Oceans and Human Health: A Rising Tide of Challenges and Opportunities for Europe

The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.

An unusually large phytoplankton spring bloom drives rapid changes in benthic diversity and ecosystem function

In 2012, the Western English Channel experienced an unusually large and long-lived phytoplankton spring bloom. When compared with data from the past 20 years, average phytoplankton biomass at Station L4 (part of the Western Channel Observatory) was approximately 3× greater and lasted 50% longer than any previous year. Regular (mostly weekly) box core samples were collected from this site before, during and after the bloom to determine its impact on macrofaunal abundance, diversity, biomass, community structure and function. The spring bloom of 2012 was shown to support a large and rapid response in the majority of benthic taxa and functional groups. However, key differences in the precise nature of this response, as well as in its timing, was observed between different macrofauna feeding groups. Deposit feeders responded almost instantly at the start of the bloom, primarily thorough an increase in abundance. Suspension feeders and opportunistic/predatory/carnivorous taxa responded slightly more slowly and primarily with an increase in biomass. At the end of the bloom a rapid decline in macrobenthic abundance, diversity and biomass closely followed the decline in phytoplankton biomass. With suspension feeders showing evidence of this decline a few weeks before deposit feeders, it was concluded that this collapse in benthic communities was driven primarily by food availability and competition. However, it is possible that environmental hypoxia and the presence of toxic benthic cyanobacteria could also have contributed to this decline. This study shows evidence for strong benthic–pelagic coupling at L4; a shallow (50 m), coastal, fine-sand habitat. It also demonstrates that in such habitats, it is not just planktonic organisms that demonstrate clear community phenology. Different functional groups within the benthic assemblage will respond to the spring bloom in specific manner, with implications for key ecosystem functions and processes, such as secondary production and bioturbation. Only by taking integrated benthic and pelagic observations over such fine temporal scales (weekly) was the current study able to identify the intimate structure of the benthic response. Similar studies from other habitats and under different bloom conditions are urgently needed to fully appreciate the strength of benthic–pelagic coupling in shallow coastal environments.

Oceans and Human Health: A rising tide of challenges and opportunities for Europe

The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.

Biomonitoring aquatic environmental quality in a marine protected area: A biomarker approach

The main aims of the present study, conducted in the framework of the MONIQUA-Egadi Scientific Project, were twofold: first, to make the first step in the development and validation of an ecotoxicological approach for the assessment of marine pollution in coastal environments on the basis of a set of biomarker responses in new sentinel species; and second, to obtain preliminary information on environmental quality in an Italian marine protected area, the Egadi Islands (Sicily). Several cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activities were measured in the following sentinel species: rainbow wrasse Coris julis, gastropod limpet Patella caerulea, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results suggest that specimens from the Favignana Harbor may be exposed to P450 inducers, whereas most of the other sites seem to share similar environmental quality. The proposed approach has potential for assessment of environmental quality in marine protected areas.

Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) fishery and ecology in portuguese waters, with reference to its relationships to other european and african populations

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

LiDAR mapping of tidal marshes for ecogeomorphological modelling in the TIDE project

The European research project TIDE (Tidal Inlets Dynamics and Environment) is developing and validating coupled models describing the morphological, biological and ecological evolution of tidal environments. The interactions between the physical and biological processes occurring in these regions requires that the system be studied as a whole rather than as separate parts. Extensive use of remote sensing including LiDAR is being made to provide validation data for the modelling. This paper describes the different uses of LiDAR within the project and their relevance to the TIDE science objectives. LiDAR data have been acquired from three different environments, the Venice Lagoon in Italy, Morecambe Bay in England, and the Eden estuary in Scotland. LiDAR accuracy at each site has been evaluated using ground reference data acquired with differential GPS. A semi-automatic technique has been developed to extract tidal channel networks from LiDAR data either used alone or fused with aerial photography. While the resulting networks may require some correction, the procedure does allow network extraction over large areas using objective criteria and reduces fieldwork requirements. The networks extracted may subsequently be used in geomorphological analyses, for example to describe the drainage patterns induced by networks and to examine the rate of change of networks. Estimation of the heights of the low and sparse vegetation on marshes is being investigated by analysis of the statistical distribution of the measured LiDAR heights. Species having different mean heights may be separated using the first-order moments of the height distribution.

Environmental and grazing influence on spatial variability of intertidal biofilm on subtropical rocky shores

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A erosão costeira e sua influência sobre a atividade petrolífera: alternativas sustentáveis na mitigação de impactos ambientais

The study area consist in high sensitivity environments located on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. The barrier island are the main geomorphological features on the coastal landscape, being naturally instable and surrounded by industrial activities like oil fields, salt industry, shrimp farms and urban areas sometimes installed parallel to the coast, combined with coast engineering interventions. High energy hydrodynamic process are responsible for the morphological instability of the coast. The study was based on remote sensing data obtained between 1954 and 2007 which consist in orbital images from Landsat, CBERS and Ikonos satellites and aerial photos. With all data integrated on GIS environment it was possible to update thematic maps of geology, geomorphology, vegetation, soil and landuse and development of multitemporal maps pointing areas with erosion and depositions of sediments, defining the critical erosion process on this region. The bigger morphological changes are related to changes on wind patterns during the year, terrestrial and sea breezes during the day, with spits and barrier island migration, opening and closing of channels like the one parallel to the coast on the area of Serra and Macau oil fields. These factors combined with the significant reduction on sediment budgets due to the loss of natural spaces to sediment reworking contribute to the low resilience which tends to be growing on the area of Serra and Macau oil fields. In front of such scenery a detailed monitoring was done in order to find technological possibilities for coastal restoration. A pilot area was defined to start the project of mangrove restore together with beach nourishment in order to minimize the effect of the erosion caused by the channel parallel to the coast, contributing to stabilize the northeast channel as the main one. It s expected that such methodology will aid the coastal environments restoration and the balance between industrial activities and coastal erosion

Caracterização morfodinâmica do estuário do Rio Açu, Macau/RN

Estuaries are coastal environments ephemeral life in geological time, derived from the drowning of the shoreline as a function of elevation relative sea level. Such parallel systems is characterized by having two sources of sediment, the river and the sea. The study area comprises the Acu River estuary, located on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte State, in a region of intense economic activity, mainly focused on the exploration of oil onshore and offshore, likely to accidental spills. In the oil sector are developed for salt production, shrimp farming, agriculture, fisheries and tourism, which by interacting with sensitive ecosystems, such as estuaries, may alter the natural conditions, thus making it an area susceptible to contamination is essential in understanding the morphodynamic variables that occur in this environment to obtain an environmental license. Information about the submarine relief the estuaries are of great importance for the planning of the activity of environmental monitoring, development and coastal systems, among others, allowing an easy management of risk areas, and assist in the creation of thematic maps of the main aspects of landscape. Morphodynamic studies were performed in this estuary in different seasonal periods in 2009 to observe and quantify morphological changes that have occurred and relate these to the hydrodynamic forcing from the river and its interaction with the tides. Thus, efforts in this area is possible to know the bottom morphology through records of good quality equipment acquired by high resolution geophysical (side-scan sonar and profiler current by doppler effect). The combination of these data enabled the identification of different forms of bed for the winter and summer that were framed in a lower flow regime and later may have been destroyed or modified forms of generating fund scheme than the number according Froude, with different characteristics due mainly to the variation of the depth and type of sedimentary material they are made, and other hydrodynamic parameters. Thus, these features background regions are printed in the channel, sandy banks and muddy plains that border the entire area

Mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental a derramentos de petróleo do sistema estuarino de Santos, estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapeamento da sensibilidade ambiental do litoral de Ubatuba-SP a vazamentos de petróleo

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Os recursos pesqueiros marinhos e estuarinos do Maranhão: biologia, tecnologia, socioeconomia, estado da arte e manejo

O estado do Maranhão possui um grande potencial pesqueiro; entretanto, a pesca foi excluída das prioridades governamentais e científicas. Considerando as lacunas de conhecimento existentes, este trabalho realizou um diagnóstico dos dados pretéritos e atuais disponíveis sobre a pesca no Estado, abordando o estado da arte, caracterização das embarcações e artes de pesca, além da análise de produção, espécies de valor comercial e socioeconomia dos atores sociais envolvidos. A partir do quadro visualizado foi possível delimitar a existência de 21 unidades, aqui denominadas de Sistema de Produção Pesqueira, por meio de um processo de subdivisões sucessivas da atividade pesqueira de acordo com a frota, prática ou arte de pesca, recursos explorados, ambiente, residência, relação de trabalho e renda do pescador e grau de isolamento da área de pesca. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários com os diferentes atores sociais e vivência em campo. Os sistemas foram caracterizados segundo os aspectos econômicos, sociais, tecnológicos, ecológico e manejo, evidenciando-se uma ampla variedade de práticas e frotas, que atuam, predominantemente, em ambientes costeiros, com pequenas embarcações e artes de pescas simples, capturando diferentes espécies-alvo, principalmente das famílias Scianidae e Aridae. O quadro socioeconômico dos pescadores é de pobreza e abandono, com baixa organização social e pequena renda, precárias condições de moradia e nível educacional e acesso à saúde limitado. O mercado e a legislação têm propiciado o livre acesso aos recursos e práticas predatórias, comprometendo os recursos pesqueiros, que são explotados sem qualquer preocupação com a sustentabilidade, demonstrando insuficiências nas ações de manejo e gerenciamento. Na tentativa de detectar indicadores que estimem o estado de “saúde” dos sistemas utilizou-se a metodologia do Rapfish, através de um conjunto de atributos agrupados em cinco áreas temáticas: ecológica, econômica, social, tecnológica e manejo. Os resultados destacaram como bons indicadores: organização social, número de pescadores explorando o sistema; grau de escolaridade; uso de petrechos destrutivos; medidas de manejo governamentais e tradicionais. A relação de trabalho e renda foram bons critérios para diferenciar três tendências na finalidade das pescarias: subsistência, intermediárias e “semi-indutrial”. Alguns sistemas se destacaram como menos sustentável a exemplo das capturas de siris, que tem declinado por falta de manejo, deficiente organização social e a comercialização de fêmeas ovadas; e das pescarias de lagosta, que utilizam artes consideradas destrutivas. O sistema que envolve a captura de caranguejo sobressaiu-se pela existência de medidas de manejo tradicional e melhor gerenciamento do recurso pelos órgãos públicos. Assim, este estudo permitiu o uso de um sistema de referência para análise e monitoramento da sustentabilidade das pescarias regionais, com em indicadores científicos e/ou etnoconhecimento, que induziu ao surgimento de propostas de manejo norteadas pelo gerenciamento da pesca, organização social e educação ambiental. A seguir, foi realizado estudo de caso do sistema de produção que utilizam as embarcações de médio porte nas pescarias de Cynoscion acoupa utilizando como arte o malhão, para entrar em detalhes de um dos sistemas de produção. Essa escolha teve como base, os grandes volumes de captura, a grande abrangência da área de atuação desse sistema em todo o litoral do Estado, além do grande número de pescadores envolvidos nele, representando importante fonte de renda para o Estado. O estudo de caso prestou especial atenção aos saberes tradicionais da população no uso e na manutenção do recurso, complementados com estudos sobre a pesca e biologia reprodutiva de Cynoscion acoupa, capturadas na região da baía de São Marcos e adjacências. As capturas das pescadas-amarela ocorreram durante todo o ano com safra no início do período chuvoso, e produção estadual estimada em 10.600.00 kg/ano. Verificou-se que este sistema vem sofrendo intensa e desordenada exploração, sendo possível inferir pelas características biológicas da espécie, que o crescente nível de esforço não é compatível com a capacidade de suporte ambiental nem como as necessidades dos pescadores. Quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos, verificou-se que o comprimento médio de primeira maturação sexual (L50) para os machos foi de 39,9 cm e para as fêmeas a primeira maturação sexual ocorreu com tamanho ligeiramente superior, 41,6 cm de comprimento total. A proporção sexual foi de 1:1,4 favorável aos machos. Constatou-se que a espécie em questão completa todo o seu ciclo de vida na área estudada; o processo reprodutivo ocorre durante todo o ano, com dois picos de desova, um no bimestre novembro/dezembro e outro em março/maio. Acredita-se que por meio das informações obtidas é possível subsidiar melhores propostas e ações de sustentabilidade desta pescaria, combinando o etno-conhecimento e o conhecimento científico deste sistema.