Investigation of population genetic structure and mating system in the ant Pheidole pallidula

The origin of eusociality in haplo-diploid organisms such as Hymenoptera has been mostly explained by kin selection. However, several studies have uncovered decreased relatedness values within colonies, resulting primarily from multiple queen matings (polyandry) and/or from the presence of more than one functional queen (polygyny). Here, we report on the use of microsatellite data for the investigation of sociogenetic parameters, such as relatedness, and levels of polygyny and polyandry, in the ant Pheidole pallidula. We demonstrate, through analysis of mother-offspring combinations and the use of direct sperm typing, that each queen is inseminated by a single male. The inbreeding coefficient within colonies and the levels of relatedness between the queens and their mate are not significantly different from zero, indicating that matings occur between unrelated individuals. Analyses of worker genotypes demonstrate that 38% of the colonies are polygynous with 2-4 functional queens, and suggest the existence of reproductive skew, i.e. unequal respective contribution of queens to reproduction. Finally, our analyses indicate that colonies are genetically differentiated and form a population exhibiting significant isolation-by-distance, suggesting that some colonies originate through budding.

Significant reproductive skew in the facultatively polygynous ant Pheidole pallidula

Reproductive skew - the extent to which reproduction is unevenly shared between individuals in a social group - varies greatly between and within animal species. In this study, we investigated how queens share parentage in polygynous (multiple queen) colonies of the Mediterranean ant Pheidole pallidula. We used highly polymorphic microsatellites markers to determine parentage of gynes (new queens), males and workers in P. pallidula field colonies. The comparison of the genotypes of young and adult workers revealed a very low queen turnover (less than 2%). The first main finding of the study of reproductive skew in these colonies was that there was a significant departure from equal contribution of queens to gyne, male and worker production. Reproductive skew was greater for male production than for queen and worker production. There was no relationship between the magnitude of the reproductive skew and the number of reproductive queens per colony, their relatedness and the overall colony productivity, some of the factors predicted to influence the extent of reproductive skew. Finally, our study revealed for the first time a trade-off in the relative contribution of nestmate queens to gyne and worker production. The queens contributing more to gyne production contributed significantly less to worker production.

Partitioning of reproduction among queens in the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile

We investigated how queens share parentage (skew) in the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, a social insect with multiple queens (polygyny). Overall, maternity of 546 male and female sexuals that mated successfully was determined with microsatellites in 26 colonies consisting of two queens and workers. The first main finding was that queens all contributed to sexual production. However, there was a significant departure from equal contribution to male and female sexual production in a notable proportion of colonies. Overall, reproductive skew for sexual (male and female) production was relatively low but higher than reproductive skew for egg production. The second interesting result was that there was a trade-off in the relative contribution of queens to male and female production. The queens contributing more to male production contributed significantly less to female sexual production. Finally, there was no significant association between colony productivity and the degree of reproductive skew. The relatively low reproductive skew is in line with predictions of the so-called concession models of reproductive skew because, in the Argentine ant, relatedness between queens is low and ecological constraints on dispersal nonexistent or weak. © 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Arquivos pessoais, escolares e institucionais como fontes de pesquisa histórica

A História da Educação Matemática vem se consolidando como um novo campo de investigação quer no Brasil ou no exterior. Neste estudo, sinaliza-se a importância de se tomar arquivos pessoais, escolares e institucionais como fontes de pesquisa histórica, em particular, para a pesquisa e produção de conhecimento sobre a Educação Matemática. Assim, este texto relata vivências acumuladas em dois grupos de pesquisa brasileiros que se dedicam a organizar, preservar e disseminar documentos relativos à Educação Matemática. Como resultado, pretende-se contribuir para a discussão da importância dos arquivos pessoais, escolares ou institucionais para a escrita da História da Educação Matemática.

Impaired conflict resolution and alerting in children with ADHD: evidence from the Attention Network Task (ANT)

An important theory of attention suggests that there are three separate networks that execute discrete cognitive functions. The 'alerting' network acquires and maintains an alert state, the 'orienting' network selects information from sensory input and the 'conflict' network resolves conflict that arises between potential responses. This theory holds promise for dissociating discrete patterns of cognitive impairment in disorders where attentional deficits may often be subtle, such as in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Ant-lore in Anglo-Saxon England

Two Old English versions of a sunshine prognostication survive in the mid-eleventh century Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 391, p. 713, and in a twelfth-century addition to Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 115, 149v–150r. Among standard predictions promising joy, peace, blossom, abundance of milk and fruit, and a great baptism sent by God, one encounters an enigmatic prophecy which involves camels stealing gold from the ants. These gold-digging ants have a long pedigree, one which links Old English with much earlier literature and indicates the extent to which Anglo-Saxon culture had assimilated traditions of European learning. It remains difficult to say what is being prophesied, however, or to explain the presence of the passage among conventional predictions. Whether the prediction was merely a literary exercise or carried a symbolic implication, it must have originated in an ecclesiastical context. Its mixture of classical learning and vernacular tradition, Greek and Latin, folklore and Christian, implies an author with some knowledge of literary and scholarly traditions.

Fontes sísmicas ao longo da fronteira de placas tectónicas entre os Açores e a Argélia: um modelo sismotectónico

Portugal apresenta uma actividade sísmica que resulta em grande parte da sua proximidade à fronteira entre as placas tectónicas Euro-asiática (EA) e Nubia (NU), numa faixa que se estende desde Gibraltar até ao arquipélago dos Açores. A fractura litosférica contida nessa faixa é habitualmente designada por Fractura Açores-Gibraltar. A forte interacção entre os dois blocos, manifesta-se por um aumento da sismicidade nesta faixa, fortemente influenciada pela interacção entre os dois blocos tectónicos. No prolongamento para Ocidente deste acidente atinge-se a Crista Média Atlântica (CMA) num ponto localizado a noroeste do arquipélago dos Açores, e que constitui a fronteira entre a placa Americana (AM) e as placas EA e NU. Este ponto também é conhecido por Junção Tripla dos Açores. A interacção entre os três limites de placas confere à região dos Açores a actividade sísmica que se lhe conhece, uma das mais significativas no contexto nacional. Toda esta zona, devido ao potencial e efectivo risco sísmico testemunhado pelos eventos sísmicos recentes e pelos grandes terremotos historicamente documentados, é alvo de um elevado esforço que nos últimos anos resultou, de forma integrada, em avanços como: 1) melhoria da capacidade de observação do fenómeno sísmico –a existência dos meios mínimos de monitorização sísmica é hoje uma realidade que reconhecemos, salientando contudo, o muito que há a fazer em domínios como: a instalação de estações sísmicas submarinas (OBS) capazes de suprir as lacunas verificadas; a compatibilização de dados e o livre acesso aos mesmos; a criação de uma rede de acelerómetros capaz de registar os movimentos fortes; 2) aumento da capacidade de investigação – o recrutamento de novos investigadores através de projectos multi-disciplinares em domínios como a sismicidade, fonte sísmica e mecanismos focais, geomagnetismo, gravimetria, geodesia e análise estrutural....

Barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) based films

In recent years, the search for a environmentally friendly products has increased. One of the major challenges has been the demand for biodegradable materials that can replace plastic. If a few decades ago, plastic replaced, for example, the ivory in billiard balls, and in other products, saving the lives of thousands elephants, nowadays a replacement for that plastic is being searched, to prevent the change of the environmental conditions, essential to life in harmonly with the fauna and flora that the human specie has, in recent years, destroyed. Plastic is a petroleum derivate, whose price has been growing exponentially, mainly due to the fact of beind a cheap material and also to enable the production of products that are essential to modern life. Therefore, the petrochemical era is going to come to an end and a new environmentally sustainable era, based on biodegradable materials from renewable sources, will follow. The change to green routes only will be possible with the support of the major companies, and the implementation of drastic governmental law. Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is produced from the lactose present in the corn or sugarcane and has been intensively studied in recent years because if some limitants properties required its extrusion are overcome, it has the potential to replace the traditional polymers. PLA have high brittleness, low toughness and low tensile elongation. In this work, natural antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol) and synthetics antioxidants (BHT ant TBHQ) were added to the PLA with the aim not only to improve their flexibility, but also to create an active packaging to extend the shelf life of the foods and improve the organoleptic properties by preventing food losses. The impact of the addition of antioxidants into the PLA films, in its mechanical, thermal and barrier properties were studied by FTIR, DSC, SEM, AFM, DMA, TGA, QCM and time-lag techniques.

Novas fontes de antioxidantes e inibidores de enzimas relevantes para o tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doença de Alzheimer

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Testes em batch para selecionar fontes de carbono de baixo custo adequadas ao crescimento e atividade de bactérias sulfato-redutoras

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Estudo de plantas silvestres comestíveis da região mediterrânica como fontes de compostos bioativos

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

A romanização da Península Ibérica : uma utilização didáctica de fontes históricas no estudo da integração de uma região periférica no universo imperial

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Ensino de História e Geografia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2013

Ant colony search algorithm for the optimal power flow problem

To maintain a power system within operation limits, a level ahead planning it is necessary to apply competitive techniques to solve the optimal power flow (OPF). OPF is a non-linear and a large combinatorial problem. The Ant Colony Search (ACS) optimization algorithm is inspired by the organized natural movement of real ants and has been successfully applied to different large combinatorial optimization problems. This paper presents an implementation of Ant Colony optimization to solve the OPF in an economic dispatch context. The proposed methodology has been developed to be used for maintenance and repairing planning with 48 to 24 hours antecipation. The main advantage of this method is its low execution time that allows the use of OPF when a large set of scenarios has to be analyzed. The paper includes a case study using the IEEE 30 bus network. The results are compared with other well-known methodologies presented in the literature.

Ant colony system based approach to single machine scheduling problems: weighted tardiness scheduling problem

The paper introduces an approach to solve the problem of generating a sequence of jobs that minimizes the total weighted tardiness for a set of jobs to be processed in a single machine. An Ant Colony System based algorithm is validated with benchmark problems available in the OR library. The obtained results were compared with the best available results and were found to be nearer to the optimal. The obtained computational results allowed concluding on their efficiency and effectiveness.