Inovação do método MIA-QSAR: aplicação para doenças tropicais negligenciadas

Multivariate image analysis applied to the quantitative structure-activity relationships (MIA-QSAR) is a 2D QSAR technique that has been presenting promising outcomes for the development of new drug candidates, due to its simplicity, rapidity and low cost. In this way, the present study aims at introducing, consolidating and improving the new dimensions named aug-MIA-QSAR and aug-MIA-QSARcolor, as well as applying them to the study of neglected diseases, in order to obtain new drug targets using chemico-biological interpretation of the MIA molecular descriptors. Four compound data sets with experimental bioactivities against Chagas disease, malaria, dengue and schistosomiasis were evaluated using three approaches: MIA-QSARt, aug-MIA-QSAR and aug-MIA-QSARcolor. In general, representations of atoms as spheres with different colors and sizes proportional to the corresponding van der Waals radii (aug-MIA approaches) improved the predictive ability and interpretability in all data sets. The use of colors proportional to the Pauling´s electronegativity showed that MIA descriptors are capable of identifying periodic properties relevant for the studied activity. Finally, solid colors instead of spotlighted atoms allowed a correct identification of atoms by means of pixel values in the studies for malaria, dengue and schistosomiasis, which were, subsequently, useful for the chemical interpretation related to the bioactivity. It can be inferred that semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones derivative with a tri-substituted ring in R1 group and a trifluoro methyl group in the R 3 position instead of a chlorine antitripanossoma resulted in higher activity. The antimalarial activity of quinolon-4(1H)imines can be improved if: 1) R1 and R2 are electron donor groups, 2) R3 has long aminoalkyl chains, and 3) R4 possesses substituents with big atomic volume. In the study for dengue, it was found that tetrapeptides with unbranched small size amino acids in the A1 and A4 positions can increase the substrate affinity (Km) to the NS3 protein, and when in A1 and A2 positions, the substrate cleavage rate (kcat). On the other hand, acidic amino acids in the A2 and A4 positions were found to be related with low substrate affinity to the NS3 protein and when present in A1, with low substrate cleavage rate. Finally, the presence of metoxy substituents in R1 (or R2) and R5 in the neolignan backbone can favor their antischistosomal activity.

Complexation of 2-acetylpyridine- and 2-benzoylpyridine-derived hydrazones to copper(II) as an effective strategy for antimicrobial activity improvement

Complexes [Cu(2AcPh)Cl]center dot 2H(2)O (1), [Cu(2AcpClPh)Cl]center dot 2H(2)O (2), [Cu(2AcpNO(2)Ph)Cl] (3), [Cu(2BzPh)Cl] (4). [Cu(2BzpClPh)Cl] (5) and [Cu(2BzpNO(2)Ph)Cl] (6) were obtained with 2-acetylpyridine-phenylhydrazone (H2AcPh), 2-acetylpyridine-para-chloro-phenylhydrazone (H2AcpClPh), 2-acetylpyridine-para-nitro-phenylhydrazone (H2AcpNO(2)Ph), 2-benzoylpyridine-phenylhydrazone (H2BzPh), 2-benzoylpyridine-para-chloro-phenylhydrazone (H2BzpClPh) and 2-benzoylpyridine-para-nitro-phenylhydrazone (H2BzpNO(2)Ph). The hydrazones showed poor antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Upon coordination to copper(II) the antibacterial and antifungal activities appreciably increased. H2AcpClPh, H2BzpClPh and their copper(II) complexes (2) and (5), respectively, were as active as fluconazole against C. albicans. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Theoretical models for the antitrypanosomal activity of thiosemicarbazone derivatives

Thiosemicarbazones are cruzain inhibitors which have been identified as potential antitrypanosomal agents. In this work, several molecular properties were calculated at the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP/6-311G* level for a set of 44 thiosemicarbazones. Unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition techniques (hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, kth-nearest neighbors, and soft independent modeling by class analogy) were used to obtain structureactivity relationship models, which are able to classify unknown compounds according to their activities. The chemometric analyses performed here revealed that 12 descriptors can be considered responsible for the discrimination between high and low activity compounds. Classification models were validated with an external test set, showing that predictive classifications were achieved with the selected variable set. The results obtained here are in good agreement with previous findings from the literature, suggesting that our models can be useful on further investigations on the molecular determinants for the antichagasic activity. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

2-Acetylpyridine- and 2-benzoylpyridine-derived hydrazones and their gallium(III) complexes are highly cytotoxic to glioma cells

2-Acetylpyridine-phenylhydrazone (H2AcPh), its para-chlorophenylhydrazone (H2AcpClPh) and para-nitrophenylhydrazone (H2AcpNO(2)Ph) analogues, the corresponding 2-benzoylpyridine-derived hydrazones (H2BzPh, H2BzpClPh and H2BzpNO(2)Ph) and their gallium(III) complexes were assayed for their cytotoxic activity against U87 (expressing wild-type p53 protein) and T98 (expressing mutant p53 protein) glioma cells. IC50 values against both glioma cells and against the MRC5 (human fetal lung fibroblast) lineage were obtained for the hydrazones, but not for their gallium(III) complexes, due to their low solubility. Hydrazones were highly cytotoxic at nanomolar doses against U87 and T98 cells. The therapeutic indexes (TI = IC50MRC5/IC50glioma) were 2-660 for T98 cells and 28-5000 for U87 cells, indicating that the studied hydrazones could be good antitumor drug candidates to treat brain tumors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Neutral Gold Complexes with Tridentate SNS Thiosemicarbazide Ligands

Na[AuCl4].2H(2)O reacts with tridentate thiosemicarbazide ligands, H(2)L1, derived from N-[N',N'-dialkylamino(thiocarbonyl)]benzimidoyl chloride and thiosemicarbazides under formation of air-stable, green [AuCl(L1)] complexes. The organic ligands coordinate in a planar SNS coordination mode. Small amounts of gold(I) complexes of the composition [AuCl(L3)] are formed as side-products, where L3 is an S-bonded 5-diethylamino-3-phenyl-1-thiocarbamoyl-1,2,4-triazole. The formation of the triazole L3 can be explained by the oxidation of H(2)L1 to an intermediate thiatriazine L2 by Au3+, followed by a desulfurization reaction with ring contraction. The chloro ligands in the [AuCl(L1)] complexes can readily be replaced by other monoanionic ligands such as SCN- or CN- giving [Au(SCN)(L1)] or [Au(CN)(L1)] complexes. The complexes described in this paper represent the first examples of fully characterized neutral Gold(III) thiosemicarbazone complexes. All the [AuCl(L1)] compounds present a remarkable cell growth inhibition against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. However, systematic variation of the alkyl groups in the N(4)-position of the thiosemicarbazone building blocks as well as the replacement of the chloride by thiocyanate ligands do not considerably influence the biological activity. On the other hand, the reduction of Au-III to Au-I leads to a considerable decrease of the cytotoxicity.

Structural Investigation of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi 2-Iminothiazolidin-4-ones Allows the Identification of Agents with Efficacy in Infected Mice

We modified the thiazolidinic ring at positions N3, C4, and C5, yielding compounds 6-24. Compounds with a phenyl at position N3, 15-19, 22-24, exhibited better inhibitory properties for cruzain and against the parasite than 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one S. We were able to identify one high-efficacy trypanocidal compound, 2-minothiazolidin-4-one 18, which inhibited the activity of cruzain and the proliferation of epirnastigotes and was cidal for trypomastigotes but was not toxic for splenocytes. Having located some of the structural determinants of the trypanocidal properties, we subsequently wished to determine if the exchange of the thiazolidine for a thiazole ring leaves the functional properties unaffected. We therefore tested thiazoles 26-45 and observed that they did not inhibit cruzain, but they exhibited trypanocidal effects. Parasite development was severely impaired when treated with 18, thus reinforcing the notion that this class of heterocycles can lead to useful cidal agents for Chagas disease.

Diphenyltin(IV) complexes of the 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazate (Hqaldsme and Hqaldsbz): X-ray crystal structures of Hqaldsme and two conformers of its diphenyltin(IV) complex

New organometallic tin(IV) complexes of the empirical formula Sn(NNS)Ph2Cl (NNS = anionic forms of the 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde Schiff bases of S-methyl- and S-benzyldithiocarbazate) have been prepared and characterized by IR, electronic, I H NMR and ES mass spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structures of the 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (Hqaldsme) and its diphenyltin(IV) complex, Sn(qaldsme)Ph2Cl, have been determined by X-ray diffraction. In the solid state, the ligand remains as the thione tautomer in which the dithiocarbazate chain adopts an E,E configuration and is almost coplanar with the quinoline ring. The Sn(qaldsme)Ph2Cl complex crystallizes in two distinctly different conformationally isomeric forms, each having the same space group but different lattice parameters. X-ray analysis shows that in each polymorph, the tin atom adopts a distorted octahedral geometry with the Schiff base coordinated to it as a uninegatively charged tridentate chelating agent via the quinoline nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the thiolate sulfur atom. The two phenyl groups occupy axial positions and the chloride ligand occupies the sixth coordination position of the tin atom. The deprotonated ligand adopts an E,E,Z configuration in the complex. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthetic, EPR spectroscopic, magnetic and X-ray crystallographic structural studies on copper(II) complexes of the tridentate N2S donor ligand formed from 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine and S-methyldithiocarbazate (Hmpsme)

New copper(II) complexes of general empirical formula, Cu(mpsme)X center dot xCH(3)COCH(3) (mpsme = anionic form of the 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate; X = Cl, N-3, NCS, NO3; x = 0, 0.5) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, electronic, EPR and susceptibility measurements. Room temperature mu(eff) values for the complexes are in the range 1.75-2.1 mu(beta) typical of uncoupled or weakly coupled Cu(II) centres. The EPR spectra of the [Cu(mpsme)X] (X = Cl, N-3, NO3, NCS) complexes reveal a tetragonally distorted coordination sphere around the mononuclear Cu(II) centre. We have exploited second derivative EPR spectra in conjunction with Fourier filtering (sine bell and Hamming functions) to extract all of the nitrogen hyperfine coupling matrices. While the X-ray crystallography of [Cu(mpsme)NCS] reveals a linear polymer in which the thiocyanate anion bridges the two copper(II) ions, the EPR spectra in solution are typical of a magnetically isolated monomeric Cu(II) centres indicating dissociation of the polymeric chain in solution. The structures of the free ligand, Hmpsme and the {[Cu(mpsme)NO3] center dot 0.5CH(3)COCH(3)}(2) and [Cu(mpsme)NCS](n) complexes have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The {[Cu(mpsme)NO3]0.5CH(3)COCH(3)}(2) complex is a centrosymmetric dimer in which each copper atom adopts a five-coordinate distorted square-pyramidal geometry with an N2OS2 coordination environment, the Schiff base coordinating as a uninegatively charged tridentate ligand chelating through the pyridine and azomethine nitrogen atoms and the thiolate, an oxygen atom of a unidentate nitrato ligand and a bridging sulfur atom from the second ligand completing the coordination sphere. The [Cu(mpsme)(NCS)](n) complex has a novel staircase-like one dimensional polymeric structure in which the NCS- ligands bridge two adjacent copper(II) ions asymmetrically in an end-to-end fashion providing its nitrogen atom to one copper and the sulfur atom to the other. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Síntese e caracterização de ligantes oximas e tiossemicarbazonas e seus complexos

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese e caracterização de cinco ligantes e quatro complexos derivados de oximas e tiossemicarbazonas. Entre essas, discutem-se as estruturas cristalinas/moleculares determinadas por difração de raios-X em monocristais: do ligante 4-feniltiossemicarbazida-isatina (Ligante 5), do complexo piridina-salicilaldeído-4- feniltiossemicarbazona de niquel (II) (Complexo 1), e do bis-4-feniltiossemicarbazonaisatina de chumbo(II) (Complexo 2). A estrutura do Ligante 5 cristaliza no sistema monoclínico, grupo espacial P21/c, com parâmetros de cela a = 6,3227(2) Å, b = 15,7973(7) Å, c = 14,4572(6) Å, β = 93,9330(10)°, V = 1440,61(10) Å3 , Z = 4. O refinamento da estrutura convergiu aos índices de discordância finais R1 = 0,0520, wR2 = 0,1471. Observa-se ainda a ocorrência de interações intermoleculares do tipo ligações de hidrogênio clássicas [N18−H3---O1′ 2,907(2)Å], com a formação de estruturas dímeras inter-relacionadas por simetria dentro da cela cristalina. Para a estrutura cristalina do Complexo 1, observa-se NC=4, e geometria de coordenação quadrada plana, onde o ligante saliciladeído-4-feniltiossemicarbazida comporta-se como quelante tridentado, e completando a esfera de coordenação do centro metálico temos uma molécula de piridina. A estrutura cristaliza no sistema monoclínico, grupo espacial P21/m, parâmetros de cela a = 12,8211(2) Å, b = 5,73370(10) Å, c = 23,9950(4) Å, β = 101,0910(10)°, V = 1730,98(5) Å3 , índices de discordância finais R1= 0,0320, wR2 = 0,0888, Z=3. O Complexo 1 apresenta ainda interações intermoleculares do tipo [N(3)-H(3)---S(1) = 3,5838(17)º, N(3)–H(3A)---S(1) = 160,91(19)º], formando estruturas dímeras e ligação de hidrogênio intramolecular não-clássica do tipo [C(10)-H(10)---N(2) = 2,838(2)º e C(10) – H(10)---N(2) = 122º]. A estrutura cristalina do complexo 2, apresenta duas formas independentes (uma com centro representado por Pb1 e outra por Pb2). Para a unidade com Pb1 temos o complexo composto por duas unidades do Ligante 5, que comportam-se como quelantes tridentados, e a esfera de coordenação é completada por interações intermoleculares do tipo η 2 areno π e através da ligação polarizada com o O1 da moléculas vizinha, o que confere ao íon Pb1 NC=9. A unidade Pb2 apresenta apenas as duas unidades do Ligante 5 coordenadas conferindo-lhe NC=6. A estrutura cristaliza no sistema monoclínico, grupo espacial C2/c, parâmetros de cela a = 37,9747(6) Å, b= 9,51280(10) Å, c = 31,4378(5) Å, β = 125,951(2)°, V= 9193,5(2) Å3 , Z = 4, índices de discordância finais= R1 = 0,0643, wR2 = 0,1227.

Síntese e caracterização de ligantes nitrogenados derivados de isatina, 4-benziltiossemicarbazida e seus complexos com metais d¹º

Neste trabalho são apresentadas e discutidas as estruturas cristalinas e moleculares do ligante (1), isatina-3-(toluilsulfono-hidrazona), dos complexos [bis(2-acetilpiridina-N4 - benziltiossemicarbazona-N,N,S)Cd(II)], (1), [bis (isatina-3-N4 -benziltiossemicarbazonaN,S)Hg(II)].Etanol, (2) e [bis (isatina-3-N4 -benziltiossemicarbazona-N,S,O)Zn(II)].DMF, (3). Cristais amarelos vítreos do ligante (1) foram obtidos a partir da evaporação lenta de etanol do ensaio de cristalização. Seus dados cristalográficos indicam que duas moléculas interagem através de ligações de hidrogênio do tipo N1-H···O1, formando unidades dímeras. A reação entre 2-acetilpiridina-N4 -benziltiossemicarbazona e Cd(CH3COO)2.2H2O, em presença de etanol, KOH, e após evaporação lenta da mistura de acetona e DMF(2:1), resultou em cristais amarelos do complexo (1). As interações do tipo C(10)-H(10)···S(1)···H(1)-N(4), e N(8)- H(29)⋅⋅⋅S(2) permitem a dimerização do complexo, e a formação de uma cadeia unidimensional. Os cristais laranja do complexo (2) foram obtidos da reação entre o ligante isatina-3-N4 -benziltiossemicarbazona e Hg(NO3)2.H2O, na presença de metanol, KOH, e após evaporação lenta de uma mistura de tolueno e acetona (2:1). As moléculas do complexo (2) estão associadas por ligações de hidrogênio do tipo N(63)-H(4)···O(21), essas interações centrossimétricas conduzem a formação de dímeros. A reação entre o ligante isatina-3-N4 - benziltiossemicarbazona e Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O, em presença de etanol e KOH resultou em cristais de coloração laranja do complexo (3). A estrutura do complexo apresenta múltiplas ligações de hidrogênio, com formação de dímeros através das interações N1-H1···O1 e C3- H3···N(7). Os dímeros associam-se por interações N4-H4···O2 numa cadeia unidimensional ao longo da direção cristalográfica [100]. A polimerização bidimensional é observada 7 considerando-se as interações do tipo C20-H20···S1, N8-H8···S2 ao longo da direção cristalográfica [010], bem como das interações, N5-H5···O3DMF e C31-H31B···Car, que ocorrem através da molécula de solvente DMF.