Wheat leaves emit nitrous oxide during nitrate assimilation

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a key atmospheric greenhouse gas that contributes to global climatic change through radiative warming and depletion of stratospheric ozone. In this report, N2O flux was monitored simultaneously with photosynthetic CO2 and O2 exchanges from intact canopies of 12 wheat seedlings. The rates of N2O-N emitted ranged from <2 pmol⋅m−2⋅s−1 when NH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{4}^{+}}}\end{equation*}\end{document} was the N source, to 25.6 ± 1.7 pmol⋅m−2⋅s−1 (mean ± SE, n = 13) when the N source was shifted to NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{3}^{-}}}\end{equation*}\end{document}. Such fluxes are among the smallest reported for any trace gas emitted by a higher plant. Leaf N2O emissions were correlated with leaf nitrate assimilation activity, as measured by using the assimilation quotient, the ratio of CO2 assimilated to O2 evolved. 15N isotopic signatures on N2O emitted from leaves supported direct N2O production by plant NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{3}^{-}}}\end{equation*}\end{document} assimilation and not N2O produced by microorganisms on root surfaces and emitted in the transpiration stream. In vitro production of N2O by both intact chloroplasts and nitrite reductase, but not by nitrate reductase, indicated that N2O produced by leaves occurred during photoassimilation of NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{2}^{-}}}\end{equation*}\end{document} in the chloroplast. Given the large quantities of NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{3}^{-}}}\end{equation*}\end{document} assimilated by plants in the terrestrial biosphere, these observations suggest that formation of N2O during NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} \begin{equation*}{\mathrm{_{2}^{-}}}\end{equation*}\end{document} photoassimilation could be an important global biogenic N2O source.

Association of glycolate oxidation with photosynthetic electron transport in plant and algal chloroplasts.

Photosynthetic carbon metabolism is initiated by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which uses both CO2 and O2 as substrates. One 2-phosphoglycolate (P-glycolate) molecule is produced for each O2 molecule fixed. P-glycolate has been considered to be metabolized exclusively via the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle. This paper reports an additional pathway for P-glycolate and glycolate metabolism in the chloroplasts. Light-dependent glycolate or P-glycolate oxidation by osmotically shocked chloroplasts from the algae Dunaliella or spinach leaves was measured by three electron acceptors, methyl viologen (MV), potassium ferricyanide, or dichloroindophenol. Glycolate oxidation was assayed with 3-(3,4)-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) as oxygen uptake in the presence of MV at a rate of 9 mol per mg of chlorophyll per h. Washed thylakoids from spinach leaves oxidized glycolate at a rate of 22 mol per mg of chlorophyll per h. This light-dependent oxidation was inhibited completely by SHAM, an inhibitor of quinone oxidoreductase, and 75% by 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), which inhibits electron transfer from plastoquinone to the cytochrome b6f complex. SHAM stimulated severalfold glycolate excretion by algal cells, Dunaliella or Chlamydomonas, and by isolated Dunaliella chloroplasts. Glycolate and P-glycolate were oxidized about equally well to glyoxylate and phosphate. On the basis of results of inhibitor action, the possible site which accepts electrons from glycolate or P-glycolate is a quinone after the DCMU site but before the DBMIB site. This glycolate oxidation is a light-dependent, SHAM-sensitive, glycolate-quinone oxidoreductase system that is associated with photosynthetic electron transport in the chloroplasts.

Relationship between photosynthetic electron transport and pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane in intact leaves.

Under conditions (0.2% CO2; 1% O2) that allow high rates of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured simultaneously with carbon assimilation at various light intensities in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. Using a stoichiometry of 3 ATP/CO2 and the known relationship between ATP synthesis rate and driving force (Delta pH), we calculated the light-dependent pH gradient (Delta pH) across the thylakoid membrane in intact leaves. These Delta pH values were correlated with the photochemical (qP) and nonphotochemical (qN) quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and with the quantum yield of photosystem II (phiPSII). At Delta pH > 2.1 all three parameters (qP, qN, and phiPSII) changed very steeply with increasing DeltapH (decreasing pH in the thylakoid). The observed pH dependences followed hexacooperative titration curves with slightly different pKa values. The significance of the steep pH dependences with slightly different pKa values is discussed in relation to the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport in intact leaves.

The oxygen and carbon dioxide compensation points of C3 plants: possible role in regulating atmospheric oxygen.

The O2 and CO2 compensation points (O2 and CO2) of plants in a closed system depend on the ratio of CO2 and O2 concentrations in air and in the chloroplast and the specificities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The photosynthetic O2 is defined as the atmospheric O2 level, with a given CO2 level and temperature, at which net O2 exchange is zero. In experiments with C3 plants, the O2 with 220 ppm CO2 is 23% O2; O2 increases to 27% with 350 ppm CO2 and to 35% O2 with 700 ppm CO2. At O2 levels below the O2, CO2 uptake and reduction are accompanied by net O2 evolution. At O2 levels above the O2, net O2 uptake occurs with a reduced rate of CO2 fixation, more carbohydrates are oxidized by photorespiration to products of the C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle, and plants senesce prematurely. The CO2 increases from 50 ppm CO2 with 21% O2 to 220 ppm with 100% O2. At a low CO2/high O2 ratio that inhibits the carboxylase activity of Rubisco, much malate accumulates, which suggests that the oxygen-insensitive phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase becomes a significant component of the lower CO2 fixation rate. Because of low global levels of CO2 and a Rubisco specificity that favors the carboxylase activity, relatively rapid changes in the atmospheric CO2 level should control the permissive O2 that could lead to slow changes in the immense O2 pool.

Estratégias para conservação de carne armazenada sob refrigeração: embalagem em atmosfera modificada e processamento em alta pressão

A busca por produtos mais saudáveis e minimamente processados tem levado indústrias e pesquisadores a estudarem novas formas de preservação de alimentos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) avaliar o efeito da embalagem com atmosfera modificada (ATM) na preservação de lombo ovino armazenado sob refrigeração e 2) Avaliar o efeito do processamento em alta pressão na conservação de carne bovina marinada e com teor de sódio reduzido. Em ambas as pesquisas, músculos Longissimus lumborum foram submetidos à contagem microbiana, avaliação de cor, pH, oxidação lipídica (TBARS), perdas por cocção (PPC) e força de cisalhamento. Para o estudo do efeito da embalagem em atmosfera modificada, as amostras foram acondicionadas em cinco sistemas de ATM, 15% O2 + 85% CO2; 30% de O2 + 70% de CO2; 45% de O2 + 55% de CO2; 60% de O2 + 40% de CO2 e Vácuo (controle) e armazenadas a 1°C durante 21 dias. As análises de cor, pH, TBARS, PPC e força de cisalhamento foram realizadas a cada sete dias e as microbiológicas duas vezes por semana. Diferentes concentrações de oxigênio dentro da embalagem trouxeram diferença significativa na intensidade de cor vermelha das carnes armazenadas em ATM. Até o sétimo dia de estocagem tratamentos com maior quantidade de O2 apresentaram melhor coloração, após esse período embalagens a vácuo conseguiram preservar melhor a mioglobina. Diferentes concentrações gasosas não trouxeram causaram diferença (p> 0,05) no pH da carne entre tratamentos. Nenhuma diferença significativa entre tratamentos foi encontrada para amostras embaladas em ATM nos parâmetros perda de peso por cocção e força de cisalhamento. A embalagem em atmosfera modificada foi capaz de retardar o crescimento da microbiota presente na carne. Isso levou á preservação da amostra por até 18 dias sob refrigeração, enquanto amostras a vácuo tiveram uma vida útil de 11 dias. Para o estudo do efeito da alta pressão em carne marinada com baixo teor de sódio, as carnes foram inoculadas com 106 UFC/g de carne com E. faecium e Listeria innocua e em seguida marinadas durante 18 horas, a 4°C, em diferentes soluções: 1% NaCl + 1% ácido cítrico, 1% NaCl + 2% ácido cítrico, 2% NaCl + 2% ácido cítrico e 2% NaCl + 2% ácido cítrico. Após a marinação as amostras foram submetidas ao tratamento nas seguintes pressões: Zero (controle), 300MPa, 450Mpa, 600MPa. As análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas foram realizadas logo após o tratamento. O tratamento em alta pressão foi capaz de reduzir a população microbiana em até seis ciclos logarítmicos quando 600Mpa foram aplicados em todas as soluções estudadas. A não aplicação de alta pressão proporcionou a redução de apenas um ciclo log na população de E. faecium quando as carnes foram marinadas com 2% NaCl + 2% ácido cítrico. A alta pressão e as diferentes concentrações de sal e ácido, não trouxeram diferença significativa na coloração das amostras. Já o maior teor de ácido cítrico na marinada causou maior (p<0,05) redução do pH da carne em comparação com as amostras em baixa concentração de ácido. Os experimentos demonstraram que a tanto embalagem a vácuo quanto a aplicação de ácido cítrico foram eficientes em retardar a oxidação lipídica. Pressões de 600Mpa tornaram a carne significativamente mais dura que as demais pressões aplicadas. Os resultados demonstraram a possibilidade de extensão da vida útil da carne refrigerada através da aplicação de diferentes tecnologias: a embalagem com atmosfera modificada para carne fresca e processamento em alta pressão de carnes marinadas com reduzido teor de sal.

Oxidational wear of low alloy steel in gases other than air

A pin on disc wear machine has been used to study the oxidational wear of low alloy steel in a series of experiments which were carried out under dry wear sliding conditions at range of loads from 11.28 to 49.05 N and three sliding speeds of 2 m/s, 3.5 m/s and 5 m/s, in atmosphere of air, Ar, CO2, 100% O2, 20% O2-80% Ar and 2% O2-98% Ar. Also, the experiments were conducted to study frictional force, surface and contact temperatures and surface parameters of the wearing pins. The wear debris was examined using x-ray diffraction technique for the identification of compounds produced by the wear process. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the topographical features of worn pins and to measure the thickness of the oxide films. Microhardness tests were carried out to investigate the influence of the sub-surface microhardness in tribological conditions. Under all loads, speeds and atmospheres parabolic oxidation growth was observed on worn surfaces, although such growth is dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the atmospheres employed. These atmospheres are shown to influence wear rate and coefficient of friction with change in applied load. The nature of the atmosphere also has influence on surface and contact temperatures as determined from heat flow analysis. Unlubricated wear debris was found to be a mixture of αFe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO oxide. A model has been proposed for tribo-oxide growth demonstrating the importance of diffusion rate and oxygen partial pressure, in the oxidation processes and thus in determination of wear rates.

Correlation between anxiety and academic self-concept in interpreter trainees

This paper focuses on two basic issues: the anxiety-generating nature of the interpreting task and the relevance of interpreter trainees’ academic self-concept. The first has already been acknowledged, although not extensively researched, in several papers, and the second has only been mentioned briefly in interpreting literature. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the anxiety and academic self-concept constructs among interpreter trainees. An adapted version of the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986), the Academic Autoconcept Scale (Schmidt, Messoulam & Molina, 2008) and a background information questionnaire were used to collect data. Students’ t-Test analysis results indicated that female students reported experiencing significantly higher levels of anxiety than male students. No significant gender difference in self-concept levels was found. Correlation analysis results suggested, on the one hand, that younger would-be interpreters suffered from higher anxiety levels and students with higher marks tended to have lower anxiety levels; and, on the other hand, that younger students had lower self-concept levels and higher-ability students held higher self-concept levels. In addition, the results revealed that students with higher anxiety levels tended to have lower self-concept levels. Based on these findings, recommendations for interpreting pedagogy are discussed.

Avaliação da anchoita (engraulis anchoita) salgada maturada acondicionada em atmosfera modificada

A anchoita foi capturada e acondicionada a bordo sob-resfriamento a 0°C com gelo em escamas. Após o recebimento, o pescado foi processado na forma salgado-maturado. Após a maturação foram processadas e embaladas em sacos de polietileno e armazenadas sob-refrigeração a 5°C durante 84 dias. As amostras foram divididas grupos: (1) sob pressão atmosfera normal, (2) vácuo, (3) atmosfera modificada com 50% CO2 + 20% O2 + 30% N2 e (4) 60% CO2 + 10% O2 + 30% N2, em embalagens de polietileno e aluminizadas, termo-seladas e armazenadas sob-refrigeração a 5°C. Os valores de textura tiveram uma redução de 2277,8 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para 821,90 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para o tratamento controle. A qualidade inicial do pescado atendeu aos padrões legais vigentes, apresentando ausência Salmonella sp e enumerações aceitáveis aos padrões de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Clostridium sulfito redutores, coliforme totais e a 45ºC. Com relação ao pH, houve diferenças significativas durante o tempo de processamento (p<0,05), o valor passou de 6,3 (início) para 6,4 (final). Com relação aos resultados correspondentes aos parâmetros L*, a* e b* (cor), em todos os tratamentos e ao longo do tempo de processamento (ambas as embalagens), ocorreram diferenças significativas (p<0,05). Os valores de L* variaram de 34,80 para 18,00 (controle) 23,00 (vácuo), 20,21 (T3) e 22,00 (T4) embalagens de polietileno. Nas embalagens de alumínio os valores de L* variaram de 34,00 para 25,00 (controle), 29,00(vácuo), 22,10 (T3) e 26,00 (T4).

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Metropolitan City of Lagos, Nigeria

Twenty one sampling locations were assessed for carbon monoxide (CO), carbondioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and noise level using air pollutants measurement methods approved by ASTM for each specific parameter. All equipments and meters were all properly pre-calibrated before each usage for quality assurance. Findings of the study showed that measured levels of noise (61.4 - 101.4 dBA), NO (0.0 - 3.0 ppm), NO2 (0.0 - 3.0 ppm), CO (1.0 – 42.0 ppm) and SPM (0.14 – 4.82 ppm) in all sampling areas were quite high and above regulatory limits however there was no significant difference except in SPM (at all the sampling points), and noise, NO2 and NO (only in major traffic intersection). Air quality index (AQI) indicates that the ambient air can be described as poor for SPM, varied from good to very poor for CO, while NO and NO2 are very good except at major traffic intersection where they were both poor and very poor (D-E). The results suggest that strict and appropriate vehicle emission management, industrial air pollution control coupled with close burning management of wastes should be considered in the study area to reduce the risks associated with these pollutants.

电子级气体N2、H2、O2、Ar、He、HCl、CO2、NH3 28种杂质分析技术及质量监控

于G批量导入至Hzhangdi

Dinâmica de O2, CO2 e CH4 em leiras estáticas de compostagem.

2012

Alterações do pH, da P O2 e da P CO2 arteriais e da concentração de lactato sangüíneo de cavalos da raça Árabe durante exercício em esteira de alta velocidade

Avaliaram-se as alterações do pH, da P O2 e da P CO2 do sangue arterial e da concentração de lactato sangüíneo de 11 cavalos adultos da raça Árabe, submetidos a exercício progressivo em esteira de alta velocidade. Antes do exercício, no intervalo dos 15 segundos finais de cada mudança de velocidade e aos 1, 3 e 5 minutos após o término do exercício foram coletadas amostras de sangue arterial e venoso para a mensuração dos gases sangüíneos e da concentração de lactato. O exercício resultou em diminuição do pH, da pressão parcial de O2 (P O2) e da pressão parcial de CO2 (P CO2). A concentração de lactato sangüíneo elevou-se exponencialmente a partir da velocidade de 8,0m/s até os momentos após término do exercício.

High resolution spectroscopy of (CH3OH)-C-13 around the 10R(20) CO2 laser emission: New FIR laser lines, frequency measurements and assignments

We investigated the IR absorption spectrum of (CH3OH)-C-13 around the frequency of the 10R(20) CO2 laser line. We found two absorption lines which can be excited by 10R(20) and studied the FIR laser emissions excited by this pump line using a waveguide CO2 laser of 300 MHz tunability: We report two new FIR laser lines of large offset, not previously observed due to their weakness and closeness to other stronger lines. We measured the frequencies of five FIR laser lines for the first time by an accurate heterodyne technique and present the complete assignments of the IR-FIR laser systems relative to this pump line. Furthermore we present new frequency values for two FIR laser lines whose frequencies had been previously wrongly measured. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. Ltd.