Fungos micorrízicos no crescimento e nutrição de rebentos oriundos de coroa de abacaxi

A produção nacional de mudas de abacaxi tem sido caracterizada pela baixa oferta de material nos padrões recomendados. O uso da técnica de eliminação da dominância, apical aliado à utilização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), pode proporcionar aumento na produtividade do viveiro e menor tempo de produção das mudas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação de FMAs no crescimento de rebentos de abacaxi originários através da técnica de eliminação do meristema apical, de coroas também inoculadas com estes FMAs. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, num fatorial 2x3, com duas cultivares de abacaxi ('Smooth Cayenne' e 'Pérola') e três tratamentos microbiológicos (sem inoculação, inoculação com Glomus etunicatum e inoculação com uma mistura dos fungos Glomus clarum e Gigaspora margarita), com quatro repetições. Conclui-se que a inoculação com FMAs no crescimento das mudas não proporciona redução na fase de enviveiramento. A inoculação de FMAs na cultivar Pérola mostrou-se não benéfica, e o tratamento microbiológico com a mistura apresentou-se como parasita, reduzindo o teor nutricional de P e K, não sendo indicado para esta cultivar. Para o 'Smooth Cayenne', a inoculação com FMAs proporcionou incremento de P nas mudas.

Brassinosteroide e adubação nitrogenada no crescimento e estado nutricional de mudas de abacaxizeiro provenientes do seccionamento de caule

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e de um análogo de brassinosteroide no crescimento e na nutrição de mudas provenientes do seccionamento do caule do abacaxizeiro 'Smooth Cayenne'. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo foram avaliados três doses de N (5; 10 e 15 g L-1), utilizando ureia como fonte, e quatro doses de um análogo de brassinosteroide (0; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0 mg L-1), com quatro repetições. Cada parcela experimental foi composta por 20 secções de caule. Aos 270 dias após o plantio das secções, as mudas foram colhidas e avaliadas em relação ao comprimento, diâmetro, número de folhas e à área foliar. Em seguida, as mudas foram colocadas para secar em estufa a 70ºC, para a obtenção da massa seca e análise nutricional do tecido foliar, em que se avaliaram os teores de N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn. O análogo de brassinosteroide promoveu incremento em todas as características de crescimento vegetativo da parte aérea das mudas de abacaxizeiro avaliadas, além de proporcionar maior teor de nitrogênio na parte aérea das mudas. A adubação nitrogenada apenas resultou em pequeno aumento do comprimento e diâmetro das mudas e não afetou o número de folhas, a área foliar, a massa seca e o estado nutricional das mudas.

COMPORTAMENTO DE GENÓTIPOS DE ABACAXIZEIRO RESISTENTES À FUSARIOSE EM COMPARAÇÃO A CULTIVARES COMERCIAIS SUSCETÍVEIS

A fusariose é a doença mais severa na cultura do abacaxi no Brasil, e as cultivares mais plantadas, ‘Pérola’ e ‘Smoth Cayenne’, são suscetíveis, com perdas estimadas em 30 a 40% dos frutos. O uso de genótipos resistentes à doença abre grande perspectiva para a solução do problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em experimento de campo, o potencial produtivo, as características das plantas e a qualidade de frutos de novos híbridos deabacaxi resistentes à fusariose: EC-105, EC-93, cv. BRS Vitória e cv. BRS Imperial, comparando o desempenho destes genótipos com as cultivares ‘Pérola’, ‘Smooth Cayenne’ e ‘Gold (MD-2)’, suscetíveis à doença. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. A cv. BRS Imperial apresenta características importantes de qualidade de fruto, com maiores valores de SS e ratio. A cv. BRS Vitória reúne características favoráveis, como massa de frutos semelhante à da ‘Pérola’, reduzido diâmetro do eixo central do fruto, baixos índices de aderência de mudas “filhote” ao fruto e de tombamento de frutos, e boa produção de mudas aproveitáveis. Os demais híbridos resistentes à fusariose apresentam características negativas que limitam sua recomendação como cultivar comercial.

Análises fisiológicas e enzimáticas em abacaxi submetido à tecnologia de radiação ionizante

As características fisiológicas e enzimáticas pós-colheita do abacaxi do cultivar Smooth Cayenne foram avaliadas após os frutos serem irradiados com doses de 100 e 150 Gy e armazenados durante dez, vinte e trinta dias sob temperatura de 12 °C (±1) e 85% (±5) de umidade relativa. Análises fisiológicas e enzimáticas foram realizadas a cada período de armazenamento com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações provocadas pela aplicação da radiação ionizante. Frutos controle apresentaram maiores valores das pectinas solúveis, pectinas totais, açúcares redutores, sacarose e açúcares totais e menores valores das atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidade e poligalacturonase. O tempo de armazenamento influenciou significativamente para todas as análises estudadas. Dose de 100 Gy e período de vinte dias de armazenamento apresentaram os melhores resultados do ponto de vista da conservação da maturação e qualidade dos frutos.

Efeitos da radiação ionizante nas características sensoriais do abacaxi

A qualidade pós-colheita de abacaxis, cultivar Smooth Cayenne, foi avaliada após serem irradiados com doses de 100 e 150 Gy, dose 0 como frutos controle, e armazenados durante os períodos de 10, 20 e 30 dias sob temperatura de 12 °C (±1) e 85% (±5) de umidade relativa. Análises sensoriais foram realizadas a cada período de armazenamento com objetivo de obter informações dos efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre as características de qualidade do fruto. Doses de radiação ionizante tiveram pouca influência sobre as características sensoriais do abacaxi, com melhores resultados para frutos irradiados com dose de 100 Gy. O período de 20 dias de armazenamento resultou em maior aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, entretanto, com 30 dias de armazenamento os frutos tiveram sua aparência externa e interna prejudicada.

Características físico-químicas de abacaxi submetido à tecnologia de radiação ionizante como método de conservação pós-colheita

A qualidade pós-colheita do abacaxi da cultivar Smooth Cayenne foi avaliada quando os frutos foram irradiados com doses de 100 e 150 Gy, tendo a dose 0 como controle, e os frutos armazenados durante os períodos de 10, 20 e 30 dias, à temperatura de 12 °C (±1) e 85% (±5) de umidade relativa. Os frutos foram colhidos quando fisiologicamente desenvolvidos. Análises físico-químicas foram realizadas a cada período de armazenamento com o objetivo de obter informações dos efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre as características de qualidade do fruto. As doses de radiação ionizante aplicadas tiveram pouca influência significativa nas características físico-químicas do abacaxi, porém, com melhores resultados quando comparados com a dose controle. O período de 20 dias de armazenamento mostrou ser ideal para o desenvolvimento das principais características de qualidade pós-colheita do fruto, enquanto que o armazenamento por 30 dias foi considerado longo por prejudicar a qualidade do abacaxi.

Procedência, sazonalidade e qualidade físico-química do abacaxi comercializado na CEAGESP - São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Structural properties of lipid reconstructs and lipid composition of normotensive and hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cell membranes

Multiple cell membrane alterations have been reported to be the cause of various forms of hypertension. The present study focuses on the lipid portion of the membranes, characterizing the microviscosity of membranes reconstituted with lipids extracted from the aorta and mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive control rat strains (WKY and NWR). Membrane-incorporated phospholipid spin labels were used to monitor the bilayer structure at different depths. The packing of lipids extracted from both aorta and mesenteric arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats was similar. Lipid extract analysis showed similar phospholipid composition for all membranes. However, cholesterol content was lower in SHR arteries than in normotensive animal arteries. These findings contrast with the fact that the SHR aorta is hyporeactive while the SHR mesenteric artery is hyperreactive to vasopressor agents when compared to the vessels of normotensive animal strains. Hence, factors other than microviscosity of bulk lipids contribute to the vascular smooth muscle reactivity and hypertension of SHR. The excess cholesterol in the arteries of normotensive animal strains apparently is not dissolved in bulk lipids and is not directly related to vascular reactivity since it is present in both the aorta and mesenteric arteries. The lower cholesterol concentrations in SHR arteries may in fact result from metabolic differences due to the hypertensive state or to genes that co-segregate with those that determine hypertension during the process of strain selection.

Cross-Talk Between Mitochondria and NADPH Oxidase: Effects of Mild Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Angiotensin II-Mediated Increase in Nox Isoform Expression and Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase activation are concomitantly involved in pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. However, possible cross-talk between those ROS-generating systems is unclear. We induced mild mitochondrial dysfunction due to mitochondrial DNA damage after 24 h incubation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle (VSMC) with 250 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr). VSMC remained viable and had 29% less oxygen consumption, 16% greater baseline hydrogen peroxide, and unchanged glutathione levels. Serum-stimulated proliferation was unaltered at 24 h. Although PCR amplification of several mtDNA sequences was preserved, D-Loop mtDNA region showed distinct amplification of shorter products after EtBr. Such evidence for DNA damage was further enhanced after angiotensin-II (AngII) incubation. Remarkably, the normally observed increase in VSMC membrane fraction NADPH oxidase activity after AngII was completely abrogated after EtBr, together with failure to upregulate Nox1 mRNA expression. Conversely, basal Nox4 mRNA expression increased 1.6-fold, while being unresponsive to AngII. Similar loss in AngII redox response occurred after 24 h antimycin-A incubation. Enhanced Nox4 expression was unassociated with endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Protein disulfide isomerase, an NADPH oxidase regulator, exhibited increased expression and inverted pattern of migration to membrane fraction after EtBr. These results unravel functionally relevant cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, which markedly affects redox responses to AngII. Antioxid Redox Signal 11, 1265-1278.

NATURAL LIGHT IN PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus L) MICROPROPAGATION

Shoot tips of Ananas comosus `Imperial were rooted in vitro under two environments (artificial and natural light) and after two months the plantlets were transferred to commercial substrate (Plantmax (R)) in a greenhouse. Plant growth and leaf anatomy were evaluated at 0, 7, 15, 30 and 60-days during acclimatization. The in vitro rooting under natural light provides better agronomic and anatomical performances of Ananas comosus plants, with the benefit of saving electric energy for artificial lumination in vegetal tissue culture laboratories.

Utilization of pineapple stem juice to enhance enzyme-hydrolytic efficiency for sugarcane bagasse after an optimized pre-treatment with alkaline peroxide

The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was investigated by treating a peroxide-alkaline bagasse with a pineapple stem juice, xylanase and cellulase. Pre-treatment procedures of sugarcane bagasse with alkaline hydrogen peroxide were evaluated and compared. Analyses were performed using 2(4) factorial designs, with pre-treatment time, temperature, magnesium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide concentration as factors. The responses evaluated were the yield of cellobiose and glucose released from pretreated bagasse after enzymatic hydrolysis. The results show that the highest enzymatic conversion was obtained for bagasse using 2% hydrogen peroxide at 60 degrees C for 16 h in the presence of 0.5% magnesium sulfate. Bagasse (5%) was treated with pineapple stem extract, which contains mixtures of protease and esterase, in combination with xylanase and cellulase. It was observed that the amount of glucose and cellobiose released from bagasse increased with the mixture of enzymes. It is believed that the enzymes present in pineapple extracts are capable of hydrolyze specific linkages that would facilitate the action of digesting plant cell walls enzymes. This increases the amount of glucose and other hexoses that are released during the enzymatic treatment and also reduces the amount of cellulase necessary in a typical hydrolysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysing the base of precast column in socket foundations with smooth interfaces

This paper analyzes the behavior of the base of a precast column in the socket foundation with smooth interfaces. This research is motivated by the lack of information and guidelines on the behavior of column bases in the embedded region. An experimental program with two full-scale specimens was carried-out. These two specimens had smooth interfaces at the internal faces of the socket, different embedded lengths and were subjected to loads with large eccentricities. The experimental results showed that the failure of the specimens occurred by the yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement out of the embedded region, while the transverse reinforcement was not very stressed. Some recommendations on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement and a strut-and-tie model for the behavior of column bases in the embedded region are proposed.

Stepped and smooth spillways: resistance effects on stilling basin lengths

The Darcy-Weisbach equation was used in the analysis of flow over spillways, furnishing theoretical tools to design stilling basins. Predictions for the length of hydraulic jump stilling basins downstream of stepped and smooth spillways are presented, together with ranges of values for the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of both spillways. The experimental data were compared with results of the theoretical solution of the gradually varied flow equation. All comparisons were made in non-dimensional form. The values of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor were roughly five times smaller for smooth spillways than for stepped spillways. The theoretical predictions and the experimental data allow to present approximate equations for a preliminary evaluation of the length and the bed level of hydraulic jump stilling basins. In the same way, approximate equations were presented for the evaluation of the friction factor in smooth and stepped spillways, as a function of the Froude number at the downstream cross-section.

Experimental investigation of Vortex-Induced Vibration on rigid, smooth and inclined cylinders

This paper presents new experimental results of Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) on inclined cylinders. Models are mounted on a low damping air-bearing elastic base with one degree-of-freedom, constrained to oscillate only in the transverse direction to a free stream. The Reynolds number varied in the range 2000 less than or similar to Re less than or similar to 8000. New measurements on the dynamic response oscillations of inclined cylinders, due to VIV, are compared with previous experiments of a vertical cylinder. Models with circular and elliptical cross sections have been tested. The purpose of this work is to check the validity of the normal velocity correction of VIV studies of inclined structures. The results show that the reduced velocity range, in which the upper and lower branches of VIV occurs, is similar to the vertical cylinder case if the proper projected velocity is considered. Tests have been conducted to support this observation with inclinations up to 45 degrees. We have also observed that the amplitudes of oscillation of the inclined circular cylinder are comparable, but slightly lower than, to the amplitudes observed in the vertical cylinder experiments. Measured forces and added mass also show similar behaviour. However, for cases with an elliptical cylinder, the amplitudes of oscillation are considerably lower than those observed for a circular cylinder. This difference is explained by the higher added mass of the elliptical cylinder. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP OF PINEAPPLE JUICE IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

The study of non-Newtonian flow in plate heat exchangers (PHEs) is of great importance for the food industry. The objective of this work was to study the pressure drop of pineapple juice in a PHE with 50 degrees chevron plates. Density and flow properties of pineapple juice were determined and correlated with temperature (17.4 <= T <= 85.8 degrees C) and soluble solids content (11.0 <= X(s) <= 52.4 degrees Brix). The Ostwald-de Waele (power law) model described well the rheological behavior. The friction factor for non-isothermal flow of pineapple juice in the PHE was obtained for diagonal and parallel/side flow. Experimental results were well correlated with the generalized Reynolds number (20 <= Re(g) <= 1230) and were compared with predictions from equations from the literature. The mean absolute error for pressure drop prediction was 4% for the diagonal plate and 10% for the parallel plate.