Versão portuguesa das “Escalas de Táticas de Conflito Revisadas”: estudo de validação

As escalas de Táticas de Conflito Revisadas (CTS2) destinam-se a avaliar o modo como os casais resolvem os seus conflitos, através de estratégias de negociação ou de abuso: (a) abuso físico sem sequelas; (b) agressão psicológica; (c) abuso físico com sequelas; (d) coerção sexual. A versão portuguesa foi administrada a uma amostra de 551 estudantes universitários (332 do sexo feminino), 45 dos quais têm uma relação íntima entre si. Considera os cinco factores propostos pelos autores das escalas originais e apresenta valores de consistência interna compreendidos entre .78 e .50. As correlações entre os diferentes tipos de abuso e a desejabilidade social, história de socialização violenta, crime violento, domínio na relação, e ainda a concordância nos heterorrelatos de ambos elementos da díade, testemunham a validade das escalas. Investigadores e técnicos da psicologia e áreas afins têm agora à sua disposição a versão portuguesa das CTS2, que tem demonstrado elevada aplicabilidade na determinação da presença de relações abusivas no seio da família, na avaliação da eficácia de programas de intervenção no contexto forense e em estudos de cariz epidemiológico.

O depoimento da criança no processo civil e sua valoração probatória

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar um dos meios de prova oral do processo civil, que é o depoimento da criança. Diante da existência de uma certa resistência quanto à utilização e validade deste meio de prova, foram destacados argumentos de direito probatório favoráveis à tomada do depoimento infantil, como o direito à prova no sistema da prova livre e na vertente do direito de ação e defesa, além da necessária comparação com o processo penal e o destaque aos princípios da proteção integral e do superior interesse da criança, os quais foram reforçados por outros de natureza médico-psicológica, que visaram a destacar a capacidade cognitiva da criança em recordar fatos e relatá-los. Após a desconstrução do modelo de exclusão prévia do depoimento infantil, a dissertação abordou os modelos de proteção para a audição judicial da criança, para se evitar a vitimização secundária da criança e exposição desnecessária às partes, advogados e juízes. Neste particular, foram revisados os modelos inglês do closed-circuit television - CCTV e argentino da Câmara de Gesell como paradigmas para vários outros países, inclusive o Brasil que tem incentivado o depoimento sem dano. Em derradeiro, foi examinada a valoração desse depoimento da criança, tomando-se por base a justificação lógico-racional da prova consubstanciada nos módulos de constatação, ocasião em que foi possível sublinhar que a utilização dos modelos e métodos de inquirição protetivos culminam em maior credibilidade ao depoimento da criança no processo civil e proporcionam a descoberta de falsidade voluntária ou não. Também no tópico da valoração da prova, o conteúdo do depoimento infantil vai trazer maior confiança quando conjugado com elementos intrínsecos, como a coerência do discurso e a ausência de contradições, e extrínsecos, realizado na modalidade protetiva.

Collective victimisation and collective guilt in the former Yugoslavia : the interplay between individual, local and societal levels

The thesis examines the impact of collective war victimization on individuals' readiness to accept or assign collective guilt for past war atrocities. As a complement to previous studies, its aim is to articulate an integrated approach to collective victimization, which distinguishes between individual-, communal-, and societal-level consequences of warfare. Building on a social representation approach, it is guided by the assumption that individuals form beliefs about a conflict through their personal experiences of victimization, communal experiences of warfare that occur in their proximal surrounding, and the mass- mediatised narratives that circulate in a society's public sphere. Four empirical studies test the hypothesis that individuals' beliefs about the conflict depend on the level and type of war experiences to which they have been exposed, that is, on informative and normative micro and macro contexts in which they are embedded. The studies have been conducted in the context of the Yugoslav wars that attended the breakup of Yugoslavia, a series of wars fought between 1991 and 2001 during which numerous war atrocities were perpetrated causing a massive victimisation of population. To examine the content and impact of war experiences at each level of analysis, the empirical studies employed various methodological strategies, from quantitative analyses of a representative public opinion survey, to qualitative analyses of media content and political speeches. Study 1 examines the impact of individual- and communal- level war experiences on individuals' acceptance and assignment of collective guilt. It further examines the impact of the type of communal level victimization: exposure to symmetric (i.e., violence that similarly affects members of different ethnic groups, including adversaries) and asymmetric violence. The main goal of Study 2 is to examine the structural and political circumstances that enhance collective guilt assignment. While the previous studies emphasize the role of past victimisation, Study 2 tests the assumption that the political demobilisation strategy employed by elites facing public discontent in the collective system-threatening circumstances can fuel out-group blame. Studies 3 and 4 have been conducted predominantly in the context of Croatia and examine rhetoric construction of the dominant politicized narrative of war in a public sphere (Study 3) and its maintenance through public delegitimization of alternative (critical) representations (Study 4). Study 4 further examines the likelihood that highly identified group members adhere to publicly delegitimized critical stances on war. - Cette thèse étudie l'impact de la victimisation collective de guerre sur la capacité des individus à accepter ou à attribuer une culpabilité collective liée à des atrocités commises en temps de guerre. En compléments aux recherches existantes, le but de ce travail est de définir une approche intégrative de la victimisation collective, qui distingue les conséquences de la guerre aux niveaux individuel, régional et sociétal. En partant de l'approche des représentations sociales, cette thèse repose sur le postulat que les individus forment des croyances sur un conflit au travers de leurs expériences personnelles de victimisation, de leurs expériences de guerre lorsque celle-ci se déroule près d'eux, ainsi qu'au travers des récits relayés par les mass media. Quatre études testent l'hypothèse que les croyances des individus dépendent des niveaux et des types d'expériences de guerre auxquels ils ont été exposés, c'est-à-dire, des contextes informatifs et normatifs, micro et macro dans lesquels ils sont insérés. Ces études ont été réalisées dans le contexte des guerres qui, entre 1991 et 2001, ont suivi la dissolution de la Yougoslavie et durant lesquelles de nombreuses atrocités de guerre ont été commises, causant une victimisation massive de la population. Afin d'étudier le contenu et l'impact des expériences de guerre sur chaque niveau d'analyse, différentes stratégies méthodologiques ont été utilisées, des analyses quantitatives sur une enquête représentative d'opinion publique aux analyses qualitatives de contenu de médias et de discours politiques. L'étude 1 étudie l'impact des expériences de guerre individuelles et régionales sur l'acceptation et l'attribution de la culpabilité collective par les individus. Elle examine aussi l'impact du type de victimisation régionale : exposition à la violence symétrique (i.e., violence qui touche les membres de différents groupes ethniques, y compris les adversaires) et asymétrique. L'étude 2 se penche sur les circonstances structurelles et politiques qui augmentent l'attribution de culpabilité collective. Alors que les recherches précédentes ont mis l'accent sur le rôle de la victimisation passée, l'étude 2 teste l'hypothèse que la stratégie de démobilisation politique utilisée par les élites pour faire face à l'insatisfaction publique peut encourager l'attribution de la culpabilité à l'exogroupe. Les études 3 et 4 étudient, principalement dans le contexte croate, la construction rhétorique du récit de guerre politisé dominant (étude 3) et son entretien à travers la délégitimation publique des représentations alternatives (critiques] (étude 4). L'étude 4 examine aussi la probabilité qu'ont les membres de groupe fortement identifiés d'adhérer à des points de vue sur la guerre critiques et publiquement délégitimés.

Victimologia del desenvolupament : Incidència i repercussions de la victimització i la polivictimització en joves catalans

L'elevada freqüència de victimització en nens, nenes i adolescents és una realitat que ha impulsat l’aparició de la denominada victimologia del desenvolupament, en la qual s’emmarca aquest projecte. Des d’aquesta perspectiva, s’han entrevistat 123 joves, d’entre 12 i 17 anys (M= 14,28 i DT= 1,43) atesos en 13 centres de salut mental de la província de Barcelona, sobre les seves experiències de victimització relatives a delictes comuns, victimització per part de cuidadors, victimització per iguals i/o germans, victimització sexual, victimització indirecta/ser testimoni i victimització per Internet. Alhora s’han avaluat les característiques i el perfil dels victimaris, així com el malestar psicològic i la presència de psicopatologia en les víctimes. Un 99,2% dels menors ha patit alguna forma de victimització al llarg de la seva vida i un 85,4% l’ha sofert en el darrer any. Gran part de les victimitzacions s’inicien durant la infància, estan vinculades a persones conegudes, de l’entorn habitual del menor, i són comeses per un agressor de sexe masculí. Si bé no totes aquestes formes de victimització suposen delictes punibles al nostre país, sí que configuren una part important de la biografia del menor que cal considerar i valorar, donades les implicacions que poden arribar a tenir en el seu desenvolupament. Els resultats confirmen que la victimització i, especialment, l’acumulació d’experiències victimitzants tenen un efecte negatiu en l’estat emocional del menor, cosa que fa que, en els adolescents polivictimitzats, s’obtinguin nivells més elevats de psicopatologia general, així com de simptomatologia internalitzant i externalitzant.

Les délits commis par les employés dans les secteurs commercial et financier : certaines formes de la criminalité économique à la lumière d'une étude de victimisation et de prévention dans les entreprises du canton de Genève

Summary: Victims of crime are not only physical persons. Firms also experience some different forms of victimization either from outsiders or front employees. Crimes committed inside the firm are various: theft, embezzlement, fraud, fraudulent management, money laundering, vandalism etc. Assessed damage could be considerable. But in general, most of the criminological studies relating to victimization have been interested in individuals as victims. In Switzerland, to date, research on firms'victimization is simply rare and traditional research methods such as victimization survey, self-reported delinquency or controlled experiments are not very much utilized in Swiss white-collar crime studies. Thus, in order to improve the situation, we have decided to start a victimization study on white-collar crime committed in firms of the canton of Geneva. To narrow the field of research, our project seeks to apprehend white-collar crime as a series of offences committed by employees inside the firm, by fraud or deceit, aiming at an illegitimate enrichment. The phenomenon of white-collar crime perpetrated has been evaluated by examining the presence of risk factors and prevention strategies. Furthermore, the correlation between the victimization rate and some aspects of vulnerability has also been investigated. Using data collected from the victimization survey carried out in 2005, some of the key research questions are the following: - which are the types of offences committed? - Which types of measure of prevention are the most efficient to prevent such offences ? - Which type of business is more vulnerable? - Which are the risk factors? - Which is the profile of the authors? - Which are the motivations?, etc. Findings show that companies which valorize their employees and pursue a transparent management style suffer a lower victimization rate. Further, the retail sector seems to be more affected than the financial sector and big firms are more vulnerable.

"Accomodating science" : a new way of thinking about rhetorical dynamics

By analyzing three case studies (neutrinos, victimization survey and quality of mass media), our present issue is to figure out if underlying successive accommodations to new rhetorical situations will have an impact on the respective importance of logos, ethos and pathos. We would like to pinpoint the stakes of science's public dimensions considering the scientists' image, their expertise, and also the given results' implication. We will especially take into account scientific papers that may be or are potentially controversial in the political, media and civic spheres.

Victimología del desarrollo. Incidencia y repercusiones de la victimización y la polivictimización en jóvenes catalanes

El estudio presenta datos sobre la incidencia de la victimización en jóvenes catalanes usuarios de centros de salud mental a partir de sus propias respuestas, estableciendo las características principales relativas al victimario, las lesiones físicas derivadas, el malestar psicológico asociado y la presencia de psicopatología.

Les característiques de les víctimes a Catalunya i a altres països industrialitzats. Un estudi multivariant

La recerca té l’objectiu de conèixer quines són les variables que expliquen i prediuen la victimització mitjançant anàlisis de regressió logística. L’estudi s’ha dut a terme a partir d’una mostra de 39.517 registres procedents de 17 països industrialitzats (inclosa Catalunya), que pertanyen a 17 enquestes sobre la victimització l’any 1999, totes elles realitzades amb els mateixos paràmetres metodològics. Les variables dependents (o tipus de victimització) que s’estudien són: robatori del/en el cotxe, robatori o temptativa de robatori en el domicili, delictes menors, delictes contra la propietat, delictes amb violència, agressions sexuals i delictes de contacte. Les variables independents són: país, hàbits de sortida nocturns, edat, nombre d’habitants de la ciutat o municipi, ocupació, anys d’estudi, ingressos, estat civil i sexe. Algunes conclusions són: (1) les variables país i edat són les que amb més força expliquen la victimització; (2)quant a les agressions sexuals, la variable que més explica la victimització és l’estat civil, seguit de l’edat i el país; (3) la variable país està present en totes i cada una de les equacions obtingudes de les regressions logístiques, la qual cosa vol dir que en tots els casos explica la victimització i, és més, té la capacitat de predir-la; (4) l’estat civil i nombre d’habitants estan presents en totes les equacions de regressió logística llevat de la referida als delictes contra els cotxes; (5) l’edat està present en 6 de les 8 equacions de regressió logística, no es presenta en els delictes contra els domicilis ni en els delictes amb violència, per la qual cosa no és útil a l’hora de predir-ne la victimització; (5) pel que fa al país, el fet de viure a Catalunya és un factor de protecció envers el delicte, llevat dels fets contra els vehicles.

Iowa Sex Offender Treatment and Supervision Task Force Report to the Iowa General Assembly, January 15, 2006

Over the last several years, lawmakers have been responding to several highly publicized child abduction, assault and murder cases. While such cases remain rare in Iowa, the public debates they have generated are having far-reaching effects. Policy makers are responsible for controlling the nature of such effects. Challenges they face stem from the need to avoid primarily politically-motivated responses and the desire to make informed decisions that recognize both the strengths and the limitations of the criminal justice system as a vehicle for promoting safe and healthy families and communities. Consensus was reached by the Task Force at its first meeting that one of its standing goals is to provide nonpartisan guidance to help avoid or fix problematic sex offense policies and practices. Setting this goal was a response to the concern over what can result from elected officials’ efforts to respond to the types of sex offender-related concerns that can easily become emotionally laden and politically charged due to the universally held abhorrence of sex crimes against children. The meetings of the Task Force and the various work groups it has formed have included some spirited and perhaps emotionally charged discussions, despite the above-stated ground rule. However, as is described in the report, the Task Force’s first set of recommendations and plans for further study were approved through consensus. It is hoped that in upcoming legislative deliberations, it will be remembered that the non-legislative members of the Task Force all agreed on the recommendations contained in this report. The topics discussed in this first report from the Task Force are limited to the study issues specifically named in H.F. 619, the Task Force’s enabling legislation. However, other topics of concern were discussed by the Task Force because of their immediacy or because of their possible relationships with one or more of the Task Force’s mandated study issues. For example, it has been reported by some probation/parole officers and others that the 2000 feet rule has had a negative influence on treatment participation and supervision compliance. While such concerns were noted, the Task Force did not take it upon itself to investigate them at this time and thus broaden the agenda it was given by the General Assembly last session. As a result, the recently reinstated 2000 feet rule, the new cohabitation/child endangerment law and other issues of interest to Task Force members but not within the scope of their charge are not discussed in the body of this report. An issue of perhaps the greatest interest to most Task Force members that was not a part of their charge was a belief in the benefit of viewing Iowa’s efforts to protect children from sex crimes with as comprehensive a platform as possible. It has been suggested that much more can be done to prevent child-victim sex crimes than would be accomplished by only concentrating on what to do with offenders after a crime has occurred. To prevent child victimization, H.F. 619 policy provisions rely largely on incapacitation and future deterrent effects of increased penalties, more restrictive supervision practices and greater public awareness of the risk presented by a segment of Iowa’s known sex offenders. For some offenders, these policies will no doubt prevent future sex crimes against children, and the Task Force has begun long-term studies to look for the desired results and for ways to improve such results through better supervision tools and more effective offender treatment. Unfortunately, much of the effects from the new policies may primarily influence persons who have already committed sex offenses against minors and who have already been caught doing so. Task Force members discussed the need for a range of preventive efforts and a need to think about sex crimes against children from other than just a “reaction- to-the-offender” perspective. While this topic is not addressed in the report that follows, it was suggested that some of the Task Force’s discussions could be briefly shared through these opening comments. Along with incapacitation and deterrence, comprehensive approaches to the prevention of child-victim sex crimes would also involve making sure parents have the tools they need to detect signs of adults with sex behavior problems, to help teach their children about warning signs and to find the support they need for healthy parenting. School, faithbased and other community organizations might benefit from stronger supports and better tools they can use to more effectively promote positive youth development and the learning of respect for others, respect for boundaries and healthy relationships. All of us who have children, or who live in communities where there are children, need to understand the limitations of our justice system and the importance of our own ability to play a role in preventing sexual abuse and protecting children from sex offenders, which are often the child’s own family members. Over 1,000 incidences of child sexual abuse are confirmed or founded each year in Iowa, and most such acts take place in the child’s home or the residence of the caretaker of the child. Efforts to prevent child sexual abuse and to provide for early interventions with children and families at risk could be strategically examined and strengthened. The Sex Offender Treatment and Supervision Task Force was established to provide assistance to the General Assembly. It will respond to legislative direction for adjusting its future plans as laid out in this report. Its plans could be adjusted to broaden or narrow its scope or to assign different priority levels of effort to its current areas of study. Also, further Task Force considerations of the recommendations it has already submitted could be called for. In the meantime, it is hoped that the information and recommendations submitted through this report prove helpful.

Indisciplina na escola : compreender para prevenir : um estudo com alunos do 7º e 9º anos de Cabo Verde

A indisciplina na escola é um tema educativo de atualidade e uma preocupação daqueles que estão ligados à educação, quer seja de uma forma direta ou indireta: professores, alunos, pais ou encarregados de educação. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral conhecer as representações que os alunos do 7º e 9º anos de escolaridade têm acerca da indisciplina na escola. Com as nove questões de investigação formuladas, pretendeu-se averiguar a distribuição dos alunos pela disrupção, vitimização e agressão na escola, e, ainda, analisar as diferenças em função do género e do ano de escolaridade nos comportamentos de disrupção, vitimização e agressão na escola. A amostra foi constituída por 240 alunos do 7º e 9º anos de escolaridade de uma escola secundária de Cabo Verde. Para se proceder à avaliação dos comportamentos disruptivos foi utilizada a Escala de Disrupção Escolar Professada pelo Aluno, desenvolvida por Veiga (1996, 2012). Foi também utilizada a escala Peer Victimization Scale, adaptada para Portugal por Veiga (2008), que permitiu avaliar comportamentos de agressor e de agredido. Os resultados indicaram uma disrupção escolar não elevada. Em termos diferenciais, de uma forma geral, os alunos do 7º ano foram mais disruptivos que os do 9º ano; os alunos do sexo masculino revelaram ser mais disruptivos que os do sexo feminino. Em relação à escala de vitimização, os resultados obtidos permitiram encontrar ocorrências de vitimização, sendo a mais frequente a verbal; nesta escala os alunos do sexo masculino foram mais vítimas do que os do sexo feminino; os alunos do 7º ano revelaram ser mais vítima do que os do 9º. Relativamente à escala de agressão, os resultados permitiram observar que não houve registo elevado de ocorrências; nesta escala os alunos do sexo masculino revelaram ser mais agressores do que os alunos do sexo feminino; os alunos do 7º ano revelaram ser mais agressores do que os do 9º ano. Os resultados aproximam-se de outros estudos semelhantes e sugerem a necessidade de novas investigações com amostras mais heterogéneas, envolvendo outros anos de escolaridade.

Are adolescents with chronic conditions particularly at risk for bullying?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and intensity of victimization from bullying, and the characteristics of the victims of bullying, comparing adolescents with and without chronic conditions. DESIGN: School survey. SETTING: Post-mandatory schools. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 7005 students (48% females) aged 16-20 years, distributed into adolescents with chronic conditions (728, 50% females) and controls (6277, 48% females). Chronic condition was defined as having a chronic disease and/or a physical disability.OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of bullying; intensity of bullying; and socio-demographic, bio-psychosocial, familial, school, and violence context characteristics of the victims of bullying. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullying in our sample was 13.85%. Adolescents with chronic conditions were more likely to be victims of bullying (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.53), and to be victims of two or three forms of bullying (AOR 1.92). Victims of bullying with chronic conditions were more likely than non-victims to be depressed (Relative Risk Ratio [RRR] 1.57), to have more physical symptoms (RRR 1.61), to have a poorer relationship with their parents (RRR 1.33), to have a poorer school climate (RRR 1.60), and to have been victims of sexual abuse (RRR 1.79) or other forms of violence (RRR 1.80). Although these characteristics apply to victims in general, in most cases they are less pronounced among victims without chronic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic conditions seem to be a risk factor for victimization from bullying. Therefore, as adolescents with chronic conditions are increasingly mainstreamed, schools should be encouraged to undertake preventive measures to avoid victimization of such adolescents.

Les gangs en Suisse : délinquance, victimisation et facteurs de risque

Abstract Gang membership constitutes one of the strongest risk factors of delinquency. Research on this topic found that gang members commit more offences in general and are particularly more prone to violent offences than other juveniles. Indeed, they are responsible for approximately 50 to 86% of the total offences perpetrated by juvenile offenders. In Switzerland, as in other European countries, there is a reluctance to use the term of gang to talk about delinquent youth groups. However, this term implies many stereotypes that do not apply to the majority of juvenile American gangs. Thus, it appears that some delinquent youth groups in European countries can be described as gangs. This manifestation of juvenile delinquency is increasingly studied by European researchers, whose studies demonstrate the high level of delinquency committed by gang members. This research assesses the proportion of gangs in Switzerland and their level of involvement in delinquency. Victimization of gang members as well as risk factors of gang membership are also analyzed. For this research, data of two self-reported juvenile delinquency surveys were used, namely the survey of "les jeunes et l'insécurité" and the second wave of the International Self-Reported Delinquency Survey (ISRD-2). The first survey took place in the canton of Vaud among 4'690 teenagers, and the second one was conducted across Switzerland by interviewing 3'648 teenagers aged 12 to 16. The results from the ISRD-2 survey show that 4.6% of young Swiss belong to a gang, whereas this is the case for 6.5% of teenagers in the canton of Vaud. About a third of the gang members ara girls. A strong link between the commission of offences and gang membership was found in both surveys. A teenager who does not belong to a gang commits on average 1.9 offences per year, whereas this number increases to 7.2 offences for teenagers who have delinquent peers and to 16 offences for gang members. The risk of victimization is also stronger for a gang member than for a non-gang member, as it is 4 to 5 times higher for assaults and robberies. International comparisons based on the ISRD-2 survey have been conducted, highlighting the high level of delinquency of gang members and their vulnerability to victimization. Risk factors of gang membership include the influence of accessibility to drugs in the neighbourhoods, the lack of self-control of the teenagers and their consumption of cannabis. Résumé Un des facteurs de risque les plus importants de la délinquance juvénile est l'appartenance à un gang. Les recherches faites sur cette problématique indiquent que les membres de gangs commettent plus de délits et des délits plus violents que les autres jeunes et qu'ils sont responsables d'environ 50 â 86% des actes délinquants perpétrés. En Suisse, tout comme dans d'autres pays européens, une réticence existe à utiliser le terme de gang pour parler des bandes de jeunes délinquants. Pourtant, ce terme implique de nombreux stéréotypes qui ne correspondent toutefois pas à la majorité des gangs américains. Ainsi, il apparaît que certaines bandes de jeunes délinquants présentes dans des pays européens peuvent être qualifiées de gangs. Cette manifestation de ta délinquance juvénile est de plus en plus étudiée par les chercheurs européens qui démontrent également la sur-criminalité de leurs membres. I La présente recherche évalue dans quelle proportion tes membres de gangs existent en Suisse et Quel est leur niveau d'implication dans la délinquance. Leur victimisation ainsi que les facteurs de risque de l'affiliation à de tels groupes y sont également analysés. Pour ce faire, les données de deux enquêtes ont été utilisées, à savoir l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité portant sur 4'690 élèves de 8'? et 9*? année scolaire du canton de Vaud, ainsi que la deuxième vague du sondage de délinquance auto-reportée portant sur 3'648 jeunes suisses ayant entre 12 et 16 ans (ISRD-2 -International Self Reported Delinquency-). Ainsi, 4.6% des jeunes suisses, selon la recherche de l'ISRD-2, et 6.5% des jeunes vaudois, selon l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité, appartiennent à un gang ; un tiers des membres étant de sexe féminin. Un lien fort entre la commission de délits et l'affiliation à un gang a été mis en évidence dans les deux enquêtes. Un adolescent qui ne fait pas partie d'un gang commet en moyenne 1.9 délits par année, un jeune qui a des pairs délinquants en commet en moyenne 7.2, alors que la moyenne annuelle des jeunes qui appartiennent à un gang s'élève à 16. Le risque de devenir victime est également plus important lorsqu'un jeune fait partie de tels groupes, puisqu'il est 4 à 5 fois plus élevé pour les agressions et les brigandages. Des comparaisons internationales, basées sur l'enquête de l'lSRD-2, ont pu être effectuées, mettant en exergue la sur-criminalité des membres de gangs ainsi que leur vulnérabilité face à la victimisation. Des facteurs de risque de l'affiliation è un gang, tels que l'influence de l'accessibilité à la drogue dans les quartiers où habitent les jeunes, le manque d'autocontrôlé de ces derniers ou leur consommation de cannabis ont été relevés

For better or worse: Associations between the experience of negative life events and positive and negative sibling relationship characteristics

Using Dutch data (N = 6630), this article examines how sibling relationships (including full biological, half- and adopted siblings) differed for persons who experienced a negative life event (divorce, physical illness, psychological problems, addiction, problems with the law, victimization of abuse or financial problems) and those who did not. Results showed that people who experienced serious negative life events in the past often had less active, less supportive and more strained sibling ties. The group that experienced a physical illness formed an exception, showing more supportive and active sibling ties, but also higher levels of conflict. Results suggest inequality between persons who have experienced negative life events and those who have not in terms of access to positive and supportive sibling relationships.