Internally Displaced Persons Rights in Human Rights Perspective(Specifically Focused on Pakistani IDPs Example) : “Basic Human Rights of IDPs to Attain Equality in Dignity and Rights”

After the WWII, there was much concern to protect human rights situation all over the world. During the cold wars, huge displacement took place within different countries due to internal arms/ethnic conflicts. Millions of IDPs, who were uprooted by armed conflict or ethnic strife faced human rights violence. In 2002, there were estimated between 20-25 millions IDPs in the world (Phuong, p.1). Internally displacement is a worldwide problem and millions of the people displaced in Africa and Asia. These all Internal displacements of the people are only the result of the conflicts or the violations of the Human Rights but also sometimes it happened because of the natural disasters. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights..."(Streich, Article 1) This article works as the foundation of human rights which gives every human being an equal rights and opportunity to maintain his/her dignity. Human Rights issues related to human dignity must be taken very seriously and should not be ignored at any level; Many human rights issues are not always visible, issues such as: privacy, security, equality, protection of social and cultural values etc. In this paper I am going to apply theoretical approach of “all human being are equal in dignity and rights” to defend IDPs rights.

RAPID analysis reveals genetic variability among sexual and apomictic Paspalum dilatatum poiret biotypes

Paspalum dilatatum is a valuable forage grass in the subtropics. This species consists of several sexual (tetraploid) and apomict (penta- and hexaploid) biotypes. It has been proposed that the presence of a genome of unknown origin, the X genome, is responsible for apomixis in penta- and hexaploid biotypes. Here we evaluated the utility of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for discriminating sexual and apomictic P dilatatum biotypes. DNA samples from nine accessions, including P. intermedium, P. juergensh, and P dilatatum (ssp. flavescens, and the common and Uruguayan biotypes) were analyzed with 86 RAPID primers. Three hundred sixty-two fragments were scored and genetic similarity estimates revealed that the penta- and hexaploid biotypes were highly similar (S,, greater than or equal to 0.913). Forty RAPDs were unique to the penta- and hexaploid biotypes. Overall RAPID markers were useful for assessing genetic variation among closely related P dilatatum genotypes as well as generating putative X genome markers.

Brasilia Declaration: Second Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a society for all ages and rights-based social protection

Spanish version available at the Library

Paternidad responsable en el Istmo Centroamericano

Incluye Bibliografía

Pretreatment and outcome correlates of past sexual and physical trauma in 118 bipolar I disorder patients with a first episode of psychotic mania

To assess the prevalence and correlates of childhood and adolescent sexual and/or physical abuse (SPA) in bipolar I disorder (BDI) patients treated for a first episode of psychotic mania.

Pretreatment and outcome correlates of sexual and physical trauma in an epidemiological cohort of first-episode psychosis patients

High prevalence of trauma has been reported in psychosis. While role of trauma as a risk factor for developing psychosis is still debated, its negative impact on outcome has been described. Few studies have explored this issue in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. We assessed rate of stressful events, as well as premorbid and outcome correlates of past sexual and/or physical abuse (SPA) in an epidemiological FEP patients cohort.

Simulating the evolution of a clonal trait in plants with sexual and vegetative reproduction

Aims Phenotypic optimality models neglect genetics. However, especially when heterozygous genotypes ire fittest, evolving allele, genotype and phenotype frequencies may not correspond to predicted optima. This was not previously addressed for organisms with complex life histories. Methods Therefore, we modelled the evolution of a fitness-relevant trait of clonal plants, stolon internode length. We explored the likely case of air asymmetric unimodal fitness profile with three model types. In constant selection models (CSMs), which are gametic, but not spatially explicit, evolving allele frequencies in the one-locus and five-loci cases did not correspond to optimum stolon internode length predicted by the spatially explicit, but not gametic, phenotypic model. This deviation was due to the asymmetry of the fitness profile. Gametic, spatially explicit individual-based (SEIB) modeling allowed us relaxing the CSM assumptions of constant selection with exclusively sexual reproduction. Important findings For entirely vegetative or sexual reproduction, predictions. of the gametic SEIB model were close to the ones of spatially explicit CSMs gametic phenotypic models, hut for mixed modes of reproduction they appoximated those of gametic, not spatially explicit CSMs. Thus, in contrast to gametic SEIB models, phenotypic models and, especially for few loci, also CSMs can be very misleading. We conclude that the evolution of trails governed by few quantitative trait loci appears hardly predictable by simple models, that genetic algorithms aiming at technical optimization may actually, miss the optimum and that selection may lead to loci with smaller effects, in derived compared with ancestral lines.

Conditional expression of Sry, and Wnt4 by gene-targeting: Studies in sexual and skeletal development

Sry and Wnt4 cDNAs were individually introduced into the ubiquitously-expressed Rosa26 ( R26) locus by gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells to create a conditional gene expression system in mice. In the targeted alleles, expression of these cDNAs should be blocked by a neomycin resistance selection cassette that is flanked by loxP sites. Transgene expression should be activated after the blocking cassette is deleted by Cre recombinase. ^ To test this conditional expression system, I have bred R26-stop- Sry and R26-stop-Wnt4 heterozygotes with a MisRII-Cre mouse line that expresses Cre in the gonads of both sexes. Analysis of these two types of bigenic heterozygotes indicated that their gonads developed normally like those of wild types. However, one XX R26-Sry/R26-Sry; MisR2-Cre/+ showed epididymis-like structures resembling those of males. In contrast, only normal phenotypes were observed in XY R26-Wnt4/R26-Wnt4; MisR2-Cre /+ mice. To interpret these results, I have tested for Cre recombinase activity by Southern blot and transcription of the Sry and Wnt4 transgenes by RT-PCR. Results showed that bigenic mutants had insufficient activation of the transgenes in their gonads at E12.5 and E13.5. Therefore, the failure to observe mutant phenotypes may have resulted from low activity of MisR2-Cre recombination at the appropriate time. ^ Col2a1-Cre transgenic mice express Cre in differentiating chondrocytes. R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre bigenic heterozygous mice were found to exhibit a dramatic alteration in growth presumably caused by Wnt4 overexpression during chondrogenesis. R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice exhibited dwarfism beginning approximately 10 days after birth. In addition, they also had craniofacial abnormalities, and had delayed ossification of the lumbar vertebrate and pelvic bones. Histological analysis of the growth plates of R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice revealed less structural organization and a delay in onset of the primary and secondary ossification centers. Molecular studies confirmed that overexpression of Wnt4 causes decreased proliferation and early maturation of chondrocytes. In addition, R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice had decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that defects in vascularization may contribute to the dwarf phenotype. Finally, 9-month-old R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice had significantly more fat cells in the marrow cavities of their metaphysis long bones, implying that long-term overexpression of Wnt4may cause bone marrow pathologies. In conclusion, Wnt4 was activated by Col2a1-Cre recombinase and was overexpressed in the growth plate, resulting in aberrant proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, and ultimately leads to dwarfism in mice. ^

A model of air transport passenger incidents and rights

This paper describes a representation of the legal framework in the air transport passenger's rights domain and the foremost incidents that trigger the top of consumer complaints ranking in the EU. It comprises the development of a small network of three ontologies, formalisation of scenarios, specification of properties and identification of relations. The approach is illustrated by means of a case study based in the context of a real life cancelled flight incident. This is part of an intended support-system that aims to provide both consumers and companies with relevant legal information to enhance the decision-making process.

Rates of nucleotide substitution in sexual and anciently asexual rotifers

The class Bdelloidea of the phylum Rotifera is the largest well studied eukaryotic taxon in which males and meiosis are unknown, and the only one for which these indications of ancient asexuality are supported by cytological and molecular genetic evidence. We estimated the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the hsp82 heat shock gene in bdelloids and in facultatively sexual rotifers of the class Monogononta, employing distance based and maximum likelihood methods. Relative-rate tests, using acanthocephalan rotifers as an outgroup, showed slightly higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution and slightly lower rates of synonymous substitution in bdelloids as compared with monogononts. The opposite trend, however, was seen in intraclass pairwise comparisons. If, as it seems, bdelloids have evolved asexually, an equality of bdelloid and monogonont substitution rates would suggest that the maintenance of sexual reproduction in monogononts is not attributable to an effect of sexual reproduction in limiting the load of deleterious nucleotide substitutions.

Contributing Factors in Corporate America's Implementation of Policies and Procedures That Protect and Enhance the Work Experience for Gay, Lesbian, Bi-sexual and Transgender (GLBT) Employees: An Examination of Corporate GLBT Initiatives

Business organization executives today are routinely challenged to attract and retain key talent and employ innovative techniques to expand their consumer-base. Moreover, these executives have advanced their business initiatives to include workplace equality initiatives with a motivation to attract and retain key talent. In this research the author examined the contributing factors that lead executives in corporate America to implement Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender (GLBT) initiatives as business strategies. The case study methodology applied in this examination illustrated that the implementation of GLBT initiatives can increase a business organization's ability to attract and retain key talent, and increase employee work productivity while expanding the consumer base. Therefore, the business organization's competitive advantage in the marketplace is increased.

CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE IN AFRICA: An Examination of Constitutional Positivism, Fundamental Law and Rights in Ghana and Nigeria

This work explores the idea of constitutional justice in Africa with a focus on constitutional interpretation in Ghana and Nigeria. The objective is to develop a theory of constitutional interpretation based upon a conception of law that allows the existing constitutions of Ghana and Nigeria to be construed by the courts as law in a manner that best serves the collective wellbeing of the people. The project involves an examination of both legal theory and substantive constitutional law. The theoretical argument will be applied to show how a proper understanding of the ideals of the rule of law and constitutionalism in Ghana and Nigeria necessitate the conclusion that socio-economic rights in those countries are constitutionally protected and judicially enforceable. The thesis argues that this conclusion follows from a general claim that constitutions should represent a ‘fundamental law’ and must be construed as an aspirational moral ideal for the common good of the people. The argument is essentially about the inherent character of ‘legality’ or the ‘rule of law.’ It weaves together ideas developed by Lon Fuller, Ronald Dworkin, T.R.S. Allan and David Dyzenhaus, as well as the strand of common law constitutionalism associated with Sir Edward Coke, to develop a moral sense of ‘law’ that transcends the confines of positive or explicit law while remaining inherently ‘legal’ as opposed to purely moral or political. What emerges is an unwritten fundamental law of reason located between pure morality or natural law on the one hand and strict, explicit, or positive law on the other. It is argued that this fundamental law is, or should be, the basis of constitutional interpretation, especially in transitional democracies like Ghana and Nigeria, and that it grounds constitutional protection for socio-economic rights. Equipped with this theory of law, courts in developing African countries like Ghana and Nigeria will be in a better position to contribute towards developing a real sense of constitutional justice for Africa.

A treatise on the law of waters, and of sewers : including the law relating to rights in the sea, and rights in rivers, canals, dock companies, fisheries, mills, watercourses, &c. /

Includes bibliographical footnotes and index.

A treatise of the law of waters; including the law relating to rights in the sea, and rights concerning rivers, canals, dock companies, fisheries, mills, water-courses, &c. with a note concerning the rights of the Crown to the land between high and low water mark.

"The law of sewers has been separately published in a second edition, and is, therefore, withdrawn from this second edition of the Law of waters."--2d prelim. leaf.

Violations of free speech and rights of labor : digest of report of the Committee on Education and Labor pursuant to S. Res. 246 (74th Congress)

At head of title: 76th Congress, 1st session. Senate committee print.