911 resultados para Transgenic Tobacco
Resumo:
Virus-like particle-based vaccines for high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) appear to have great promise; however, cell culture-derived vaccines will probably be very expensive. The optimization of expression of different codon-optimized versions of the HPV-16 L1 capsid protein gene in plants has been explored by means of transient expression from a novel suite of Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary expression vectors, which allow targeting of recombinant protein to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or chloroplasts. A gene resynthesized to reflect human codon usage expresses better than the native gene, which expresses better than a plant-optimized gene. Moreover, chloroplast localization allows significantly higher levels of accumulation of L1 protein than does cytoplasmic localization, whilst ER retention was least successful. High levels of L1 (>17% total soluble protein) could be produced via transient expression: the protein assembled into higher-order structures visible by electron microscopy, and a concentrated extract was highly immunogenic in mice after subcutaneous injection and elicited high-titre neutralizing antibodies. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human codon-optimized gene linked to a chloroplast-targeting signal expressed L1 at levels up to 11% of the total soluble protein. These are the highest levels of HPV L1 expression reported for plants: these results, and the excellent immunogenicity of the product, significantly improve the prospects of making a conventional HPV vaccine by this means. © 2007 SGM.
Resumo:
In this study, we describe a novel protein production platform that provides both activation and amplification of transgene expression in planta. The In Plant Activation (INPACT) system is based on the replication machinery of tobacco yellow dwarf mastrevirus (TYDV) and is essentially transient gene expression from a stably transformed plant, thus combining the advantages of both means of expression. The INPACT cassette is uniquely arranged such that the gene of interest is split and only reconstituted in the presence of the TYDV-encoded Rep/RepA proteins. Rep/RepA expression is placed under the control of the AlcA:AlcR gene switch, which is responsive to trace levels of ethanol. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun) plants containing an INPACT cassette encoding the b-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter had negligible background expression but accumulated very high GUS levels (up to 10% total soluble protein) throughout the plant, within 3 d of a 1% ethanol application. The GUS reporter was replaced with a gene encoding a lethal ribonuclease, barnase, demonstrating that the INPACT system provides exquisite control of transgene expression and can be adapted to potentially toxic or inhibitory compounds. The INPACT gene expression platform is scalable, not host-limited, and has been used to express both a therapeutic and an industrial protein.
Resumo:
The gene regulation signals from subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV) were investigated for their expression in dicot plants. The SCSV genome has at least eight circular DNA molecules. Each circular DNA component contains a promoter element, a single open reading frame and a terminator. The promoters from seven of the segments were examined for their strength and tissue specificity in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using a GUS reporter gene assay system. While the promoters of many of the segments were poorly expressed, promoters derived from segments 4 and 7 were shown to direct high levels of expression in various plant tissues and organs. The segment 1 promoter directs predominantly callus-specific expression and, when used to control a selectable marker gene, facilitated the transformation of all three species (tobacco, potato and cotton). From the results, a suite of plant expression vectors (pPLEX) derived from the SCSV genome were constructed and used here to produce herbicide- and insect-resistant cotton, demonstrating their utility in the expression of foreign genes in dicot crop species and their potential for use in agricultural biotechnology.
Resumo:
SVP-like MADS domain transcription factors have been shown to regulate flowering time and both inflorescence and flower development in annual plants, while having effects on growth cessation and terminal bud formation in perennial species. Previously, four SVP genes were described in woody perennial vine kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), with possible distinct roles in bud dormancy and flowering. Kiwifruit SVP3 transcript was confined to vegetative tissues and acted as a repressor of flowering as it was able to rescue the Arabidopsis svp41 mutant. To characterize kiwifruit SVP3 further, ectopic expression in kiwifruit species was performed. Ectopic expression of SVP3 in A. deliciosa did not affect general plant growth or the duration of endodormancy. Ectopic expression of SVP3 in A. eriantha also resulted in plants with normal vegetative growth, bud break, and flowering time. However, significantly prolonged and abnormal flower, fruit, and seed development were observed, arising from SVP3 interactions with kiwifruit floral homeotic MADS-domain proteins. Petal pigmentation was reduced as a result of SVP3-mediated interference with transcription of the kiwifruit flower tissue-specific R2R3 MYB regulator, MYB110a, and the gene encoding the key anthocyanin biosynthetic step, F3GT1. Constitutive expression of SVP3 had a similar impact on reproductive development in transgenic tobacco. The flowering time was not affected in day-neutral and photoperiod-responsive Nicotiana tabacum cultivars, but anthesis and seed germination were significantly delayed. The accumulation of anthocyanin in petals was reduced and the same underlying mechanism of R2R3 MYB NtAN2 transcript reduction was demonstrated.
Resumo:
Two genes encoding polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus[L.] Merr. cv. Smooth Cayenne). Sequence analyses showed that both contained a single intron and encoded typical chloroplast-localized PPO proteins, the sequences of which corresponded to two pineapple PPO cDNAs, PINPPO1 and PINPPO2, recently described by Stewart et al. (2001). Southern blot analyses suggested that pineapple contained only two PPO genes. Analysis of expression of PINPPO1 promoter GUS fusion constructs showed this promoter had a low basal activity and was cold- and wound-inducible, consistent with known mRNA expression profiles. Striking homologies to gibberellin response complexes (GARC) were observed in sequences of both the PINPPO1 and PINPPO2 promoters. Transient assays in mature pineapple fruit and stable expression in transgenic tobacco showed that PINPPO1 promoter-GUS fusions were indeed gibberellin (GA) responsive. A role for the element within the putative GARCs in mediating GA-responsiveness of the PINPPO1 promoter was confirmed by mutational analysis. PINPPO2 was also shown to be GA-responsive by RT-PCR analysis. Mutant PINPPO1 promoter-GUS fusion constructs, which were no longer GA-inducible, showed a delayed response to cold induction in pineapple fruit in transient assays, suggesting a role for GA in blackheart development. This was supported by observations that exogenous GA3 treatment induced blackheart in the absence of chilling. Sequences showing homology to GARCs are also present in some PPO promoters in tomato, suggesting that GA regulates PPO expression in diverse species.
Resumo:
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate, sedentary endoparasites that infect many plant species causing large economic losses worldwide. Available nematicides are being banned due to their toxicity or ozone-depleting properties and alternative control strategies are urgently required. We have produced transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing different dsRNA hairpin structures targeting a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) putative transcription factor, MjTis11. We provide evidence that MjTis11 was consistently silenced in nematodes feeding on the roots of transgenic plants. The observed silencing was specific for MjTis11, with other sequence-unrelated genes being unaffected in the nematodes. Those transgenic plants able to induce silencing of MjTis11, also showed the presence of small interfering RNAs. Even though down-regulation of MjTis11 did not result in a lethal phenotype, this study demonstrates the feasibility of silencing root-knot nematode genes by expressing dsRNA in the host plant. Host-delivered RNA interference-triggered (HD-RNAi) silencing of parasite genes provides a novel disease resistance strategy with wide biotechnological applications. The potential of HD-RNAi is not restricted to parasitic nematodes but could be adapted to control other plant-feeding pests.
Resumo:
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding beta-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic beta-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased beta-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P) H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
Resumo:
近年来植物重金属的耐性机制研究及抗重金属基因工程取得了很大进展。本文将来自于菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)的特异性重金属胁迫相关基因PvSR2 (Phaseolus vulgaris stress-related protein, PvSR)的cDNA序列克隆到大肠杆菌高效表达载体pBV221的PR PL启动子的下游,构建了原核表达载体pBV221-PvSR2。通过温度诱导,在大肠杆菌中成功地高效表达了PvSR2基因。经重金属(CdCl2)抗性检测,实验组比对照组有明显的抗性。 同时,将该基因克隆到植物转达化中间载体pCAMBEIA2301的花椰菜花椰病毒的35S启动子下游,利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)Ti质粒介导的遗传转化系统,成功地将该基因导入了烟草的基因组,获得了转基因植株。
Resumo:
叶黄素循环被发现具有热耗散的作用后,已引起人们广泛的关注。目前普遍认为叶黄素循环的色素定位于天线色素蛋白复合体上,在跨膜质子梯度(ΔpH)形成后,玉米黄质(zeaxanthin;Z)和环氧玉米黄质(antheraxanthin;A)能够从叶绿素中吸收过多的激发能,并以热能的形式耗散到体外,从而保护光合器官免受强光的破坏。紫黄质脱环氧化酶(Violaxanthin de-epoxidase;VDE)是叶黄素循环的关键酶,存在于植物类囊体内腔中,它催化紫黄质(violaxanthin)脱环氧化生成环氧玉米黄质(A)和玉米黄质(Z)。本文利用过量表达和反义抑制技术获得两种转基因烟草植株,并用于研究紫黄质脱环氧化酶在叶黄素循环中的作用。 首先我们从烟草中克隆了编码VDE酶的基因,分别以正向和反向插入到具有潮霉素抗性选择标记的双元载体pCAMBIA1301,构建了Tvde基因的过量表达载体pCBTO和反义抑制表达载体pCBTA。然后通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),获得了过量表达和反义抑制两种转基因植株。PCR扩增潮霉素抗性基因hpt和Southern杂交检测结果表明,Tvde基因已整合到转基因烟草的基因组中,外源基因在转基因烟草基因组中以1个拷贝的形式存在。VDE酶活性测定表明,在反义抑制转化体中VDE酶活性被抑制60%,而在过量表达转化体中VDE酶活性提高了75%。通过色素的HPLC分析和荧光动力学测定结果表明,强光处理后,在反义抑制转化体和过量表达转化体中,Z的含量,DES,NPQ和Fv/Fm等数据说明转基因烟草中VDE含量与植物非光化学猝灭能力有直接关系,进而说明叶黄素循环具有热耗散的功能。
Resumo:
水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为名贵珍稀中药材,其主要药用成分为类黄酮,尤其是3-脱氧类黄酮。目前关于雪莲的研究主要集中在采用细胞培养生产类黄酮等方面,但对于雪莲类黄酮生物合成的分子机制了解甚少,极大限制了这一珍贵资源的利用。本研究采用水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织及悬浮细胞为材料,构建cDNA文库,从中克隆水母雪莲类黄酮次生代谢中的相关基因并对这些基因进行了深入的生物信息学分析、转基因研究初步确定其功能,以期了解雪莲类黄酮次生代谢的分子机制,为提高类黄酮的合成奠定基础。主要结果如下: 1. 成功地构建了水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织与悬浮细胞cDNA文库,原始文库滴度达到4×106pfu/ml,扩增文库滴度接近1011 pfu/ml,重组率达98%。PCR检测插入片段,均在0.5kb到3kb之间,1kb以上占62%。从文库中检测到了chs、dfr及Myb转录因子SmP,文库覆盖度达到要求且为PCR筛选文库提供了可能。 2. 采用部分简并引物,通过RT-PCR克隆了水母雪莲查尔酮异构酶基因Smchi特异探针,并根据这一探针序列设计特异引物,采用TD-PCR法筛选cDNA文库,获得Smchi cDNA序列,全长831bp,编码一个232氨基酸残基的蛋白。根据cDNA序列克隆了Smchi DNA序列,结果表明Smchi基因无内含子。Smchi cDNA序列与翠菊chi基因高度同源,ORF区域同源性高达84%,但推测氨基酸序列则只有79.3%。Smchi mRNA具有复杂的二级结构。SmCHI具有典型的Chalcone结构域,其二级结构与苜蓿CHI蛋白十分相似,7个α-螺旋与8个延伸链由随机结构联系起来。但其活性中心的第三个关键氨基酸残基N115为M115所取代,这一取代可能导致该蛋白无生物活性,也可能使它具有一般CHI不同的功能。构建Smchi正义、反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得转正义、反义Smchi基因的烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,但叶片总黄酮发生了显著的变化,50%转正义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著提高,最高比对照提高6倍,70%转反义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著下降,最多达85.1%,初步证明Smchi具有功能,并能有效调控烟草类黄酮次生代谢。因此,SmCHI可能是不同于已知CHI的一类新的CHI蛋白,它催化的反应可能与花色素合成无关,其反应机制也可能有所不同。 3. 伴随Smchi的克隆获得了一个黄烷酮3-羟化酶类似基因Smf3h的cDNA,全长1334bp,编码一个343aa的蛋白。根据这一cDNA序列克隆了Smf3h DNA序列,全长1630bp,结果表明该基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成。Smf3h mRNA具有十分复杂的二级结构。 推测蛋白氨基酸同源性分析表明,SmF3H属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,与同一家族的的颠茄H6H的同源性为45%,与拟南芥F3H的同源性为40%,但对SmF3H、典型F3H及典型H6H推测蛋白二级结构、活性中心关键氨基酸残基的位置与相对距离、软件进行功能预测分析,发现SmF3H与F3H更相似。构建Smf3h的正义与反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,但只获得一批转正义基因的烟草,反义基因导致烟草不能再生而未获得转反义基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,叶片总黄酮也与对照相似,初步确认Smf3h与烟草类黄酮生物合成无关,而是一个既不属于f3h也不属于h6h的功能未确定的新基因。 4. 采用与克隆Smchi基因相似的方法,从cDNA文库中克隆了SmP基因cDNA,全长969bp,编码一个256 aa的蛋白质。根据cDNA序列克隆了SmP基因的DNA序列,结果表明,SmP基因无内含子。SmP基因cDNA 一级结构及mRNA二级结构预测分析表明,该基因A+T含量很高(63%),所形成二级结构以A-T配对为主,其稳定性可能较差。SmP推测蛋白序列具有R2R3-Myb转录因子的典型特征,在N-端具有两个Myb DNA-binding Domain,其二级结构与鸡Myb转录因子1A5J十分相似,与其他基因如水稻OsMYB、番茄ThMYB的同源区域主要集中在这一结构域,分别为71.3%和70.8%;C-端富含丝氨酸,与烟草NtMYB、葡萄VlMYB等类黄酮调控因子相似,都呈寡聚体分布,并具有相同的保守磷酸化位点S170与S206。构建SmP基因真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得大量转基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未发生改变,但51%的转基因烟草叶片总黄酮含量都显著提高(0.5-6倍),表明SmP具有促进烟草类黄酮生物合成的功能,但所调控的支路与花色素合成无关。初步试验结果表明,转SmP基因烟草对蚜虫具有很高的抗性,可有效地抑制蚜虫在烟草上的生长,抑制率最高可达92%-100%。这一抗性与烟草中类黄酮的积累可能具有直接的联系,但还需要进一步的试验证明。 5. 与美国俄亥俄州立大学Erich Grotewold 博士实验室合作,完成了微型EST库50个克隆的测序并进行了分析,从中获得了水母雪莲花色素合酶基因SmANS及醛脱氢酶基因SmALDH的特异探针。根据SmANS特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmANS的cDNA序列,全长1229bp,编码一个356aa的蛋白质。SmANS在cDNA水平上与同属的翠菊ANS基因高度同源,但同源区域集中在ORF区域,达到80%,mRNA 预测二级结构十分复杂;推测氨基酸序列与翠菊ANS同源性达到82.9%。SmANS属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,在2OG-FeII_Oxy结构域高度保守,与翠菊、甜橙ANS保守结构域同源性达到94%。预测蛋白二级结构以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主,由7个主螺旋和11个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成,并具有2OG-FeII_Oxy家族活性中心的三个保守的组氨酸残基(His84、His235、His291)和一个天冬氨酸残基(Asp237)。 6. 根据微型EST库中获得的SmALDH特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmALDH基因cDNA 序列,全长1664bp,编码一个491aa的蛋白质。SmALDH基因cDNA具有独特的碱基组成,3/-UTR富含A+T,占该区域碱基总量的80%,5/-UTR的A+T和G+C各占50%,比ORF区域(52%)还低,因此其mRNA二级结构中5/-UTR可以单独形成自身二级结构并且十分稳定,这可能影响基因的表达。这一现象在水稻、玉米等植物中也存在。SmALDH在cDNA水平上在ORF区域与拟南芥、藏红花、水稻等具有较高同源性,分别为64.03%、63.89%、63.72%,但在推测蛋白氨基酸序列水平上同源性反而较低,分别为54.9%、54.3%、54.0%。SmALDH缺少线粒体定位信号,为胞质醛脱氢酶,具有一个Aldedh 保守结构域,还具有与1OF7-H相似的以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主的二级结构,由10个主螺旋和15个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成。由于ALDH在植物细胞乙醇发酵中具有解除醛类物质毒害的功能,因此SmALDH基因的克隆为改造细胞自身以适应发酵培养条件,解决水母雪莲细胞大规模培养中需氧问题提供了可能。
Resumo:
细胞分裂素(cytokinin,CTK)是五大类植物激素之一,它参与了植物许多生理过程与代谢的调控,主要有促进细胞的分裂和扩大,诱导芽、根和叶绿体的分化,促进种子与果实的发育,解除顶端优势,延缓叶片衰老及增强植物胁迫抗性,调节叶绿体发育基因、营养代谢基因及其它功能基因的表达,调控营养物质的运输和分配等。其调节的植物生理过程也受到其他不同因素的影响。细胞分裂素也是参与植物信号途径间相互作用的一类重要激素。 早期有关细胞分裂素生理作用的研究是基于外源激素的施用来进行的。由于通过外源施用细胞分裂素,其在植物体内的吸收,转运及代谢过程的复杂性和未知性,使得实验研究的因果关系难以确定。随着分子生物学的发展和植物转基因技术的日趋成熟,采用基因工程的方法来研究和探讨细胞分裂素对植物生长发育的调节作用及作用机理是近年来研究的热点,同时也为应用植物激素进行遗传育种提供了广阔的前景。 近年来,越来越多的真核生物启动子的分离克隆,促进了细胞分裂素基因工程的发展。利用具有组织特异性、发育特异性的启动子调控ipt基因,可使ipt基因在植物的特定组织或某一发育阶段进行表达。从而可根据不同的研究目的调控植物转化体中细胞分裂素合成的部位、时间和表达水平。尽管应用一些组织特异启动子融合ipt基因进行了一些细胞分裂素有关生理作用的研究,但是,有关细胞分裂素在胚和种子发育过程中的细胞学方面的研究还很少。 为研究ipt基因在种子发育过程中的作用,我们用大豆种子特异启动子-lectin融合ipt基因转化烟草,获得再生烟草植株。从生理学和细胞学上分析了ipt基因在lectin启动子的控制下的基因表达对种子生长发育的影响。发现在转基因烟草中,lectin-ipt基因的表达促进了种子胚及胚乳的细胞分裂,促使种子胚的生长加快,种子胚的增大为物质的贮存提供了条件,使营养物质更多的向种子运输,主要是可溶性蛋白质含量增加。由此进一步提高了转基因烟草种子干重的增加,种子的萌发与幼苗生长的加快,幼苗鲜重增加。
Resumo:
茉莉酸是植物信号传递以及诱导植物产生防御反应的关键诱导激素之一,广泛存在于高等植物中,并在植物病虫害防御的信号传导通路中起着重要的作用。茉莉酸可以诱导植物抗性基因表达,产生茉莉酸调节蛋白来抵御病虫害。在禾本科的大麦中发现了一个分子量在32kDa茉莉酸调节蛋白家族(JPR-32),但其功能一直没有深入的研究。 木菠萝素是从桂木属木菠萝的种子中分离的一种可以和半乳糖或甘露糖特异结合的凝集素。近来的研究表明,植物的凝集素具有多种功能,主要有:可作为储存蛋白,对储存物质进行包装、运输;作为植物细胞的有丝分裂因子,参与细胞壁的延伸;生长调节及运输碳水化合物;具有酶的功能;参与豆科植物感染结瘤;协同其它防御蛋白参与植物防御反应。植物凝集素的功能复杂各异,对木菠萝素的功能研究更是相对较少。 本文在小麦中克隆出的cDNA(本文命名为Ta-JA1基因),该基因cDNA全长1158bp,编码304个氨基酸,分子量32.7kDa,与JPR-32蛋白质家族的基因序列具有很高的同源性。从蛋白结构分析中显示,Ta-JA1基因有两个典型的功能结构域:N末端的茉莉酸诱导的防御反应结构域和C末端的木菠萝素相关结构域。为我们研究这个新的蛋白家族的功能提供了一个典型的模式蛋白。本文即从Ta-JA1基因出发来研究这一类蛋白的相关功能。在此,我们构建了Ta-JA1基因的pBI121表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导叶圆片法转化烟草,成功获得转基因植株。通过硫酸铵盐析法获得了植物Ta-JA1蛋白粗提品,效率在0.01%左右。使用蛋白粗提物进行凝血效应分析,转基因植株的蛋白粗样品可以凝集新鲜的兔血,说明Ta-JA1蛋白具有植物凝集素的基本性质。选取烟草上典型的三类病原体:烟草花叶病毒,烟草黑胫病菌和烟草野火病菌。分别对转基因烟草进行侵染,并观察统计其抗病性,发现转基因烟草对烟草花叶病毒和烟草黑胫病具有显著的抗性,对烟草野火病也具有一定的抑制作用。通过与野生型烟草在抗盐,抗旱,抗虫和生长发育等方面的统计比较与分析,可以看出,基因烟草在抗逆性上也有了显著的提高,虽然Ta-JA1的过量表达没有影响转基因烟草的整体生长进程,开花期和结实情况与对照烟草相比也无明显变化,但是转基因烟草的种子在萌发时间上有了显著提高,一定数量上还表现出愈合的花冠筒上出现不同程度开裂,花冠筒上有附生舌状花瓣,及带有花瓣状颜色的花萼等异常花表型。
Resumo:
自发现叶黄素循环具有热耗散的作用后它被引起广泛的关注目前普遍认为叶黄素循环的色素定位于天线色素蛋白复合体上在跨膜质子梯度pH形成后玉米黄质Z和环氧玉米黄质A能够从叶绿素中吸收过多的激发能并以热能的形式耗散到体外从而保护光合器官免受强光的破坏紫黄质脱环氧化酶VDE是叶黄素循环的关键酶在较低的pH条件下它能在数分钟内将紫黄质V转变为Z和A本论文从水稻和菠菜中克隆了编码VDE酶的基因并通过转基因植物进一步研究了叶黄素循环在热耗散方面的作用主要获得了以下结果 首次从两个水稻亚种籼稻和粳稻中克隆了Rvde基因分别命名为iRvde和jRvde的全长cDNA序列分别长1647bp和1887bp两者开放阅读框的同源性为98%与其它已知vde基因的同源性在60以上推导两者均编码446个氨基酸其中转运肽序列长98个氨基酸两者成熟蛋白的氨基酸序列完全相同与已知VDE成熟蛋白的同源性在75%以上其中与小麦的同源性最高达87.4 通过PCR扩增获得了Rvde基因的核基因组DNA序列在它们的编码区中含有4个内含子其长度在jRvde中分别为105bp327bp81bp和69bp而iRvde基因的第2个内含子长425bp与jRvde的第2个内含子差别较大内含子的AT含量为6063%其两端为典型的GT/AG结构 构建了Rvde基因的原核表达载体pET-Rvde在0.4mmol/L IPTG的诱导下该基因能在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中大量表达SDS-PAGE和Western杂交表明表达蛋白的分子量约为 43 kDa随着IPTG诱导时间的延长蛋白量逐渐增加诱导4h后它占大肠杆菌总蛋白的25左右吸收光谱差值A502-540随反应的进行逐渐增大反应体系总色素的HPLC分析表明V逐渐降低而Z刚好相反说明表达的蛋白具有与活体VDE酶相同的功能能在体外将V转变为A和Z 从菠菜中克隆了Svde基因并构建了该基因的反义抑制植物表达载体pCB-antiSvde用根癌农杆菌介导法转化烟草获得了大量的转基因植株再生的愈伤组织经GUS染色后呈蓝色PCR扩增潮霉素抗性基因hpt和Svde基因结果显示在转基因植株T0和T1代中都分别扩增出1.0 kb和1.4 kb的目的片段而在未转化的对照植株中没有扩增转基因植株的T0代种子在潮霉素培养基上的萌发数与未萌发数的比值为3:1符合单基因的孟德尔分离规律从T1代转基因植株中筛选出抑制程度较强的一个株系A29Southern杂交结果表明外源Svde基因已整合到烟草的基因组中并且只有一个插入位点通过冻融法从该植株的类囊体中提取VDE酶其酶活性为3.2是对照植株的45.7表明VDE酶受到了抑制荧光动力学及HPLC测定结果显示强光处理后在转基因植株中Z和A的形成较少非光化学淬灭NPQ值较对照低Fv/Fm的下降较对照快表明转基因植株的热耗散能力下降进而说明叶黄素循环具有热耗散的功能 同时还建立了根癌农杆菌介导的水稻遗传转化体系并初步作了转化Svde基因的试验另外还建立了一种适合于筛选转基因植株的DNA微量提取法此方法操作快捷方便一个人在一天内能制备50多个样品100mg的植物鲜样平均可获得40µg的DNA提取的DNA可直接用于PCR反应酶切分析及Southern分析
Resumo:
二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶 (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) 是催化三脂酰甘油(TAG)合成的最后也是最关键步骤的酶。TAG是真核细胞中最重要的能量存储形式。在植物中,TAG主要在种子、花粉和许多物种的果实中积累。然而,DGAT1基因的转录本也存在于植物的其它器官中,这些器官包括根、茎、叶、花瓣、花粉囊、未成熟的角果、幼苗以及正在发芽的种子等。迄今为止,许多针对DGAT1基因的研究都集中于DGAT1基因的表达在对种子油脂的积累以及对种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成所起的作用上。在本研究中,我们通过构建烟草DGAT1基因带有内含子的发卡RNA(hpRNA)结构,使之在转基因烟草植株中表达双链RNA(dsRNA),利用RNAi原理达到使烟草内源DGAT1基因沉默的目的。转基因沉默烟草植株的获得将会为更好地研究DGAT1基因的功能奠定基础。本实验不仅研究分析了DGAT1基因的抑制对烟草种子油脂积累的影响,还对表现出沉默性状的转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量以及DGAT1的转录水平等进行了研究分析。此外,通过对转基因烟草不同株系种子中的主要贮藏物质——油脂、蛋白质和糖的含量测定,初步揭示出在烟草种子中三者生物合成代谢之间存在的相关性。主要研究结果如下: 采用烟草DGAT1基因的第615~1293碱基之间679bp的片段构建了能表达发卡RNA(hpRNA)结构的表达载体,并转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)Wisconsin 38。Northern杂交分析发现,与野生型对照烟草(WT)相比,在沉默植株的花和发育状态种子中DGAT1基因的转录水平有很大降低,这表明该发卡结构能够高效率地引起烟草DGAT1基因的沉默。此外,在对Sil1至Sil12共12株转基因烟草进行油脂含量分析的结果表明,其中有8株表现出油脂降低的性状,转基因沉默效率达到67%。这表明:利用RNAi的方法可对目标基因进行特异降解来研究基因的功能,因此是一个在研究基因的表达功能上十分有效的方法,而且已成为植物基因工程的有力工具。 为了研究DGAT1基因的沉默对转基因植株不同器官的影响,本实验分析了转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量和脂肪酸组成,并采用RT-PCR方法对野生型对照和转基因植株中DGAT1基因的转录水平进行了比较分析。研究发现,转基因植株不同器官中DGAT1基因转录水平的降低与各器官中TAG含量的减少呈正相关。由此看来,植物中DGAT1的表达水平与植物的各个器官内TAG的含量之间存在着一定的对应关系。此外,在转基因植株Sil7不同器官中依然能够产生TAG,这说明或者DGAT1酶活性丧失而由其它的酶(如DGAT2和PDAT)参与TAG的合成,或者DGAT1酶活性只是部分地受到影响。本实验还对Sil7的根、茎、叶、花瓣和种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成进行了分析,结果发现,与烟草野生型对照相比,在Sil7的这些器官中,除种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成无明显变化外,其余器官中TAG的18:3/18:2脂肪酸比例均有明显升高。 对其中8株转基因烟草种子进行油脂含量分析发现,在转基因烟草中由于DGAT1基因的沉默引起种子中TAG含量的减少,从而引起了种子平均千粒重的下降。而在TAG含量和种子平均千粒重下降的同时,种子中其它贮藏物质-蛋白质和糖类的含量却增加了。该实验结果表明:在烟草种子中TAG的生物合成与蛋白质和糖类物质的合成之间存在着负的相关性。
Resumo:
从菠菜中克隆甜菜碱醛脱氢酶( betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase,BADH)基因并转化烟草, 研究转基因烟草光合作用对高温和盐胁迫等环境胁迫的抗性机理,利用外源甜菜碱研究在正常条件下对植物光合作用的影响以及在盐胁迫下外源甜菜碱对玉米幼曲光合作刚的保护机理。主要结果如下: 转BADH基因烟草中能合成甘氨酸甜菜碱,合成的甜菜碱主要积累于叶绿体中。转BADH 基因烟草提高了对高温胁迫的抗性,在中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草生长利光合作用对高温 的抗性增强。中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草光合作用的维持是由于甜菜碱对Rubisco活化酶的保护作用。在中度高温胁迫下甜菜碱通过维持Rubisco活化酶的活化态以及阻止Rubisco 活化酶山可溶性问质向类囊体的聚集,从而维持了Rubisco活化酶的活性,进而维持了C02 的同化。在严重高温胁迫下,烟草光系统II受到影响,转BADH基冈烟草通过提高体内抗氧化酶系统的功能,减轻了高温胁迫对光合机构造成的活性氧伤害,高温胁迫下转基因烟草体内抗氧化酶如SOD、APX、GR等酶活性明显高于野生型。在高温胁迫下,证明了甜菜碱对光系统II的保护作用主要在氧化侧,严重高温胁迫下,转基因烟草维持较高的PSII活性。 转BADH基因烟草提高了对盐胁迫的抗性,盐胁迫下转基因烟草光合作用的维持与盐胁迫下转基因烟草较高的气孔导度和抗氧化酶活性的提高有关。 外源甜菜碱在正常的非胁迫条件下对植物的生长有促进作用,而这一作用与光合速率的提高有关。通过对气孔导度、光合碳同化关键酶以及叶绿素荧光分析证明,甜菜碱对光合作用的促进与气孔导度的提高有关,同时甜菜碱提高了光系统ll的实际光化学效率。 外源甜菜碱提高了盐胁迫条件下植物的抗性,抗盐性的提高与盐胁迫下甜菜碱对气孔导度的提高以及维持较高的光系统II光化学活性有关。