Del miedo a la obesidad a la obsesión por la delgadez; actitudes y dieta

Este trabajo se encuentra bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 3.0.

Interface da sexualidade no processo de parturição: perspectiva de mulheres

Esta pesquisa tem por objeto de estudo a expressão da sexualidade feminina no momento do parto e nascimento. A sexualidade é entendida a partir de um enfoque abrangente, como um aspecto central do indivíduo, e que está presente em todos os momentos de sua vida. Discutimos a sexualidade feminina como aquela expressa pela mulher no momento do parto e nascimento, ou seja, seus sentimentos positivos, emoções, desejos, fonte de prazeres, troca, comunicação e afetos, expressos e vivenciados pela mulher neste momento. Assim, objetivamos descrever a sexualidade na visão das mulheres que vivenciaram o parto normal; analisar a relação existente entre sexualidade e parto, na perspectiva das mulheres que vivenciaram o parto normal; e, discutir as relações e expressões de sexualidade vividas pelas mulheres durante o parto normal. Caracteriza-se por ser um estudo qualitativo, exploratório, onde o cenário foi duas maternidades situadas no Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 11 mulheres no puerpério mediato de partos fisiológicos. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada que foram analisadas a partir de Análise de Conteúdos. Emergiram dos depoimentos as categorias: Sexualidade na compreensão das depoentes e a Sexualidade e sua interface no momento da parturição: uma relação a partir da vivência da mulher. Os resultados mais significativos foram: na primeira categoria, identificamos que as mulheres, inicialmente, tiveram dificuldade em falar de sexualidade, mas mesmo assim compreendem a sexualidade a partir de relações que fizeram, a saber: sexo/relação sexual; sensações e sentimentos positivos; e, imagem corporal. Na segunda categoria, encontramos uma afirmação da sexualidade presente no parto. A associação da sexualidade com o processo parturitivo foi verbalizada e expressada pelas mulheres com base em suas vivências pessoais, que se inter-relacionam com seu cotidiano sócio-cultural. Desta maneira, apontaram que a sexualidade está presente no parto, pois é demonstrada nele: o papel sexual reprodutivo da mulher, onde observamos satisfação e prazer feminino no nascimento do filho; e, o poder feminino de parir, onde as mulheres manifestaram satisfação e prazer na sua força e potencial no parto.

Obesidade infantil: práticas alimentares e percepção materna de competências

A obesidade infantil é um importante problema de saúde pública, não só pelos efeitos adversos durante a infância mas porque tende a persistir na idade adulta, constituindo um factor de risco para diversas doenças crónicas. Os alicerces de uma vida saudável estruturam-se na vida pré-natal e sedimentam-se nos seis primeiros anos de vida, sendo o crescimento da criança fortemente influenciado pelo seu contexto ambiental familiar. Foi neste âmbito que emergiu como objectivo geral deste estudo explorar as relações existentes entre os determinantes infantis (antecedentes obstétricos e peri-natais) e parentais (práticas alimentares, conhecimento dos pais sobre alimentação infantil, percepção parental de competência e percepção do peso da criança) e o desenvolvimento de excesso de peso em crianças pré-escolares. Este estudo, de carácter observacional e transversal, foi realizado com 792 crianças pré-escolares, idade M= 4,39 anos (±0,91Dp) e seus pais, residentes num concelho pertencente às NUTs III Dão-Lafões, sendo efectuada a avaliação antropométrica e classificação nutricional das crianças com base no referencial NCHS (CDC, 2000) e da OMS nos pais. O protocolo de pesquisa incluiu instrumentos de medida que validamos para a população portuguesa e a construção do Questionário de Conhecimentos sobre Alimentação Infantil (QAI) cujas propriedades psicométricas certificam a sua qualidade (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,942; Alfa de Cronbach teste re-teste = 0,977). Nas crianças, 31,3% apresentavam excesso de peso (12,4% obesidade), assim como 41,1% das mães (10,2% obesidade) e 64,4% dos pais (14,8% obesidade), sendo mais evidente nas mães o risco metabólico associado ao Perímetro da Cintura. As mães revelam mais conhecimentos sobre alimentação e sentimentos de eficácia mais elevados com o papel parental, enquanto os pais manifestaram mais sentimentos de motivação e satisfação. Os resultados obtidos corroboram existir efeito significativo dos determinantes infantis e parentais no excesso de peso da criança, designadamente: (i) do peso ao nascer, com impacto dos nascidos grandes; (ii) da higiene do sono especificamente dos que dormem menos de 11horas; (iii) dos que não brincam na rua, (iv) das mães mais jovens, do IMC e risco metabólico dos Pais; (v) da percepção parental da imagem corporal dos filhos, verificando-se que quanto mais elevado o IMC das crianças, mais distorcida é esta percepção dos pais; (vi) das crenças, atitudes e práticas alimentares e que permitem inferir que uma maior preocupação com o peso da criança, maior controlo, restrição e menor pressão para comer se associa a maior excesso de peso. As inferências evidenciam que, na vigilância de saúde periódica se torna imprescindível a valorização dos determinantes de risco biológicos e familiares do excesso de peso infantil, considerando programas de intervenção centrados na família, num processo que encontre sentido a partir daquilo que as famílias experienciam, de forma a ajudá-las a criar recursos fortalecedores de competência para uma parentalidade mais positiva.

Self-esteem mediates the relationship between connectedness to nature and body appreciation in women, but not men

Connectedness to nature (i.e., an affective and experiential connection to nature) is known to have a positive effect on psychological well-being, but its specific associations with body image have not been fully examined. To attend to this oversight, we conducted a preliminary investigation of associations between connectedness to nature and body appreciation. A total of 380 British adults completed measures of connectedness to nature, body appreciation, and self-esteem. Bivariate correlations revealed significant positive associations between all variables in women. In men, body appreciation was significantly correlated with self-esteem, but not connectedness to nature. Mediation analysis showed that, in women, self-esteem fully mediated the relationship between connectedness to nature and body appreciation. In men, body appreciation was significantly associated with self-esteem, but not connectedness to nature. These results point to a potential route for improving body image among women through connectedness to nature and self-esteem, but further research is necessary.

Identifying the psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in prostate cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any evidence of psychosexual morbidity among men who experienced radical radiation treatment for prostate cancer. With relatively little known or available retrospective data on the psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in men with prostate cancer, this study posited eight research questions which provided the basis for the research. Fifty men from Southern Ontario, between the ages of 52 to 78 years, were included in the study. They had been previously randomized to a clinical trial comparing radical radiation therapy by external beam radiation, or radical radiation using a combination of a temporary iridium implant plus external beam radiation, for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Assessment of sexual functioning, drive, attitudes, body image, and sexual satisfaction was drawn from a multidimensional approach, since psychosexuality was viewed as having an impact on biological, psychological, and sociological domains of functioning. Medical chart reviews, semi-structured interviews, demographical profiles of each participant, and the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) were the methods used to collect data over a four-month period. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were incorporated in the design and evaluation of the study. Frequencies, contingency analysis, Pearson's coefficient of correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA comprised the quantitative analysis. Data obtained from audio-taped interviews were analyzed qualitatively, and used for offering further insight and for facilitating the quantitative aspect of the analysis. Overall, there was sufficient evidence to suggest psychosexual morbidity among men who were treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer. As well,there were a number of significant findings available to answer all of the posited research questions. The most significant findings were noted in post-treatment erectile ability and sexual activity. A post-treatment change in erectile ability was reported by eighty percent of men. Sixty percent of men noted a decrease in their ability to achieve an erection by reporting some morning stiffness only, penile rigidity insufficient for penetration, decreased control of erection, and loss of spontaneous erection. Other contributing factors associated with change in erectile status were: pain or altering sensation of orgasm, blood in ejaculate, pain and decreased amount of ejaculate, and penile numbness or pain. Eighty-two percent of men experienced a post-treatment change in sexual function, primarily due to the impact of decreasing erectile status. Only seven men reported that they experienced a decrease in desire mentally, whereas the vast majority did not experience any change in desire. Changes in foreplay, stress with optimal sexual positioning, and reduced spontaneity of sex, were other factors reported with the changes in sexual activity. The findings in this study broaden our understanding of what middle- to later-aged men feel and experience as they venture onward following treatment. This was the first study that evaluated available prospective data on pre-treatment erectile status and sexual activity. As well, this study was the first (with participant compliance rates of 100 percent) to have included an interview format to capture the views of such a large number of men. This study concluded with recommendations and implications for future research and practice as we move in the direction of understanding what is necessary for preserving psychosexual well being and enhancing quality of life in men treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Exploring Body-Related Experiences among Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Using modified constructivist grounded theory, the purpose of the present study was to explore body-related experiences, specifically body image, in people with spinal cord injury. A total of nine participants (five women, four men) who had a broad range of body image experiences (from very negative to very positive) were interviewed. Most participants explained experiencing a fluctuating body image that varied from day-to-day. Negative body image experiences were represented by appearance, weight concerns, and function with all body image experiences encompassed by self-presentational concerns and tactics (an unanticipated finding). Positive body image was represented by acceptance, appreciation and gratitude of the body. Interestingly, negative body image experiences were not found to be represented by the opposite of positive body image experiences as they were each distinct. These findings have direct implications for medical professionals in hospital and rehabilitation settings to understand the importance of body image after spinal cord injury.

Étude-pilote portant sur une intervention de groupe auprès de femmes souffrant d’hyperphagie boulimique et l’évaluation de ses effets potentiels

Cette étude porte sur une intervention de groupe basée sur la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour l’hyperphagie boulimique (HB), dont les effets potentiels sur la qualité de vie reliée au poids, la fréquence et la sévérité des crises de boulimie, les symptômes dépressifs, l’image corporelle et le poids corporel ont été mesurés, et le degré d’acceptation par les participantes a été documenté. Ainsi, 11 femmes avec un surplus de poids et répondant aux critères diagnostiques de l’HB ont été recrutées du printemps 2012 à l’hiver 2013, dans la région de Montréal. Le programme comportant huit séances hebdomadaires était dispensé par une nutritionniste et une psychothérapeute. La qualité de vie reliée au poids (Impact of Weight on Quality of Life), la fréquence des crises de boulimie (rappel des sept derniers jours), la sévérité des crises de boulimie (Binge Eating Scale), les symptômes dépressifs (Inventaire de Beck pour la dépression), l’insatisfaction corporelle (Body Shape Questionnaire) et le poids corporel ont été mesurés avant et à la fin de l’intervention. Puis, un questionnaire pour mesurer l’acceptation par les participantes était soumis au terme du programme. Le taux de participation aux séances était aussi colligé. Les résultats montrent que notre programme a permis une amélioration significative du score global de la qualité de vie reliée au poids de 8,4 ± 13,3, ainsi qu’en termes d’estime de soi et de travail. Aussi, une diminution significative de la fréquence des crises de boulimie de 2,1 ± 2,1 jours, de la sévérité des crises de boulimie dont le score a diminué de 10,9 ± 7,7, des symptômes dépressifs dont le score a diminué de 8,3 ± 5,7 et de l’insatisfaction corporelle dont le score a diminué de 32,8 ± 17,1, ont été observées. Toutefois, il n’y a pas eu de perte de poids au terme de l’intervention. Puis, le programme a été bien accepté par les participantes tel que démontré par le taux de participation aux séances de 93,8 % et la satisfaction mesurée par l’appréciation des divers éléments du programme de 4,6 sur 5 et la pertinence de ceux-ci de 4,8 sur 5. Ces données suggèrent que l’intervention de groupe semble être prometteuse pour améliorer les symptômes et conséquences de l’HB, à l’exception du poids.

L’image corporelle chez les femmes atteintes de vestibulodynie provoquée primaire et secondaire : Une étude contrôlée

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en psychologie (D.Psy.) en psychologie option clinique

Activité physique et insatisfaction de l'image corporelle chez un groupe d'adolescentes

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en psychologie (D.Psy.), option clinique

Psychosexual aspects of vulvovaginal pain.

Vulvovaginal pain problems are major health concerns in women of childbearing age. Controlled studies have shown that vulvovaginal pain can adversely affect women and their partners’ general psychological well-being, relationship adjustment and overall quality of life. These women have significantly lower levels of sexual desire, arousal, and satisfaction, as well as a lower intercourse frequency than normal controls. They also report more anxiety and depression, in addition to more distress about their body image and genital self-image. Empirical studies indicate that specific psychological and relationship factors may increase vulvovaginal pain intensity and its psychosexual sequelae. Randomized clinical trials have shown that psychosexual interventions, namely cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), are efficacious in reducing vulvovaginal pain and improving associated psychosexual outcomes. Women reporting significant psychological, sexual and/or relationship distress should be referred for psychosexual treatment. A multimodal approach to care integrating psychosexual and medical management is thought to be optimal.

Impacto de la auto - percepción de imagen corporal en sujetos con VIH y lipoatrofia facial.

La lipoatrofia facial es uno de los efectos secundarios que con más frecuencia se presenta y afecta la calidad de vida del paciente con VIH que recibe tratamiento antiretroviral. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal que involucró 126 sujetos, a quienes se aplicó una encuesta semi-estructurada para determinar cómo percibe el paciente que la lipoatrofia facial lo afecta en áreas afectiva, social, laboral y ocupacional; evaluar la percepción de la imagen corporal; caracterizar sociodemográficamente; determinar la prevalencia de lipoatrofia facial y establecer si hay diferencias de percepción de la imagen corporal según la caracterización sociodemográfica. Resultados: La Prevalencia de lipoatrofia facial fue del 57.1%. El grado de satisfacción en cuanto a apariencia física tuvo un promedio de 5.01±2.69. El 88.7% y 80.3% de los pacientes evaluados sintieron tristeza y frustración con su apariencia respectivamente. El 53.5% y el 42.9% informaron menos oportunidades laborales y educativas. La orientación sexual reportada con mayor frecuencia fue homosexualidad. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grado de satisfacción de apariencia con aspectos sociodemográficos excepto en pacientes que recibieron apoyo psicológico. Conclusión: Primer estudio en el país que evalúa el impacto de la lipoatrofia facial en pacientes con VIH y tratamiento antiretroviral. Aunque la presencia de lipoatrofia facial sobre la cotidianidad no es estadísticamente significativa, si resulta trascendental pues existen porcentajes importantes de emociones y alteraciones psicológicas que afectan directamente a estos sujetos en las áreas afectiva, social, laboral y ocupacional. Se hace necesaria la realización de más estudios que permitan obtener mayor de evidencia.

Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: Prevalence and clinical features

Background: An impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or slight defect in appearance is the core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (ODD), a psychiatric condition common in dermatology settings.Objective: We sought to determine the prevalence of ODD in dermatologic patients, comparing general and cosmetic settings, and describing some demographic and clinical characteristics.Methods: In all, 300 patients were consecutively assessed. Screening and diagnoses were performed with validated instruments plus a best estimate diagnosis procedure. The final sample comprised 150 patients in the cosmetic group, 150 patients in the general dermatology group, and 50 control subjects. Standard statistical analyses were performed (chi(2), nonparametric tests, logistic regression).Results: The current prevalence was higher in the cosmetic group (14.0%) compared with general (6.7%) and control (2.0%) groups. No patient had a previous diagnosis. Frequently the reason for seeking dermatologic treatment was not the main ODD preoccupation. Patients with ODD from the cosmetic group were in general unsatisfied with the results of dermatologic treatments.Limitations: Cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital is a limitation. It is uncertain if the findings can be generalized. Retrospective data regarding previous treatments are not free from bias.Conclusions: BUD is relatively common in a dermatologic setting, especially among patients seeking cosmetic treatments. These patients have some different features compared with general dermatology patients. Dermatologists should be aware of the clinical characteristics of ODD to identify and refer these patients to mental health professionals. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:235-43.)

Quality of life (QoL) in relation to disease severity in Brazilian Parkinson's patients as measured using the WHOQOL-BREF

This study aimed at evaluating and describing the QoL and its association with the severity of disease among Brazilian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In this cross-sectional study 68 PD patients were interviewed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Hoehn-Yahr (HY) scale. Analysis of variance, chi(2), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests, Spearman and Cronbach reliability coefficients were used to analyze the data. The results indicate: (1) physical capacity was the domain that showed the most deterioration; (2) severity of PD is associated with QoL measured by WHOQOL-BREF; (3) overall QoL, working capacity, activities of daily living (ADL) and self-esteem are affected in both transitional periods in the progression of PD (mild to moderate and moderate to advanced). Satisfaction with general health, pain, energy, positive feelings, personal relationship and satisfaction with home are affected in the first period of transition while mobility, body image, sexual activity and access to information are affected in the second. This study mainly shows specific facets that are affected depending on the specific periods of PD progression, which can help to understand the impact of the disease, the effectiveness of care, and the demand for health care resources. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Confirmatory factor analysis of different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire applied to Brazilian university students

This study aimed at evaluating the validity, reliability, and factorial invariance of the complete (34-item) and shortened (8-item and 16-item) versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) when applied to Brazilian university students. A total of 739 female students with a mean age of 20.44 (standard deviation = 2.45) years participated. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the degree to which the one-factor structure satisfies the proposal for the BSQ's expected structure. Two items of the 34-item version were excluded because they had factor weights (lambda)< 40. All models had adequate convergent validity (average variance extracted =.43-.58; composite reliability=.85-.97) and internal consistency (alpha =.85-.97). The 8-item B version was considered the best shortened BSQ version (Akaike information criterion = 84.07, Bayes information criterion = 157.75, Browne-Cudeck criterion= 84.46), with strong invariance for independent samples (Delta chi(2)lambda(7)= 5.06, Delta chi(2)Cov(8)= 5.11, Delta chi(2)Res(16) = 19.30). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Semantic Equivalence of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the "Body Change Inventory"

With the increase in research on the components of Body Image, validated instruments are needed to evaluate its dimensions. The Body Change Inventory (BCI) assesses strategies used to alter body size among adolescents. The scope of this study was to describe the translation and evaluation for semantic equivalence of the BCI in the Portuguese language. The process involved the steps of (1) translation of the questionnaire to the Portuguese language; (2) back-translation to English; (3) evaluation of semantic equivalence; and (4) assessment of comprehension by professional experts and the target population. The six subscales of the instrument were translated into the Portuguese language. Language adaptations were made to render the instrument suitable for the Brazilian reality. The questions were interpreted as easily understandable by both experts and young people. The Body Change Inventory has been translated and adapted into Portuguese. Evaluation of the operational, measurement and functional equivalence are still needed.