902 resultados para Word Recognition


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Bien que l’on ait longtemps considéré que les substrats cérébraux de la mémoire sémantique (MS) demeuraient intacts au cours du vieillissement normal (VN), en raison d’une préservation de la performance des personnes âgées à des épreuves sémantiques, plusieurs études récentes suggèrent que des modifications cérébrales sous-tendant le traitement sémantique opèrent au cours du vieillissement. Celles-ci toucheraient principalement les régions responsables des aspects exécutifs du traitement sémantique, impliqués dans les processus de recherche, de sélection et de manipulation stratégique de l’information sémantique. Cependant, les mécanismes spécifiques régissant la réorganisation cérébrale du traitement sémantique au cours du VN demeurent méconnus, notamment en raison de divergences méthodologiques entre les études. De plus, des données de la littérature suggèrent que des modifications cérébrales associées au vieillissement pourraient également avoir lieu en relation avec les aspects perceptifs visuels du traitement des mots. Puisque le processus de lecture des mots représente un processus interactif et dynamique entre les fonctions perceptuelles de bas niveau et les fonctions de plus haut niveau tel que la MS, il pourrait exister des modifications liées à l’âge au plan des interactions cérébrales entre les aspects perceptifs et sémantiques du traitement des mots. Dans son ensemble, l’objectif de la présente thèse était de caractériser les modifications cérébrales ainsi que le décours temporel du signal cérébral qui sont associés au traitement sémantique ainsi qu’au traitement perceptif des mots en lien avec le VN, ainsi que les relations et les modulations entre les processus sémantiques et perceptifs au cours du VN, en utilisant la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) comme technique d’investigation. Dans un premier temps (chapitre 2), les patrons d’activation cérébrale d’un groupe de participants jeunes et d’un groupe de participants âgés sains ont été comparés alors qu’ils effectuaient une tâche de jugement sémantique sur des mots en MEG, en se concentrant sur le signal autour de la N400, une composante associée au traitement sémantique. Les résultats démontrent que des modifications cérébrales liées à l’âge touchent principalement les structures impliquées dans les aspects exécutifs du traitement sémantique. Une activation plus importante du cortex préfrontal inférieur (IPC) a été observée chez les participants jeunes que chez les participants âgés, alors que ces derniers activaient davantage les régions temporo-pariétales que les jeunes adultes. Par ailleurs, le lobe temporal antérieur (ATL) gauche, considéré comme une région centrale et amodale du traitement sémantique, était également davantage activé par les participants âgés que par les jeunes adultes. Dans un deuxième temps (chapitre 3), les patrons d’activation cérébrale d’un groupe de participants jeunes et d’un groupe de participants âgés sains ont été comparés en se concentrant sur le signal associé au traitement perceptif visuel, soit dans les 200 premières millisecondes du traitement des mots. Les résultats montrent que des modifications cérébrales liées à l’âge touchent le gyrus fusiforme mais aussi le réseau sémantique, avec une plus grande activation pour le groupe de participants âgés, malgré une absence de différence d’activation dans le cortex visuel extrastrié entre les deux groupes. Les implications théoriques des résultats de ces deux études sont ensuite discutées, et les limites et perspectives futures sont finalement adressées (chapitre 4).

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Dans le cadre de l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale de patients épileptiques, il est impératif de déterminer la spécialisation hémisphérique du langage, ainsi que de localiser les aires du langage au sein de cet hémisphère. De nouvelles méthodes d’évaluation non- invasives doivent être mises au point afin de diminuer les risques associés aux méthodes plus invasives telles que le test à l’amobarbital intracarotidien (TAI). L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de développer un protocole d’évaluation pré-chirurgicale alternatif et non-invasif à l’aide de la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) pour la latéralisation et la localisation du langage, incluant la mémoire verbale qui serait éventuellement accessible à une population pédiatrique francophone épileptique. L’article 1 présente une recension de la littérature résumant les différentes études en MEG ayant pour objectif l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale du langage. Trente-sept articles en MEG ont été analysés pour déterminer quelles tâches permettaient d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats de latéralisation intrahémisphérique et de localisation du langage pour l’évaluation du langage réceptif et expressif chez des sujets neurologiquement sains et épileptiques. Parmi les tests retenus, l’épreuve de reconnaissance de mots permet d’évaluer le langage réceptif et la mémoire verbale, tandis que des épreuves de fluence verbale telles que la génération de verbes permettent d’évaluer le langage expressif de façon à obtenir de très bons résultats. L’article 2 a permis de valider un protocole auprès de sujets neurologiquement sains à l’aide des épreuves identifiées dans l’article 1. Le protocole utilisé comprend une tâche de langage réceptif et de mémoire verbale (une épreuve de reconnaissance de mots) et une tâche de langage expressif (une épreuve de fluence verbale). Suite à la validation du protocole à l’aide d’analyses par composantes principales, les épreuves ont été administrées à un groupe de patients épileptiques. Les index de latéralité et les analyses de sources i révèlent que la MEG permet de localiser et de latéraliser les fonctions langagières et pourrait donc être utilisée comme méthode d'évaluation du langage lors de l'évaluation pré- chirurgicale auprès de patients épileptiques. Toutefois, alors que l’épreuve de mémoire verbale a permis d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats auprès de l’ensemble des participants, l’épreuve de fluence verbale n’a fourni des informations supplémentaires que chez un seul patient et chez aucun participant neurologiquement sain. En résumé, les deux articles de cette thèse démontrent le potentiel clinique de la MEG pour l’évaluation pré-chirurgicale de patients souffrant d’une épilepsie réfractaire.

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Malayalam is one of the 22 scheduled languages in India with more than 130 million speakers. This paper presents a report on the development of a speaker independent, continuous transcription system for Malayalam. The system employs Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for acoustic modeling and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) for feature extraction. It is trained with 21 male and female speakers in the age group ranging from 20 to 40 years. The system obtained a word recognition accuracy of 87.4% and a sentence recognition accuracy of 84%, when tested with a set of continuous speech data.

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Few major Research works are going in the field of Handwriting Word Recognition (HWR) of Indian languages. This paper surveys the major works of offline/online handwritten word recognition. Techniques involved in word recognition are also discussed. Major works carried out in Bangla, Urdu, Tamil and Hindi are mentioned in this paper. Advancement towards HWR in other Indian languages are also discussed. Application of offline HWR is also discussed

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Anliegen dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung des Einflusses eines Lesestrategietrainings auf die Entwicklung des Leseverständnisses in den Klassen 2 und 4. In einer experimentellen Studie mit Prä-Post-Test-Design wurde die Wirksamkeit eines 25 Sitzungen umfassenden Trainings der Strategien Vorhersagen, kleinschrittiges Wiederholen und Zusammenfassen den Effekten einer lesefernen Kontrollbedingung gegenübergestellt. Die Lesestrategien wurden peergestützt vermittelt, d. h. in Dyaden aus einem leseschwächeren und einem lesestärkeren Kind. In drei Teilstudien wurden Fragestellungen zur differenzierten Analyse der Trainingswirksamkeit untersucht: (1) Wird die Trainingswirksamkeit durch die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse beeinflusst?, (2) Kann die Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit durch das Lesestrategietraining gefördert werden? und (3) Können leseschwache Kinder von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestärkeren Tutor(inn)en hinsichtlich der Verbesserung ihres Leseverständnisses profitieren?. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation sprechen dafür, dass das eingesetzte peergestützte Lesestrategietraining das Leseverständnis und die Leseflüssigkeit von Zweit- und Viertklässler(inne)n unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen positiv beeinflussen konnte. Die Leseleistungen vor dem Training, die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse und die Rolle im dyadischen Lernen erwiesen sich als relevante Einflussfaktoren für die Wirksamkeit des Strategietrainings. Zweitklässler(innen), die aufgrund guter Prä-Test Leseleistungen die Tutor(inn)enrolle erhielten, konnten ihr Leseverständnis gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung signifikant steigern. Leseschwache Zweitklässler(innen) hingegen schienen nur bei (relativ) effizienten Worterkennungsprozessen die Lesestrategien zur Steigerung ihres globalen Leseverständnisses nutzen zu können, wobei sie keinen Zugewinn aus der dyadischen Zusammenarbeit ziehen konnten. Bei ineffizienten Worterkennungsprozessen hatte das Strategietraining negative Auswirkungen auf das allgemeine Leseverständnis. Anders in Klasse 4: Kinder, die aufgrund unterdurchschnittlicher Leseleistungen im Prä-Test als Tutand(inn)en am Training teilnahmen, verbesserten ihr Leseverständnis und konnten dabei von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestarken Tutor(inn)en profitieren. Für die Tutor(inn)en in Klasse 4 zeigte sich kein Effekt des Strategietrainings gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe. In beiden Klassenstufen stellte sich im Verlauf des Strategietrainings eine schnellere Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit der schwachen Leser(innen) ein. Zusammengefasst erzielte das Training die größten Effekte für gute Leser(innen) in Klasse 2 und schwache Leser(innen) in Klasse 4 – beide Gruppen konnten ihr Leseverständnis praktisch bedeutsam gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung steigern.

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Para la enseñanza de lecto-escritura de español en niños existen diferentes métodos usados por los profesores. La importancia de los métodos de lecto-escritura usados para los niños de la primera infancia se vincula con el futuro educativo y profesional de la persona. Por tanto, la preocupación de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de literatura sobre cuáles son los métodos usados por las diferentes instituciones y evaluar la efectividad de dichos métodos en la enseñanza de lecto-escritura. Se hace la revisión de 26 artículos, de los cuales 15 son estudios hechos por diferentes autores para evaluar la efectividad de los diferentes métodos. En el contexto de los artículos revisados se encuentra el método global, el sintético, el fonético, el silábico, el ecléctico, junto con estrategias pictofónicas y el programa de Experiencias Comunicativas en Situaciones variadas de lectura y escritura (ECOS). Los hallazgos permiten concluir que sí hay métodos más efectivos que otros en la enseñanza de lecto-escritura de español en niños. También se puede concluir de acuerdo a la revisión, que la familiaridad de las palabras y el entrenamiento en habilidades fonológicas juega un papel importante en el desempeño de los niños en la realización de las diferentes tareas.

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Las normas de terminación de oraciones son un recurso valioso para los investigadores interesados en el estudio de los efectos que tiene un contexto sobre los procesos de reconocimiento de palabras, y la comprensión del lenguaje en general. Este estudio presenta las normas de terminación para la palabra final de 278 oraciones en español para niños mexicanos, obtenidas a través del método de cloze, en una muestra de 420 estudiantes (226 niños y 194 niñas) de 9 a 12 años de edad del 4º al 6º grado de primarias públicas del Estado de México. La tarea de los niños consistió en leer cada una de las oraciones y completarlas con una palabra al cierre. Se calculó la probabilidad de cierre de cada palabra respondida para cada uno de los contextos, de acuerdo a las respuestas de los niños. Aunque el corpus incluyó oraciones con diferentes restricciones contextuales, la respuesta de los sujetos mostró un mayor número de oraciones con alta probabilidad de cierre. Este material puede ser utilizado en la investigación sobre la comprensión del lenguaje tanto auditivo como escrito en niños.

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Even though pediatric hearing aid (HA) users listen most often to female talkers, clinically-used speech tests primarily consist of adult male talkers' speech. Potential effects of age and/or gender of the talker on speech perception of pediatric HA users were examined using two speech tests, hVd-vowel identification and CNC word recognition, and using speech materials spoken by four talker types (adult males, adult females, 10-12 year old girls, and 5-7 year old girls). For the nine pediatric HA users tested, word scores for the male talker's speech were higher than those for the female talkers, indicating that talker type can affect word recognition scores and that clinical tests may over-estimate everyday speech communication abilities of pediatric HA users.

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Background: Deficits in reading airment (SLI), Down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Methods: In this review (based on a search of the ISI Web of Knowledge database to 2011), the Simple View of Reading is used as a framework for considering reading comprehension in these groups. Conclusions: There is substantial evidence for reading comprehension impairments in SLI and growing evidence that weaknesses in this domain are common in DS and ASD. Further, in these groups reading comprehension is typically more impaired than word recognition. However, there is also evidence that some children and adolescents with DS, ASD and a history of SLI develop reading comprehension and word recognition skills at or above the age appropriate level. This review of the literature indicates that factors including word recognition, oral language, nonverbal ability and working memory may explain reading comprehension difficulties in SLI, DS and ASD. In addition, it highlights methodological issues, implications of poor reading comprehension and fruitful areas for future research.

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Reading comprehension is an area of difficulty for many individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). According to the Simple View of Reading, word recognition and oral language are both important determinants of reading comprehension ability. We provide a novel test of this model in 100 adolescents with ASD of varying intellectual ability. Further, we explore whether reading comprehension is additionally influenced by individual differences in social behaviour and social cognition in ASD. Adolescents with ASD aged 14-16 years completed assessments indexing word recognition, oral language, reading comprehension, social behaviour and social cognition. Regression analyses show that both word recognition and oral language explain unique variance in reading comprehension. Further, measures of social behaviour and social cognition predict reading comprehension after controlling for the variance explained by word recognition and oral language. This indicates that word recognition, oral language and social impairments may constrain reading comprehension in ASD.

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Background: Few studies have investigated how individuals diagnosed with post-stroke Broca’s aphasia decompose words into their constituent morphemes in real-time processing. Previous research has focused on morphologically complex words in non-time-constrained settings or in syntactic frames, but not in the lexicon. Aims: We examined real-time processing of morphologically complex words in a group of five Greek-speaking individuals with Broca’s aphasia to determine: (1) whether their morphological decomposition mechanisms are sensitive to lexical (orthography and frequency) vs. morphological (stem-suffix combinatory features) factors during visual word recognition, (2) whether these mechanisms are different in inflected vs. derived forms during lexical access, and (3) whether there is a preferred unit of lexical access (syllables vs. morphemes) for inflected vs. derived forms. Methods & Procedures: The study included two real-time experiments. The first was a semantic judgment task necessitating participants’ categorical judgments for high- and low-frequency inflected real words and pseudohomophones of the real words created by either an orthographic error at the stem or a homophonous (but incorrect) inflectional suffix. The second experiment was a letter-priming task at the syllabic or morphemic boundary of morphologically transparent inflected and derived words whose stems and suffixes were matched for length, lemma and surface frequency. Outcomes & Results: The majority of the individuals with Broca’s aphasia were sensitive to lexical frequency and stem orthography, while ignoring the morphological combinatory information encoded in the inflectional suffix that control participants were sensitive to. The letter-priming task, on the other hand, showed that individuals with aphasia—in contrast to controls—showed preferences with regard to the unit of lexical access, i.e., they were overall faster on syllabically than morphemically parsed words and their morphological decomposition mechanisms for inflected and derived forms were modulated by the unit of lexical access. Conclusions: Our results show that in morphological processing, Greek-speaking persons with aphasia rely mainly on stem access and thus are only sensitive to orthographic violations of the stem morphemes, but not to illegal morphological combinations of stems and suffixes. This possibly indicates an intact orthographic lexicon but deficient morphological decomposition mechanisms, possibly stemming from an underspecification of inflectional suffixes in the participants’ grammar. Syllabic information, however, appears to facilitate lexical access and elicits repair mechanisms that compensate for deviant morphological parsing procedures.

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ERPs were elicited to (1) words, (2) pseudowords derived from these words, and (3) nonwords with no lexical neighbors, in a task involving listening to immediately repeated auditory stimuli. There was a significant early (P200) effect of phonotactic probability in the first auditory presentation, which discriminated words and pseudowords from nonwords; and a significant somewhat later (N400) effect of lexicality, which discriminated words from pseudowords and nonwords. There was no reliable effect of lexicality in the ERPs to the second auditory presentation. We conclude that early sublexical phonological processing differed according to phonotactic probability of the stimuli, and that lexically-based redintegration occurred for words but did not occur for pseudowords or nonwords. Thus, in online word recognition and immediate retrieval, phonological and/or sublexical processing plays a more important role than lexical level redintegration.

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Purpose: Previously, anthocyanin-rich blueberry treatments have shown positive effects on cognition in both animals and human adults. However, little research has considered whether these benefits transfer to children. Here we describe an acute time-course and dose–response investigation considering whether these cognitive benefits extend to children. Methods: Using a double-blind cross-over design, on three occasions children (n = 21; 7–10 years) consumed placebo (vehicle) or blueberry drinks containing 15 or 30 g freeze-dried wild blueberry (WBB) powder. A cognitive battery including tests of verbal memory, word recognition, response interference, response inhibition and levels of processing was performed at baseline, and 1.15, 3 and 6 h following treatment. Results: Significant WBB-related improvements included final immediate recall at 1.15 h, delayed word recognition sustained over each period, and accuracy on cognitively demanding incongruent trials in the interference task at 3h. Importantly, across all measures, cognitive performance improved, consistent with a dose–response model, with the best performance following 30 g WBB and the worst following vehicle. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate WBB-related cognitive improvements in 7- to 10-year-old children. These effects would seem to be particularly sensitive to the cognitive demand of task.

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The automatic speech recognition by machine has been the target of researchers in the past five decades. In this period have been numerous advances, such as in the field of recognition of isolated words (commands), which has very high rates of recognition, currently. However, we are still far from developing a system that could have a performance similar to the human being (automatic continuous speech recognition). One of the great challenges of searches for continuous speech recognition is the large amount of pattern. The modern languages such as English, French, Spanish and Portuguese have approximately 500,000 words or patterns to be identified. The purpose of this study is to use smaller units than the word such as phonemes, syllables and difones units as the basis for the speech recognition, aiming to recognize any words without necessarily using them. The main goal is to reduce the restriction imposed by the excessive amount of patterns. In order to validate this proposal, the system was tested in the isolated word recognition in dependent-case. The phonemes characteristics of the Brazil s Portuguese language were used to developed the hierarchy decision system. These decisions are made through the use of neural networks SVM (Support Vector Machines). The main speech features used were obtained from the Wavelet Packet Transform. The descriptors MFCC (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient) are also used in this work. It was concluded that the method proposed in this work, showed good results in the steps of recognition of vowels, consonants (syllables) and words when compared with other existing methods in literature

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Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most frequent causes of intellectual disability, affecting one in every 600 to 1000 live births. Studies have demonstrated that people with DS have a lower capacity for short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM), which affects their capability to learn new words and to follow spoken instructions, specially when they involve multiple information or consecutive orders/orientations. It seems that the basis of the learning process, as it happens with language and mathematics comprehension and reasoning, relies in the STM and WM systems. Individuals with DS are increasingly included in mainstream education, and yet, very few researches have been conducted to investigate the influence of memory development and the type of enrollment (regular school and special school). This study investigated the relationship between the type of school enrollment with the performance on STM tests and also, the relationship of this performance with early stimulation (ES). The tests used in the first research were the digit span, free recall, word recognition and subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Third Edition (WISC-III). Individuals enrolled in the regular schools group had higher scores on the digit span test and the subtests of the WISC-III. In the free recall and recognition tests, no differences were found. This study indicates that the type of enrollment might influence the memory development of individuals with DS and clearly points the need for future investigations. In the second research, the tests used were the digit span, free word recall and subtests of the WISC-III. The test results showed better performance by adults that received ES before six months of age. The studies showed improvement in STM both in people who attended or were attending regular school, as well as those who benefited from ES before six months of age. However, some issues still need to be better understood. What is the relation between this stimulation with the individual s education? Since ES may reflect a greater family involvement with the individual, what is the role of emotional components derived from this involvement in the cognitive improvement? These and other questions are part of the continuity of this study