"Right to Personal Liberty Under the Indian Constitution - With Special Reference to Judicial Process"

The nature and extent of protection secured to personal liberty has been a subject matter of great controversy and debate. The expression "procedure established by law" as a standard of protection for personal liberty has been looked upon as highly unsatisfactory and inadequate. For, unlike the specific attributes of liberty that are separately guaranteed under Art.19, ‘personal liberty‘ as guaranteed by Art.21 does not obligate the .Legislature to comply with the requirements of justice and reasonableness as and when it enchroaches upon that right. Though the concept of ‘personal liberty‘ has received an evolutive and expansive meaning through judicial process, the standard of protection which the judicial process could secure to personal liberty through the interpretation of Art.21 has been far from satisfactory Even after four decades of judicial process in the interpretation of Art.21 the problem of evolving a just and adequate standard of protection for personal liberty in that Article continues to be 21 crucial constitutional issue, craving for a. satisfactory solution. And the present study is a humble attempt to unravel this problem and to Search for a reasonable solution.

La expansión del derecho penal : análisis de las capacidades auto-restrictivas de los sistemas modernos del delito a partir de la libertad de expresión

A través de la libertad de expresión se analiza la legitimidad en los sistemas modernos del delito con el fin de determinar su capacidad de respuesta frente al proceso expansivo que afronta el Derecho penal. Se propone la aplicación del funcionalismo moderado en armonía con postulados del finalismo y funcionalismo moderado que tienen asidero en la Constitución, particularmente en cuanto a dignidad humana.

La Costa Brava ante los nuevos retos del turismo

The first section of this paper summarises the most relevant charateristics of the contemporary tourist model, also called postfordist or postmodernist. In the second part the traditional tourist model developed in the Costa Brava in the past decades, is reviewed. Emphasising the saturation of tourist facilities on the coast line, expansive urban growth, thanks to a tolerant administration, poor complementary supply and concentrated demand in few markets and the proximity of Barcelona conurbation, stressed by second homes. In the third section, some strategies developed in recent years to readapt the Costa Brava to the new tendencies in tourism, are presented. Incorporation of the inland to the tourist product, new planning policics, lessening urban densities and height, and a change in mind in favour of protected natural areas, diversification of demand with new markets, specially form Eastern Europe (although this might be considered as a continuation of the traditional tourist model) and the emergence of local strategies oriented towards the creation of new tourist products based upon natural and cultural resources

Morphology and myofiber composition of skeletal musculature of the forelimb in young and aged wild type and myostatin null mice

Most current research into therapeutic approaches to muscle diseases involves the use of the mouse as an experimental model. Furthermore, a major strategy to alleviate myopathic symptoms through enhancing muscle growth and regeneration is to inhibit the action of myostatin (Mstn), a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family member that inhibits muscle growth. Presently, however, no study has expanded the morphological analysis of mouse skeletal muscle beyond a few individual muscles of the distal hindlimb, through which broad conclusions have been based. Therefore, we have initially undertaken an expansive analysis of the skeletal musculature of the mouse forelimb and highlighted the species-specific differences between equivalent muscles of the rat, another prominently used experimental model. Subsequently, we examined the musculature of the forelimb in both young and old adult wild-type (mstn(+/+)) and myostatin null (mstn(-/-)) mice and assessed the potential beneficial and detrimental effects of myostatin deletion on muscle morphology and composition during the aging process. We showed that: (1) the forelimb muscles of the mouse display a more glycolytic phenotype than those of the rat; (2) in the absence of myostatin, the induced myofiber hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and glycolytic conversion all occur in a muscle-specific manner; and, importantly, (3) the loss of myostatin significantly alters the dynamics of postnatal muscle growth and impairs age-related oxidative myofiber conversion.

A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen

Background: The impact of global climate change on plant distribution, speciation and extinction is of current concern. Examining species climatic preferences via bioclimatic niche modelling is a key tool to study this impact. There is an established link between bioclimatic niche models and phylogenetic diversification. A next step is to examine future distribution predictions from a phylogenetic perspective. We present such a study using Cyclamen (Myrsinaceae), a group which demonstrates morphological and phenological adaptations to its seasonal Mediterranean-type climate. How will the predicted climate change affect future distribution of this popular genus of garden plants? Results: We demonstrate phylogenetic structure for some climatic characteristics, and show that most Cyclamen have distinct climatic niches, with the exception of several wide-ranging, geographically expansive, species. We reconstruct climate preferences for hypothetical ancestral Cyclamen. The ancestral Cyclamen lineage has a preference for the seasonal Mediterranean climate characteristic of dry summers and wet winters. Future bioclimatic niches, based on BIOCLIM and Maxent models, are examined with reference to a future climate scenario for the 2050s. Over the next 50 years we predict a northward shift in the area of climatic suitability, with many areas of current distribution becoming climatically unsuitable. The area of climatic suitability for every Cyclamen species is predicted to decrease. For many species, there may be no areas with a suitable climate regardless of dispersal ability, these species are considered to be at high risk of extinction. This risk is examined from a phylogenetic perspective. Conclusion: Examining bioclimatic niches from a phylogenetic perspective permits novel interpretations of these models. In particular, reconstruction of ancestral niches can provide testable hypothesis about the historical development of lineages. In the future we can expect a northwards shift in climatic suitability for the genus Cyclamen. If this proves to be the case then dispersal is the best chance of survival, which seems highly unlikely for ant-dispersed Cyclamen. Human-assisted establishment of Cyclamen species well outside their native ranges offers hope and could provide the only means of dispersal to potentially suitable future environments. Even without human intervention the phylogenetic perspective demonstrates that major lineages could survive climate change even if many species are lost.

Do soldiers' lives matter? A view from proportionality

A military operation is about to take place during an ongoing international armed conflict; it can be carried out either by aerial attack, which is expected to cause the deaths of enemy civilians, or by using ground troops, which is expected to cause the deaths of fewer enemy civilians but is expected to result in more deaths of compatriot soldiers. Does the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law impose a duty on an attacker to expose its soldiers to life-threatening risks in order to minimise or avert risks of incidental damage to enemy civilians? If such a duty exists, is it absolute or qualified? And if it is a qualified duty, what considerations may be taken into account in determining its character and scope? This article presents an analytic framework under the current international humanitarian law (IHL) legal structure, following a proportionality analysis. The proposed framework identifies five main positions for addressing the above queries. The five positions are arranged along two ‘axes’: a value ‘axis’, which identifies the value assigned to the lives of compatriot soldiers in relation to lives of enemy civilians; and a justification ‘axis’, which outlines the justificatory bases for assigning certain values to lives of compatriot soldiers and enemy civilians: intrinsic, instrumental or a combination thereof. The article critically assesses these positions, and favours a position which attributes a value to compatriot soldiers’ lives, premised on a justificatory basis which marries intrinsic considerations with circumscribed instrumental considerations, avoiding the indeterminacy and normative questionability entailed by more expansive instrumental considerations.

Whatever works: proportionality as a constitutional doctrine

In The Global Model of Constitutional Rights Kai Möller claims that the proportionality test is underlain by an expansive moral right to autonomy. This putative right protects everything that advances one’s self-conception. It may of course be limited when balanced against other considerations such as the rights of others. But it always creates a duty on the state to justify the limitation. Möller further contends that the practice of proportionality can best be understood as protecting the right to autonomy. This review article summarizes the main tenets of Möller’s theory and criticizes them on two counts. First, it disputes the existence of a general right to autonomy; such a right places an unacceptably heavy burden on others. Second, it argues that we do not need to invoke a right to autonomy to explain and justify the main features of the practice of proportionality. Like other constitutional doctrines, proportionality is defensible, if it is grounded in pragmatic –mainly epistemic and institutional- considerations about how to increase overall rights compliance. These considerations are independent of any substantive theory of rights.

'More-than-human’ resilience(s)? Enhancing community in Finnish forest farms

Community resilience is widely understood as a critical element in the relatively under-explored concept of social resilience. Through engaging with ‘more-than-human’ literatures, a more expansive view of the ‘social’ emerges, which repositions individuals as networked and agency as relational. This moves resilience away from its hegemonic positioning as a neoliberal strategy of individualisation and responsibilisation, with it instead emerging as an everyday ‘doing’ embedded in the human and non-human networks of relationality that we form and are formed by. The paper develops this socio-cultural conceptualisation through an original and empirically grounded discussion of Finnish farm communities and the role of the forest in developing, maintaining and enhancing these essential, connective assemblages. Resilience becomes conceptualised as dynamic, uneven, multiple and contextual performances or resiliences. While this further problematizes the comparative measurement and operationalisation of resilience, its networked and relational nature arguably offers a more inclusive and ethically grounded concept that, furthermore, negates the socio-ecological divide that persists in resilience thinking.

Thinking about a limited future enhances the positivity of younger and older adults’ recall: support for socioemotional selectivity theory

Compared with younger adults, older adults have a relative preference to attend to and remember positive over negative information. This is known as the “positivity effect,” and researchers have typically evoked socioemotional selectivity theory to explain it. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, as people get older they begin to perceive their time left in life as more limited. These reduced time horizons prompt older adults to prioritize achieving emotional gratification and thus exhibit increased positivity in attention and recall. Although this is the most commonly cited explanation of the positivity effect, there is currently a lack of clear experimental evidence demonstrating a link between time horizons and positivity. The goal of the current research was to address this issue. In two separate experiments, we asked participants to complete a writing activity, which directed them to think of time as being either limited or expansive (Experiments 1 and 2) or did not orient them to think about time in a particular manner (Experiment 2). Participants were then shown a series of emotional pictures, which they subsequently tried to recall. Results from both studies showed that regardless of chronological age, thinking about a limited future enhanced the relative positivity of participants’ recall. Furthermore, the results of Experiment 2 showed that this effect was not driven by changes in mood. Thus, the fact that older adults’ recall is typically more positive than younger adults’ recall may index naturally shifting time horizons and goals with age.

The Long Game: Hamas, The IRA, and the Politics of Radicalization in Palestine and Northern Ireland

The value of a comparative study of the two conflicts stems from a remarkable similarity in the structural organization of political violence by its most influential practitioners: the IRA and Hamas. At the core, I have merely tried my best to approach a beguiling question in a fresh, dynamic way. The stultifying discourse of conflict that serves as lingua franca for the Israeli‐Palestinian issue has largely reduced strategic debate to how best the conflict can be managed – not ended. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s focus on “economic peace” and unwillingness to commit to a two‐state solution – the consensus that has governed peacemaking for decades – belies such thinking. The Clinton Administration’s cadre of Mideast negotiators operated amidst the most rapid institutionalization of Palestinian democracy in history ‐ yet remained obsessed with Israeli‐Arab “confidence‐building” measures, doing little to legitimize the gains of Oslo. So long as Palestinians continue to view the creation of Israel as “al‐Nakba” – the catastrophe – whilst successive Israeli governments refuse to grant their aspirations any legitimacy, there can be no progress. Peace requires empathy, a substantial compromise in the context of internecine conflict. The “long war” both conflicts have become mandates an equally expansive, broad‐based and labor‐intensive approach – a demanding process that can only be called The Long Game.

Estudo da viabilidade técnica da utilização de escórias de aciaria do processo LD como adição em cimentos

A reciclagem de resíduos apresenta-se como uma alternativa adequada com relação à preservação dos recursos naturais e do meio ambiente. As escórias de aciaria são resíduos siderúrgicos originados na fabricação do aço, e são geradas em grandes quantidades. Estes resíduos são estocados nos pátios siderúrgicos, onde permanecem, na sua maioria, sem qualquer destino. Normalmente, as escórias de aciaria são volumetricamente instáveis, apresentando características expansivas, e por esta razão, a aplicação das mesmas em materiais de construção torna-se restrita. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a viabilidade técnica do uso das escórias de aciaria LD como adição em cimentos, propondo um método de estabilização por meio de granulação por resfriamento brusco destas escórias, buscando, desta forma, a eliminação do fenômeno da expansão, e visando a melhoria das características destes resíduos. No processo de estabilização, a escória líquida foi granulada em uma usina siderúrgica. Estudos complementares de granulação foram realizados nos laboratórios da UFRGS, empregando-se escórias refundidas. A granulação por resfriamento brusco favoreceu a redução do CaOlivre, a eliminação do MgO na forma de periclásio, e a eliminação do bC2S das escórias, considerados agentes causadores da expansão. No entanto, a elevada basicidade da escória LD dificulta a formação da estrutura vítrea e a separação da fração metálica após o resfriamento brusco. Foram realizados ensaios de expansão das escórias, atividade pozolânica, e resistência mecânica de argamassas com escórias granuladas. O resfriamento brusco proporcionou a eliminação da expansão e o desenvolvimento das propriedades pozolânicas/cimentícias da escória granulada. Como adição em cimentos, do ponto de vista da resistência mecânica, as argamassas compostas com escórias granuladas e clínquer apresentaram níveis de resistência à compressão axial compatíveis com as especificações referentes ao cimento Portland composto, apesar destes resultados serem inferiores aos obtidos para as argamassas de referência.

Inflation, welfare and public expenditures

This paper studies welfare effects of monetary policy in an overlapping generations model with capital and no form of taxation other than inflation. Public expenditures have a positive effect on labor productivity. The main result of the paper is that an expansive monetary policy can be welfare improving, at least for ìsmall enoughî inflation rates, and that there is an optimal inflation rate. Growth maximization, however, is never optimal. Steady-state capital and output increase with inflation, reproducing the so-called Tobin effect. For large inflation rates, however, the government authorities cannot affect real variables and there are only nominal effects.

Brazil and the USA: rethinking the future of ethanol for stronger mutual wns

A produção de etanol e a dominação da indústria, historicamente, tem sido uma fonte de discórdia para seus dois principais produtores. Os EUA com seu etanol de milho e o Brasil com sua etanol de cana, são os dois maiores produtores mundiais de etanol (1º EUA; 2º Brasil) e tem competido pela participação de mercado mundial há décadas. A partir de Dezembro de 2011, os EUA levantaram as tarifas e os subsídios que foram instalados para proteger sua indústria de etanol, o que muda o campo de jogo da produção mundial de etanol para o futuro. Atualmente em todo o mundo, o etanol é usado em uma proporção muito menor comparativamente a outros combustíveis. Esta pesquisa analisa o nível potencial de colaboração entre os EUA e o Brasil, facilitando um diálogo entre os stakeholders em etanol. A pesquisa consiste principalmente de conversas e entrevistas, com base em um conjunto de perguntas destinadas a inspirar conversas detalhadas e expansivas sobre os temas de relações Brasil-EUA e etanol. Esta pesquisa mostra que o etanol celulósico, que é também conhecido como etanol de segunda geração, oferece mais oportunidades de parceria entre os EUA e o Brasil, como há mais oportunidades para pesquisa e desenvolvimento em conjunto e transferência de tecnologia nesta área. Enquanto o etanol de cana no Brasil ainda é uma indústria próspera e crescente, o milho e a cana são muito diferentes geneticamente para aplicar as mesmas inovações exatas de um etanol de primeira geração, por outro. As semelhanças entre os processos de fermentação e destilação entre as matérias-primas utilizadas nos EUA e no Brasil para o etanol de segunda geração torna o investimento conjunto nesta área mais sensível. De segunda geração é uma resposta para a questão "alimentos versus combustíveis". Esta pesquisa aplica o modelo de co-opetição como um quadro de parceria entre os EUA e o Brasil em etanol celulósico. A pesquisa mostra que enquanto o etanol pode não ser um forte concorrente com o petróleo no futuro imediato, ele tem melhores perspectivas de ser desenvolvido como um complemento ao petróleo, em vez de um substituto. Como os EUA e o Brasil tem culturas de misturar etanol com petróleo, algo da estrutura para isso já está em vigor, a relação de complementaridade seria fortalecido através de uma política de governo clara e de longo prazo. A pesquisa sugere que apenas através desta colaboração, com toda a partilha de conhecimentos técnicos e estratégias econômicas e de desenvolvimento, o etanol celulósico será um commodity negociado mundialmente e uma alternativa viável a outros combustíveis. As entrevistas com os interessados em que esta pesquisa se baseia foram feitas ao longo de 2012. Como a indústria de etanol é muito dinâmica, certos eventos podem ter ocorrido desde esse tempo para modificar ou melhorar alguns dos argumentos apresentados.

Condicionantes políticos das reformas tributárias na América Latina

Seriam as reformas tributárias condicionadas por fatores políticos? Verificando a escassez de trabalhos empíricos sobre o tema, elaboramos definição própria de reforma tributária e adotamos uma tipologia para esses fenômenos. Em seguida, compilamos a base de dados de reformas tributárias a partir das respostas aos formulários da pesquisa de campo IPES 2006, realizada pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, com apoio do Centro Interamericano de Administrações Tributárias (CIAT). Esses formulários foram preenchidos por funcionários especialistas dos ministérios de finanças latino-americanos, que reportaram reformas entre 1990 e 2004. Depois, construímos os índices de reformas tributárias, que foram utilizados como variáveis dependentes em nossos modelos. Os índices contribuem para o desenvolvimento de estudos quantitativos sobre reformas tributárias, portando flexibilidade para testar diversas hipóteses. Eles tornaram possível analisar separadamente os determinantes das reformas da tributação da renda e do consumo, das reformas gerais e direcionadas, das reformas tendentes a aumentar ou reduzir tributos. Nos testes, destacou-se a influência da lista fechada, indicando que a disciplina parlamentar é importante para aprovar reformas. Em menor número de especificações, foram também relevantes a magnitude distrital, o bicameralismo, o poder de decreto do presidente da república e seu ciclo eleitoral. Não captamos evidência de fatores políticos conjunturais, como a ideologia partidária e maioria do governo no parlamento. Do mesmo modo, a influência dos poderes presidenciais de agenda e veto não se confirmou. O domínio de um partido na coalizão de governo foi relevante somente quando vinculado à lista fechada nas eleições. Em geral, os resultados confirmam o impacto de fatores político-institucionais sobre reformas tributárias, não se observando o mesmo para fatores político-conjunturais. Além disso, foram observadas diferenças nos condicionantes políticos que definem reformas na tributação da renda e do consumo, direcionadas e gerais, expansivas e redutoras (incentivos). O estudo contribui para análise quantitativa dos condicionantes políticos das reformas tributárias na América Latina e fornece dados antes indisponíveis. Oferece evidência empírica, considerando diferentes tipos de reformas e de fatores políticos. O estudo conclui pela necessidade de incorporar as variáveis políticas nas análises que envolvam reformas tributárias, até então marcadas pelo domínio dos argumentos econômicos. Além disso, sugere que o aperfeiçoamento das instituições políticas é importante para melhorar as decisões de política tributária na América Latina.

Estudo do aproveitamento de resíduo de gesso como carga para compósito com matriz de resina expansiva de mamona

In the execution of civil engineering works, either by wasting during the coating of wall or demolition of gypsum walls, the generation of the gypsum waste involves serious environmental concerns. These concerns are increased by the high demand of this raw material in the sector and by the difficulties of proper disposal byproduct generated. In the search for alternatives to minimize this problem, many research works are being conducted, giving emphasis in using gypsum waste as fillers in composites materials in order to improve the acoustic, thermal and mechanical performances. Through empirical testing, it was observed that the crystallization water contained in the residue (CaSO4.2H2O) could act like primary agent in the expanding of the polyurethane foam. Considering that polyurethane produced from vegetable oils are biodegradable synthetic polymers and that are admittedly to represent an alternative to petrochemical synthetic polyurethane, this research consist an analysis of the thermal behavior of a composite whose matrix obtained from a resin derived from the expansive castor oil seed, with loads of 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of gypsum waste replacing to the polyol prepolymer blend. Contributors to this analysis: a characterization of the raw material through analysis of spectroscopy by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), chemical analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and mineralogical analysis by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), complemented by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). In order to evaluate the thermo physical properties and thermal behavior of the composites manufactured in die closed with expansion contained, were also carried tests to determine the percentage of open pore volume using a gas pycnometer, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), in addition to testing of flammability and the resistance to contact with hot surfaces. Through the analysis of the results, it appears that it is possible to produce a new material, which few changes in their thermo physical properties and thermal performance, promotes significant changes and attractive to the environment