(Table 2) Taxonomic composition of diatoms from bottom deposits of the Kronotsky Bay

Eocene diatom and silicoflagellate complexes from deposits of the Kronotsky Bay are presented. Pro tempore they are the most ancient finds of fossil phytoplankton with silica skeletons in the Northwest Pacific. More than 130 diatom species belonging to 59 genera and 24 silicoflagellate species belonging to 5 genera have been determined. Three Middle Eocene complexes (of the Lisitzinia kanayai, Lisitzinia inconspicua var. trilobata, and Praecymatosira monomembranaceae zones) and one presumably Middle-Late Eocene complex (of the zone with Rylandsia conniventa) of diatoms have been identified. For the first time a large silicoflagellate complex attributable to the Dictyocha hexacantha zone is presented. It is assumed that the complexes formed mainly in bathyal conditions at relatively high (close to sub-tropical) temperatures of surface waters.

Respiration rates of tropical Atlantic copepods from the Cape Verde Islands

Copepods were sampled at two sampling sites off the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde Archipelago, in spring (March/April) and early summer (May/June) of 2010. The two sampling sites were located in Mindelo Bay (16.90N, 25.01W; bottom depth 22 m) and around 8 km off the town of São Pedro (16.77N, 25.12W; bottom depth 800 m). Samples were collected on board the local fishing vessel 'Sinagoga' using a WP-2 net (Hydrobios, 0.26 m**2 mouth opening, 200 µm mesh size). The net was either applied as a driftnet, drifting for 10 min in 22 to 0 m depth below the surface, or it was towed vertically with a towing speed of 0.5 m/s**1. For stratified sampling, the net was deployed in repetitive hauls from 560 to 210 m, from 210 to 80 m, and from 80 to 0 m in March/April and from 600 to 300 m, 300 to 100 m, and 100 to 0 m in May/June. Additional depth-integrated hauls were conducted from 600-0 m or 500-0 m during both field campaigns. Respiration rates of epi- and mesopelagic calanoid copepods were measured in the land-based laboratory at the Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas (INDP) in Mindelo. Oxygen consumption was measured non-invasively by optode respirometry at three different ambient temperatures (13, 18, and 23°C) with a 10-channel oxygen respirometer (Oxy-10 Mini, PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Regensburg, Germany). All experiments were run in darkness in temperature-controlled incubators (LMS Cooled Incubator Series 1A, Model 280) equipped with water baths to ensure constant temperatures throughout the experiments, tolerating a variation of ±1°C.