞内蛋白质、核酸缓慢泄漏。通过Atomscan Advantage单道扫描等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)测定捷安肽素作用后菌丝体内K+浓度的改变，结果表明捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌1h内，菌丝体内K+含量迅速下降，为对照绿霉菌K+含量的37.53 %，1 h后菌丝体内K+含量变化趋于平缓。K+的迅速泄漏，以及蛋白质、核酸的泄漏表明捷安肽素通过迅速改变绿霉菌细胞膜通透性，使绿霉菌菌丝生长受到抑制。Jiean-peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis ZK has broad-spectrumresistance to plant pathogens. In this study, we investigated the antifungal propertyand the possible antifungal mechanism of jiean-peptide against two commonphytopathogenic fungi of citrus fruits: blue molds (P. italicum) and green molds (P.digitatum).The paper involved two parts:Part 1 is the study of the antifungal property of jiean-peptide against blue moldsand green molds of citrus fruits. The in vitro inhibition effect of jiean-peptide againstblue molds and green molds was detected by agar diffusion method. The diameters ofinhibition zones of green molds and blue molds are 26.7mm and 24.1mm respectivelyby treating with 53.9 µg/mL jiean-peptide. It shows that jiean-peptide effectivelyinhibits the both phytopathogenic fungi, and it is more effective for inhibiting greenmolds than blue molds. The effectiveness of jiean-peptde to inhibit green molds andblue molds in vivo was investigated compared with four conventional fungicides thatare imazalil, prochloraz, carbendazin and methylthiophanate. The result is that the incidences of the blue mold disease and green mold disease are 5.0 % and 5.3 %, thedisease severities are 1.87 and 2.18 respectively when citrus are inoculated with 53.9µg/ml jiean-peptide. The decay incidences and disease severities were significantlyreduced by treating with jiean-peptide compared with the control. The results indicateJiean-peptide is effective for controlling blue molds and green molds on citrus. Theoptimized inoculation time was also investigated. When inoculated with jiean-peptideat 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h before or after pathogens’ inoculation, Jiean-peptidecan suppress the occurrence of blue molds and green molds compared with the control, but the effect of later inoculation decreases compared with the inoculation at the sametime.In Part 2, we investigated the possible antifungal mechanism against greenmolds of citrus. At first, we observed the exterior morphological changes andultrastructural changes of blue molds under light microscopy (LM) and transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM). Compared with untreated control cells which aregenerally uniform in shape, the appearances of treated hyphae change obviously. Itshows that some cells of hyphae irregularly shrink or enlarge when cultured for 36h.When the treating time of jiean-peptide increases, the aberrance of the hyphaebecomes more obvious, and hyphae exhibit the moniliform appearances. Finally, thereis no intact hypha leaved except only single cells, and some of which appear fractured.By transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, we find that the outline ofthe cell wall and the cell membrane of hyphae are blurry, and the cytoplasma oozesout. The observation result under LM and TEM suggests that jiean-peptide mightchange the permeability of the cell membrane. So we conducted further experiment todetect the change of permeability when the cells of blue molds were treated withjiean-peptide. And the effect of jiean-peptide on non-growing cells of blue molds wastested. By the spectrophotometer measurement, we found that compounds with lightabsorption at 260 nm and 280 nm were released and amounts increased within 12 hcompared with the control. Moreover, by the ICP measurement, the leakage of K+occurred immediately in the presence of jiean-peptide within 1 h, but with nearly nofurther change after 1 h. All these results indicate that jiean-peptide could change themembrane permeability of blue molds immediately and result in leaking nucleotides,proteins and K+ from cells.