Testing for local adaptation in brown trout using reciprocal transplants.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Local adaptation can drive the divergence of populations but identification of the traits under selection remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Reciprocal transplant experiments are ideal tests of local adaptation, yet rarely used for higher vertebrates because of the mobility and potential invasiveness of non-native organisms. Here, we reciprocally transplanted 2500 brown trout (Salmo trutta) embryos from five populations to investigate local adaptation in early life history traits. Embryos were bred in a full-factorial design and raised in natural riverbeds until emergence. Customized egg capsules were used to simulate the natural redd environment and allowed tracking the fate of every individual until retrieval. We predicted that 1) within sites, native populations would outperform non-natives, and 2) across sites, populations would show higher performance at 'home' compared to 'away' sites. RESULTS: There was no evidence for local adaptation but we found large differences in survival and hatching rates between sites, indicative of considerable variation in habitat quality. Survival was generally high across all populations (55% +/- 3%), but ranged from 4% to 89% between sites. Average hatching rate was 25% +/- 3% across populations ranging from 0% to 62% between sites. CONCLUSION: This study provides rare empirical data on variation in early life history traits in a population network of a salmonid, and large-scale breeding and transplantation experiments like ours provide powerful tests for local adaptation. Despite the recently reported genetic and morphological differences between the populations in our study area, local adaptation at the embryo level is small, non-existent, or confined to ecological conditions that our experiment could not capture.

Study of adaptation and validation of the Practice environment scale of the nursing work index for the portuguese reality

Objective: Testing the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Method: A descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study, for the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the scale. The study participants were 236 nurses from two hospitals in the regions of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo. Results: The 0.92 Cronbach’s alpha was obtained for overall reliability and support of a five-dimension structure. Conclusion: The excellent quality of adjustment of analysis confirms the validity of the adapted version to hospital care settings, although there was no total coincidence of items in the five dimensions


Testing the response of macroinvertebrate functional structure and biodiversity to flooding and confinement

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of flooding- and confinement-related environmentalfeatures in explaining macroinvertebrate trait structure and diversity in a pool of wetlands located in a Mediterranean riverfloodplain. To test hypothesized trait-environment relationships, we employed a recently implemented statistical procedure, thefourth-corner method. We found that flooding-related variables, mainly pH and turbidity, were related to traits that confer an abilityof the organism to resist flooding (e.g., small body-shape, protection of eggs) or recuperate faster after flooding (e.g., short life-span, asexual reproduction). In contrast, confinement-related variables, mainly temperature and organic matter, enhanced traits that allow organisms to interact and compete with other organisms (e.g., large size, sexual reproduction) and to efficiently use habitat and resources (e.g., diverse locomotion and feeding strategies). These results are in agreement with predictions made under the River Habitat Templet for lotic ecosystems, and demonstrate the ability of the fourth-corner method to test hypothesis that posit traitenvironment relationships. Trait diversity was slightly higher in flooded than in confined sites, whereas trait richness was not significantly different. This suggests that although trait structure may change in response to the main environmental factors, as evidenced by the fourth-corner method, the number of life-history strategies needed to persist in the face of such constraints remains more or less constant; only their relative dominance differs

Spare non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis by active contacting and testing of the source person.

OBJECTIVE: HIV-1 post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is frequently prescribed after exposure to source persons with an undetermined HIV serostatus. To reduce unnecessary use of PEP, we implemented a policy including active contacting of source persons and the availability of free, anonymous HIV testing ('PEP policy'). METHODS: All consultations for potential non-occupational HIV exposures i.e. outside the medical environment) were prospectively recorded. The impact of the PEP policy on PEP prescription and costs was analysed and modelled. RESULTS: Among 146 putative exposures, 47 involved a source person already known to be HIV positive and 23 had no indication for PEP. The remaining 76 exposures involved a source person of unknown HIV serostatus. Of 33 (43.4%) exposures for which the source person could be contacted and tested, PEP was avoided in 24 (72.7%), initiated and discontinued in seven (21.2%), and prescribed and completed in two (6.1%). In contrast, of 43 (56.6%) exposures for which the source person could not be tested, PEP was prescribed in 35 (81.4%), P < 0.001. Upon modelling, the PEP policy allowed a 31% reduction of cost for management of exposures to source persons of unknown HIV serostatus. The policy was cost-saving for HIV prevalence of up to 70% in the source population. The availability of all the source persons for testing would have reduced cost by 64%. CONCLUSION: In the management of non-occupational HIV exposures, active contacting and free, anonymous testing of source persons proved feasible. This policy resulted in a decrease in prescription of PEP, proved to be cost-saving, and presumably helped to avoid unnecessary toxicity and psychological stress.

Nanotechnology: balancing benefits and risks to public health and the environment : expert paper

Nanotechnology has been heralded as a "revolution" in science, for two reasons: first, because of its revolutionary view of the way in which chemicals and elements, such as gold and silver, behave, compared to traditional scientific understanding of their properties. Second, the impact of these new discoveries, as applied to commerce, can transform the daily life of consumer products ranging from sun tan lotions and cosmetics, food packaging and paints and coatings for cars, housing and fabrics, medicine and thousands of industrial processes.9 Beneficial consumer use of nanotechnologies, already in the stream of commerce, improves coatings on inks and paints in everything from food packaging to cars. Additionally, "Nanomedicine" offers the promise of diagnosis and treatment at the molecular level in order to detect and treat presymptomatic disease,10 or to rebuild neurons in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. There is a possibility that severe complications such as stroke or heart attack may be avoided by means of prophylactic treatment of people at risk, and bone regeneration may keep many people active who never expected rehabilitation. Miniaturisation of diagnostic equipment can also reduce the amount of sampling materials required for testing and medical surveillance. Miraculous developments, that sound like science fiction to those people who eagerly anticipate these medical products, combined with the emerging commercial impact of nanotechnology applications to consumer products will reshape civil society - permanently. Thus, everyone within the jurisdiction of the Council of Europe is an end-user of nanotechnology, even without realising that nanotechnology has touched daily life.

Spatial relational learning and memory abilities do not differ between men and women in a real-world, open-field environment

This study assesses gender differences in spatial and non-spatial relational learning and memory in adult humans behaving freely in a real-world, open-field environment. In Experiment 1, we tested the use of proximal landmarks as conditional cues allowing subjects to predict the location of rewards hidden in one of two sets of three distinct locations. Subjects were tested in two different conditions: (1) when local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations, and (2) when no local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations. We found that only 17 of 20 adults (8 males, 9 females) used the proximal landmarks to predict the locations of the rewards. Although females exhibited higher exploratory behavior at the beginning of testing, males and females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations similarly when local visual cues were present. Interestingly, when the spatial and local information conflicted in predicting the reward locations, males considered both spatial and local information, whereas females ignored the spatial information. However, in the absence of local visual cues females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations as well as males. In Experiment 2, subjects (9 males, 9 females) were tested with three asymmetrically-arranged rewarded locations, which were marked by local cues on alternate trials. Again, females discriminated the rewarded locations as well as males in the presence or absence of local cues. In sum, although particular aspects of task performance might differ between genders, we found no evidence that women have poorer allocentric spatial relational learning and memory abilities than men in a real-world, open-field environment.

Testing the effects of genetic crossing distance on embryo survival within a metapopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Predicting progeny performance from parental genetic divergence can potentially enhance the efficiency of supportive breeding programmes and facilitate risk assessment. Yet, experimental testing of the effects of breeding distance on offspring performance remains rare, especially in wild populations of vertebrates. Recent studies have demonstrated that embryos of salmonid fish are sensitive indicators of additive genetic variance for viability traits. We therefore used gametes of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) from five genetically distinct populations of a river catchment in Switzerland, and used a full factorial design to produce over 2,000 embryos in 100 different crosses with varying genetic distances (FST range 0.005-0.035). Customized egg capsules allowed recording the survival of individual embryos until hatching under natural field conditions. Our breeding design enabled us to evaluate the role of the environment, of genetic and nongenetic parental contributions, and of interactions between these factors, on embryo viability. We found that embryo survival was strongly affected by maternal environmental (i.e. non-genetic) effects and by the microenvironment, i.e. by the location within the gravel. However, embryo survival was not predicted by population divergence, parental allelic dissimilarity, or heterozygosity, neither in the field nor under laboratory conditions. Our findings suggest that the genetic effects of inter-population hybridization within a genetically differentiated meta-population can be minor in comparison to environmental effects.

Genotype and environment interaction on soybean yield in Mato Grosso State, Brazil

The objective of this work was to investigate the genotype-environment interaction in Mato Grosso State, MT. The relative importance of locations, years, sowing dates and cultivars and their interactions was analyzed from data collected in regional yield trials performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications, from 1994-1995 through 1999-2000, in nine locations and two sowing dates. Individual and pooled analyses of variance over years and locations were performed. Complementary analyses of variances partitioned MT State in two main and five smaller regions, respectively: North and South of Cuiabá; and MT-South-A (Pedra Preta area), MT-South-B (Rondonópolis and Itiquira), MT-East (Primavera do Leste and Campo Verde), MT-Central (Nova Mutum, Lucas do Rio Verde and Sorriso) and MT-Parecis (Campo Novo dos Parecis and Sapezal). Locations are relatively more important than years for yield testing soybeans in the MT State, therefore, investment should be made in increasing locations rather than years to improve experimental precision. Partitioning the MT State into regions has little impact on soybean yield testing results and, consequently, on the efficiency of the soybean breeding program in the State. Breeding genotypes with broad adaptation for the MT State is an efficient strategy for cultivar development.

The Use of Remote Sensing Techniques Compared to Traditional Archaeological Phase II Testing Methods: A Cost-Benefit Analysis, HR-524, 1986

Remote sensing was utilized in the Phase II Cultural Resources Investigation for this project in lieu of extensive excavations. The purpose of the present report is to compare the costs and benefits of the use of remote sensing to the hypothetical use of traditional excavation methods for this project. Estimates for this hypothetical situation are based on the project archaeologist's considerable past experience in conducting similar investigations. Only that part of the Phase II investigation involving field investigations is addressed in this report. Costs for literature review, laboratory analysis, report preparation, etc., are not included. The project manager proposed the use of this technique for the fol lowing logistic, safety and budgetary reasons.

Field Testing of Abrasive Delivery Systems in Winter Maintenance, TR-458, 2009

The key goals in winter maintenance operations are preserving the safety and mobility of the traveling public. To do this, it is in general necessary to try to increase the friction of the road surface above the typical friction levels found on a snow or ice covered roadway. Because of prior work on the performance of abrasives (discussed in greater detail in chapter 2) a key concern when using abrasives has become how to ensure the greatest increase in pavement friction when using abrasives for the longest period of time. There are a number of ways in which the usage of abrasives can be optimized, and these methods are discussed and compared in this report. In addition, results of an Iowa DOT test of zero-velocity spreaders are presented. Additionally in this study the results of field studies conducted in Johnson County Iowa on the road surface friction of pavements treated with abrasive applications using different modes of delivery are presented. The experiments were not able to determine any significant difference in material placement performance between a standard delivery system and a chute based delivery system. The report makes a number of recommendations based upon the reviews and the experiments.

Product costing in SAP environment

Kustannuslaskennan ala on muuttumassa. IT teknologian hämmästyttävän nopea kehitys viime vuosina on luonut kustannuslaskennalle uusia mahdollisuuksia. Toisaalta myös kustannuslaskennalle asetetut vaatimukset ovat muuttuneet. Nykyisin kustannustietoutta tarvitaan erityisesti päätöksenteon tueksi. Kaikesta huolimatta yleisesti käytetyt laskentamenetelmät eivät ole muuttuneet. Työn tavoite on tutkia mahdollisia tapoja tuotekohtaisen kustannuslaskennan toteuttamiseksi SAP toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän avulla. Erityisesti toiminnanohjausjärjestelmien nopea kehitys on mahdollistanut aikaisempaa nopeamman ja tarkemman kustannuslaskennan. On kuitenkin muistettava, että järjestelmät ovat vaintyökaluja. On siis erittäin tärkeää valita tarkoituksenmukainen laskentamenetelmä. Työn perimmäinen tarkoitus onkin valita kyseessä olevaan tilanteeseen sopivin menetelmä.Viime vuosien akateemisessa kirjoittelussa on esitelty useita uusia kustannuslaskentamenetelmiä. Toimintolaskennan uusi versio, Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, on eräs varteenotettava vaihtoehto tuotekohtaisen kustannuslaskennan toteuttamiseksi SAP-ympäristössä. Toinen hyvin soveltuva menetelmä on Resource Consumption Accounting (RCA), joka soveltuu erityisen hyvin SAP-ympäristöön.Molemmilla menetelmillä on hyvät ja huonot puolet, mutta tässä tapauksessa RCA soveltuu tehtävään paremmin. RCA on joustava ja tarjoaa laaja-alaista tietoa. Tästä syystä Resource Consumption Accounting oli paras vaihtoehto.Työssä rakennettu RCA malli testattiin kolmen erilaisen tuotteen historiallisella datalla. RCA:ntuomia mahdollisuuksia pohdittiin ja ongelmia selvitettiin. RCA on hyvin saman tyyppinen yrityksessä jo käytettävän laskentamenetelmän kanssa. Implementointi ei siis olisi mahdoton tehtävä. RCA kuitenkin tarjoaa mahdollisuuksia, joita nykyisellä menetelmällä ei voida saavuttaa.

Integrating testcase generator into Eclipse environment

Tämädiplomityö tutkii kuinka Eclipse -ympäristöä voidaan käyttää testitapausten generoinnissa. Eräs diplomityön pääaiheista on tutkia voidaanko olemassa olevilla Eclipsen komponenteilla parantaa symboolitietoutta, jotta testitapausten generointiin saataisiin lisää tietoa. Aluksi diplomityö antaa lyhyen katsauksen ohjelmistojentestaukseen, jotta lukija ymmärtää mitä ohjelmistotekniikan osa-aluetta diplomityö käsittelee. Tämän jälkeen kerrotaan lisää tietoa itse testitapausten generointiprosessista. Kun perusteet on käsitelty, tutustetaan lukija Eclipse -ympäristöön, mikä se on, mistä se koostuu ja mitä sillä voidaan tehdä. Tarkempaa tietoa kerrotaan Eclipsen komponenteista joita voidaan käyttää apuna testitapausten generoinnissa. Integrointi esimerkkinä diplomityössä esitellään valmiin testitapausgeneraattorin integrointi Eclipse -ympäristöön. Lopuksi Eclipse -pohjaista ratkaisua verrataan symboolitietouden sekä ajoajan kannalta aikaisempaan ratkaisuun. Diplomityön tuloksena syntyi prototyyppi jonka avulla todistettiin, että Eclipse - ympäristöön on mahdollista integroida testitapausgeneraattori ja että se voi lisätä symboolitietoutta. Tämätietouden lisäys kuitenkin lisäsi myös tarvittavaa ajoaikaa, joissakintapauksissa jopa merkittävästi. Samalla todettiin, että tällä hetkellä on menossa projekteja joiden tarkoituksena on parantaa käytettyjen Eclipse komponenttien suorituskykyä ja että tämä voi parantaa tuloksia tulevaisuudessa.

Unlicensed Mobile Access Concept from Testing Point of View

Viime vuosikymmenien aikana kommunikaatioteknologiat ovat kehittyneet erittäin paljon. Uusia verkkoja, liityntätekniikoita, protokollia ja päätelaitteita on luotu alati kehittyvällä vauhdilla, eikä hidastumisen merkkejä ole näkyvissä. Varsinkin mobiilisovellukset ovat kasvattaneet markkinaosuuksiaan viime aikoina. Unlicensed MobileAccess (UMA) on uusi liityntätekniikka mobiilipäätelaitteille, joka mahdollistaa liitynnän GSM- runkoverkkoon WLAN- tai Bluetooth - tekniikoiden avulla. Tämä diplomityö keskittyy UMAan liittyviin teknologioihin, joita tarkastellaan lähemmin ensimmäisissä kappaleissa. Tavoitteena on esitellä, mitä UMA merkitsee, ja kuinka eri tekniikoita voidaan soveltaa sen toteutuksissa. Ennenkuin uusia teknologioita voidaan soveltaa kaupallisesti, täytyy niiden olla kokonaisvaltaisesti testattuja. Erilaisia testausmenetelmiä sovelletaan laitteistonja ohjelmiston testaukseen, mutta tavoite on kuitenkin sama, eli vähentää testattavan tuotteen epäluotettavuutta ja lisätä sen laatua. Vaikka UMA käsittääkin pääasiassa jo olemassa olevia tekniikoita, tuo se silti mukanaan uuden verkkoelementin ja kaksi uutta kommunikaatioprotokollaa. Ennen kuin mitään UMAa tukevia ratkaisuja voidaan tuoda markkinoille, monia erilaisia testausmenetelmiä on suoritettava, jotta varmistutaan uuden tuotteen oikeasta toiminnallisuudesta. Koska tämä diplomityö käsittelee uutta tekniikkaa, on myös testausmenetelmien yleisen testausteorian käsittelemiselle varattu oma kappale. Kappale esittelee erilaisia testauksen näkökulmia ja niihin perustuen rakennetaan myös testausohjelmisto. Tavoitteena on luoda ohjelmisto, jota voidaan käyttää UMA-RR protokollan toiminnan varmentamiseen kohdeympäristössä.

Testing website usability in Spanish-Speaking Academia through heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthroughs

Although usability evaluations have been focused on assessing different contexts of use, no proper specifications have been addressed towards the particular environment of academic websites in the Spanish-speaking context of use. Considering that this context involves hundreds of millions of potential users, the AIPO Association is running the UsabAIPO Project. The ultimate goal is to promote an adequate translation of international standards, methods and ideal values related to usability in order to adapt them to diverse Spanish-related contexts of use. This article presents the main statistical results coming from the Second and Third Stages of the UsabAIPO Project, where the UsabAIPO Heuristic method (based on Heuristic Evaluation techniques) and seven Cognitive Walkthroughs were performed over 69 university websites. The planning and execution of the UsabAIPO Heuristic method and the Cognitive Walkthroughs, the definition of two usability metrics, as well as the outline of the UsabAIPO Heuristic Management System prototype are also sketched.

Optimizing the Testing Process in Module Testing – Functional Testing Interface

Today's business environment has become increasingly unexpected and fast changing because of the global competition. This new environment requires the companies to organize their control differently, e.g. by logistic process thinking. Logistic process thinking in software engineering applies the principles of production process to immaterial products. Processes must be optimized, so that every phase adds value to the customer, and the lead times can be cut shorter to meet the new customer requirements. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and optimize the testing processes of software engineering concentrating on module testing, functional testing and their interface. The concept of logistic process thinking is introduced through production process, value added model and process management. Also theory of testing based on literature is presented, concentrating on module testing and functional testing. The testing processes of the Case Company are presented together with the project models in which they are implemented. The real life practices in module testing and functional testing and their interface are examined through interviews. These practices are analyzed against the processes and the testing theory, through which ideas for optimizing the testing process are introduced. The project world of the Case Company is also introduced together with two example testing projects in different life cycle phases. The examples give a view of how much effort of the project is put in different types of testing.