Western Images of Islam, 1700-1900

This paper traces fluctuating attitudes to Islam and its Prophet, particularly in the eighteenth and nineteenth. Western perceptions, as revealed by writers of the period, encyclopaedias, biographies and commentaries, were sometimes sympathetic, sometimes dismissive; sometimes celebrating Islam's piousness; sometimes accusing it of fraud. Sometimes Islam is seen as benign; sometimes its violence is seen as endemic. Often the cultural biases of western observers are obvious: the west is progressive and historically dominant, the east (and its cultural accoutrements) is degenerate and over-zealous. But we ought not judge religions or cultures by their worst manifestations alone. Oriental societies were never just Islamic or traditional. They comprise not only those who perpetuate oppressive practices towards women but also modernizers who seek change.

Unsaturated diffusivity functions for concrete derived from NMR images

Deterioration of concrete or reinforcing steel through excessive contaminant concentration is often the result of repeated wetting and drying cycles. At each cycle, the absorption of water carries new contaminants into the unsaturated concrete. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is used with large concrete samples to observe the shape of the wetting profile during a simple one-dimensional wetting process. The absorption of water by dry concrete is modelled by a nonlinear diffusion equation with the unsaturated hydraulic diffusivity being a strongly nonlinear function of the moisture content. Exponential and power functions are used for the hydraulic diffusivity and corresponding solutions of the diffusion equation adequately predict the shape of the experimental wetting profile. The shape parameters, describing the wetting profile, vary little between different blends and are relatively insensitive to subsequent re-wetting experiments allowing universal parameters to be suggested for these concretes.

Unraveling the barriers to reconceptualization of the problem in chronic pain: The actual and perceived ability of patients and health professionals to understand the neurophysiology

To identify why reconceptualization of the problem is difficult in chronic pain, this study aimed to evaluate whether (1) health professionals and patients can understand currently accurate information about the neurophysiology of pain and (2) health professionals accurately estimate the ability of patients to understand the neurophysiology of pain. Knowledge tests were completed by 276 patients with chronic pain and 288 professionals either before (untrained) or after (trained) education about the neurophysiology of pain. Professionals estimated typical patient performance on the test. Untrained participants performed poorly (mean +/- standard deviation, 55% +/- 19% and 29% +/- 12% for professionals and patients, respectively), compared to their trained counterparts (78% +/- 21% and 61% +/- 19%, respectively). The estimated patient score (46% +/- 18%) was less than the actual patient score (P < .005). The results suggest that professionals and patients can understand the neurophysiology of pain but professionals underestimate patients' ability to understand. The implications are that (1) a poor knowledge of currently accurate information about pain and (2) the underestimation of patients' ability to understand currently accurate information about pain represent barriers to reconceptualization of the problem in chronic pain within the clinical and lay arenas. (C) 2003 by the American Pain Society.

O projecto do estatuto do pessoal dirigente no ??mbito da actual reforma da administra????o p??blica portuguesa

Este artigo analisa as altera????es ao regime jur??dico dos dirigentes da fun????o p??blica portuguesa, que constam da proposta apresentada pelo Governo. Mencionam-se, ainda, as limita????es verificadas e os princ??pios orientadores da reforma. Em seguida, analisam-se de um ponto de vista cr??tico alguns aspectos, designadamente, a miss??o do dirigente, as categorias e os n??veis, as compet??ncias, a forma????o, o recrutamento e a selec????o, o provimento, a dura????o das comiss??es de servi??o e a sua renova????o. Por fim, aponta-se a import??ncia de monitorar a aplica????o da lei, tendo em vista verificar o seu papel na mudan??a.

O controverso reconhecimento dos activos públicos face à actual situação conceptual da contabilidade pública em Portugal e Espanha

Con la reforma de la contabilidad pública, numeradamente en Portugal y España, la contabilidad patrimonial ha ganado importancia en este sistema contable, siendo necesario definir la composición y el valor del patrimonio de cada entidad pública. La clasificación de los diferentes elementos patrimoniales, numeradamente los activos, se convirtió en una de las preocupaciones de estas entidades, siendo necesario definir criterios exactos para su reconocimiento, lo que provocó una problemática conceptual en la Contabilidad Pública de los diversos países. En Portugal, la reforma de la Contabilidad Pública resultó en la implementación de planes públicos sectoriales, que poco se refieren à su encuadramiento conceptual, no haciendo mención, entre otros aspectos, al concepto y a los criterios de reconocimiento de los elementos de las demonstraciones financieras, por ejemplo de los activos. Por lo tanto, estos planes sectoriales de Contabilidad Pública muestran deficiencias conceptuales, que podrán superarse mediante la definición de un marco conceptual para la Contabilidad Pública en Portugal, partiendo de los existentes al nivel nacional e internacional de ámbito empresarial, y también de ámbito público, y haciendo los correspondientes ajustes, atendiendo a las particularidades de las entidades a las cuales este sistema contable se aplica. En España, el actual Plan General de Contabilidad Pública - PGCP, aprobado en 1994 y modificado posteriormente, tiene algunas deficiencias conceptuales. Sin embargo, en este país es evidente un avance conceptual en comparación con Portugal, ya que se ha publicado un borrador del nuevo PGCP en el año 2009, que incluye un marco conceptual para la Contabilidad Pública. Teniendo en cuenta el marco conceptual del PGCP (2009), así como otros marcos conceptuales existentes, la cuestión de lo que reconocer como un activo está más clara, mencionando dos requisitos de reconocimiento: el cumplimiento del concepto de activos y de sus dos criterios de reconocimiento, relacionados con la relevancia de un elemento para la entidad y la fiabilidad de su valoración. Por lo tanto, teniendo en cuenta estos dos requisitos, un elemento sólo puede ser reconocido como un activo cuando es económicamente controlado por la entidad, resulte de eventos pasados, se pueda utilizar en la prestación de servicios o en la obtención de beneficios para la entidad y, finalmente, cuando su valor puede ser valorado de forma fiable. Así, vemos que la definición del reconocimiento de los activos, y también los demás elementos de los estados financieros, es un elemento importante del marco conceptual de la contabilidad, que es esencial en la preparación y presentación de los estados financieros, que permite una aplicación más coherente de las normas contables, y por lo tanto una mayor comparabilidad de la información financiera.

Thoracic wall reconstruction using ultrasound images to model/bend the thoracic prosthesis for correction of pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior thoracic wall. The surgical correction of such deformity, using Nuss procedure, consists in the placement of a personalized convex prosthesis into sub-sternal position to correct the deformity. The aim of this work is the CT-scan substitution by ultrasound imaging for the pre-operative diagnosis and pre-modeling of the prosthesis, in order to avoid patient radiation exposure. To accomplish this, ultrasound images are acquired along an axial plane, followed by a rigid registration method to obtain the spatial transformation between subsequent images. These images are overlapped to reconstruct an axial plane equivalent to a CT-slice. A phantom was used to conduct preliminary experiments and the achieved results were compared with the corresponding CT-data, showing that the proposed methodology can be capable to create a valid approximation of the anterior thoracic wall, which can be used to model/bend the prosthesis

Automated image analysis of lung branching morphogenesis from microscopic images of fetal rat explants

Background: Regulating mechanisms of branching morphogenesis of fetal lung rat explants have been an essential tool for molecular research. This work presents a new methodology to accurately quantify the epithelial, outer contour and peripheral airway buds of lung explants during cellular development from microscopic images. Methods: The outer contour was defined using an adaptive and multi-scale threshold algorithm whose level was automatically calculated based on an entropy maximization criterion. The inner lung epithelial was defined by a clustering procedure that groups small image regions according to the minimum description length principle and local statistical properties. Finally, the number of peripheral buds were counted as the skeleton branched ends from a skeletonized image of the lung inner epithelial. Results: The time for lung branching morphometric analysis was reduced in 98% in contrast to the manual method. Best results were obtained in the first two days of cellular development, with lesser standard deviations. Non-significant differences were found between the automatic and manual results in all culture days. Conclusions: The proposed method introduces a series of advantages related to its intuitive use and accuracy, making the technique suitable to images with different lightning characteristics and allowing a reliable comparison between different researchers.

Application of Gage R&R methodology for improving the training and evaluation of automatic optical inspection machine operators

The current level of demand by customers in the electronics industry requires the production of parts with an extremely high level of reliability and quality to ensure complete confidence on the end customer. Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) machines have an important role in the monitoring and detection of errors during the manufacturing process for printed circuit boards. These machines present images of products with probable assembly mistakes to an operator and him decide whether the product has a real defect or if in turn this was an automated false detection. Operator training is an important aspect for obtaining a lower rate of evaluation failure by the operator and consequently a lower rate of actual defects that slip through to the following processes. The Gage R&R methodology for attributes is part of a Six Sigma strategy to examine the repeatability and reproducibility of an evaluation system, thus giving important feedback on the suitability of each operator in classifying defects. This methodology was already applied in several industry sectors and services at different processes, with excellent results in the evaluation of subjective parameters. An application for training operators of AOI machines was developed, in order to be able to check their fitness and improve future evaluation performance. This application will provide a better understanding of the specific training needs for each operator, and also to accompany the evolution of the training program for new components which in turn present additional new difficulties for the operator evaluation. The use of this application will contribute to reduce the number of defects misclassified by the operators that are passed on to the following steps in the productive process. This defect reduction will also contribute to the continuous improvement of the operator evaluation performance, which is seen as a quality management goal.

Computer-aided recognition of dental implants in X-ray images

Dental implant recognition in patients without available records is a time-consuming and not straightforward task. The traditional method is a complete user-dependent process, where the expert compares a 2D X-ray image of the dental implant with a generic database. Due to the high number of implants available and the similarity between them, automatic/semi-automatic frameworks to aide implant model detection are essential. In this study, a novel computer-aided framework for dental implant recognition is suggested. The proposed method relies on image processing concepts, namely: (i) a segmentation strategy for semi-automatic implant delineation; and (ii) a machine learning approach for implant model recognition. Although the segmentation technique is the main focus of the current study, preliminary details of the machine learning approach are also reported. Two different scenarios are used to validate the framework: (1) comparison of the semi-automatic contours against implant’s manual contours of 125 X-ray images; and (2) classification of 11 known implants using a large reference database of 601 implants. Regarding experiment 1, 0.97±0.01, 2.24±0.85 pixels and 11.12±6 pixels of dice metric, mean absolute distance and Hausdorff distance were obtained, respectively. In experiment 2, 91% of the implants were successfully recognized while reducing the reference database to 5% of its original size. Overall, the segmentation technique achieved accurate implant contours. Although the preliminary classification results prove the concept of the current work, more features and an extended database should be used in a future work.

Fast left ventricle tracking in CMR images using localized anatomical affine optical flow

In daily cardiology practice, assessment of left ventricular (LV) global function using non-invasive imaging remains central for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Despite the different methodologies currently accessible for LV segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images, a fast and complete LV delineation is still limitedly available for routine use. In this study, a localized anatomically constrained affine optical flow method is proposed for fast and automatic LV tracking throughout the full cardiac cycle in short-axis CMR images. Starting from an automatically delineated LV in the end-diastolic frame, the endocardial and epicardial boundaries are propagated by estimating the motion between adjacent cardiac phases using optical flow. In order to reduce the computational burden, the motion is only estimated in an anatomical region of interest around the tracked boundaries and subsequently integrated into a local affine motion model. Such localized estimation enables to capture complex motion patterns, while still being spatially consistent. The method was validated on 45 CMR datasets taken from the 2009 MICCAI LV segmentation challenge. The proposed approach proved to be robust and efficient, with an average distance error of 2.1 mm and a correlation with reference ejection fraction of 0.98 (1.9 ± 4.5%). Moreover, it showed to be fast, taking 5 seconds for the tracking of a full 4D dataset (30 ms per image). Overall, a novel fast, robust and accurate LV tracking methodology was proposed, enabling accurate assessment of relevant global function cardiac indices, such as volumes and ejection fraction.

Is the International Business Environment the actual context for international business research?

The International Business Environment (IBE) has been argued to be the essential context for international business (IB) studies and the distinguishing factor from other management studies and studies of large enterprises. Two content analysis show that many papers published in top tier IB journals either lack reference to any dimension of the IBE or tend to be uni-or bi-dimensional when addressing the IBE; it is not a surprise that the cultural dimension is the most often used. We suggest that: (a) there is need to developed more uni-and multi-dimensional environmental constructs; (b) a more holistic view of the IBE provides richer insights on the actual complexity underlying IB research. Future studies that provide more comprehensive models of the IBE that overcome the usual broad classifications of the international environment as undefined and uncontrollable factors are warranted to advance conceptual and empirical research.

Medicamentos para Crianças A realidade actual na União Europeia

Muitos medicamentos são ainda actualmente utilizados em crianças sem terem sido suficientemente estudados nesta população. Este facto tem como consequência a utilização de medicamentos não autorizados e em regime de “off-label” (para outras indicações terapêuticas, dose ou posologia que não as aprovadas durante a avaliação que antecede a entrada do medicamento no mercado). A utilização de medicamentos não aprovados em pediatria, embora legítima, é uma preocupação grave e real. A proposta de Regulamentação Europeia recentemente aprovada pelo Parlamento Europeu tem como objectivo a resolução desta problemática.

Comparação da análise sísmica de um edifício em betão armado segundo a actual regulamentação portuguesa de estruturas e segundo os eurocódigos estruturais para diferentes tipologias, terrenos e localizações

Infelizmente nos dias de hoje deparamo-nos, cada vez mais, com notícias de ocorrência de sismos. Muitos destes sismos são de grande intensidade, provocando a destruição de muitas cidades e causando inúmeras vítimas mortais. Para evitar maiores danos, materiais e humanos, houve a necessidade de se implementar medidas de segurança e prevenção no dimensionamento de estruturas, tendo como base a acção sísmica. Esta dissertação tem como objectivo a comparação do ponto de vista técnico e económico entre a estrutura em betão armado de um edifício, considerando 2 ou 5 pisos, com diferentes localizações no território nacional e com diferentes terrenos de fundação, projectada segundo os actuais regulamentos nacionais (Regulamento de Segurança e Acções em Estruturas de Edifícios e Pontes e Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado) e a mesma estrutura projectada de acordo com a versão final dos Eurocódigos Estruturais (EC0, EC1, EC2 e EC8). Pretende-se essencialmente quantificar as diferenças na análise estrutural para as diferentes condições quando se considera a acção sísmica definida segundo o RSAEEP e segundo o Eurocódigo 8. A análise estrutural e dinâmica da estrutura foi feita através do programa de análise estrutural por elementos finitos Sap 2000. Constata-se que existe um agravamento ao nível da armadura nas estruturas dimensionadas segundo os Eurocódigos em relação às mesmas mas dimensionadas pelos regulamentos nacionais, RSA e REBAP.