A coleta seletiva como instrumento propulsor da gest��o do cons��rcio de res��duos s��lidos na regi��o metropolitana do Cariri-Cear��

P��s-gradua����o em Geografia - IGCE

Compostabilidad de envases de bolsas de PBAT+PLA y envases r��gidos de PLA mediante tecnolog��as de pila y t��nel

Los pol��meros compostables suponen en torno al 30% de los biopl��sticos destinados a envasado, siendo a su vez esta aplicaci��n el principal destino de la producci��n de este tipo de materiales que, en el a��o 2013, super�� 1,6 millones de toneladas. La presente tesis aborda la biodegradaci��n de los residuos de envases dom��sticos compostables en medio aerobio para dos tipos de formato y materiales, envase r��gido de PLA (Clase I) y dos tipos de bolsas de PBAT+PLA (Clases II y III). Sobre esta materia se han realizado diversos estudios en escala de laboratorio pero para otro tipo de envases y biopol��meros y bajo condiciones controladas del compost con alguna proyecci��n particularizada en plantas. La presente tesis da un paso m��s e investiga el comportamiento real de los envases pl��sticos compostables en la pr��ctica del compostaje en tecnolog��as de pila y t��nel, tanto a escala piloto como industrial, dentro del procedimiento y con las condiciones ambientales de instalaciones concretas. Para ello, con el m��todo seguido, se han analizado los requisitos b��sicos que debe cumplir un envase compostable, seg��n la norma UNE ��� EN 13432, evaluando el porcentaje de biodegradaci��n de los envases objeto de estudio, en funci��n de la p��rdida de peso seco tras el proceso de compostaje, y la calidad del compost obtenido, mediante an��lisis f��sico-qu��mico y de fitotoxicidad para comprobar que los materiales de estudio no aportan toxicidad. En cuanto a los niveles de biodegrabilidad, los resultados permiten concluir que los envases de Clase I se compostan adecuadamente en ambas tecnolog��as y que no requieren de unas condiciones de proceso muy exigentes para alcanzar niveles de biodegradaci��n del 100%. En relaci��n a los envases de Clase II, se puede asumir que se trata de un material que se composta adecuadamente en pila y t��nel industrial pero que requiere de condiciones exigentes para alcanzar niveles de biodegradaci��n del 100% al afectarle de forma clara la ubicaci��n de las muestras en la masa a compostar, especialmente en el caso de la tecnolog��a de t��nel. Mientras el 90% de las muestras alcanza el 100% de biodegradaci��n en pila industrial, tan s��lo el 50% lo consigue en la tecnolog��a de t��nel a la misma escala. En cuanto a los envases de Clase III, se puede afirmar que es un material que se composta adecuadamente en t��nel industrial pero que requiere de condiciones de cierta exigencia para alcanzar niveles de biodegradaci��n del 100% al poderle afectar la ubicaci��n de las muestras en la masa a compostar. El 75% de las muestras ensayadas en t��nel a escala industrial alcanzan el 100% de biodegradaci��n y, aunque no se ha ensayado este tipo de envase en la tecnolog��a de pila al no disponer de muestras, cabe pensar que los resultados de biodegrabilidad que hubiera podido alcanzar habr��an sido, como m��nimo, los obtenidos para los envases de Clase II, al tratarse de materiales muy similares en composici��n. Por ��ltimo, se concluye que la tecnolog��a de pila es m��s adecuada para conseguir niveles de biodegradaci��n superiores en los envases tipo bolsa de PBAT+PLA. Los resultados obtenidos permiten tambi��n sacar en conclusi��n que, en el dise��o de instalaciones de compostaje para el tratamiento de la fracci��n org��nica recogida selectivamente, ser��a conveniente realizar una recirculaci��n del rechazo del afino del material compostado para aumentar la probabilidad de someter este tipo de materiales a las condiciones ambientales adecuadas. Si adem��s se realiza un triturado del residuo a la entrada del proceso, tambi��n se aumentar��a la superficie espec��fica a entrar en contacto con la masa de materia org��nica y por tanto se favorecer��an las condiciones de biodegradaci��n. En cuanto a la calidad del compost obtenido en los ensayos, los resultados de los an��lisis f��sico ��� qu��micos y de fitotoxicidad revelan que los niveles de concentraci��n de microorganismo pat��genos y de metales pesados superan, en la pr��ctica totalidad de las muestras, los niveles m��ximos permitidos en la legislaci��n vigente aplicable a productos fertilizantes elaborados con residuos. Mediante el an��lisis de la composici��n de los envases ensayados se constata que la causa de esta contaminaci��n reside en la materia org��nica utilizada para compostar en los ensayos, procedente del residuo de origen dom��stico de la denominada ���fracci��n resto���. Esta conclusi��n confirma la necesidad de realizar una recogida selectiva de la fracci��n org��nica en origen, existiendo estudios que evidencian la mejora de la calidad del residuo recogido en la denominada ���fracci��n org��nica recogida selectivamente��� (FORM). Compostable polymers are approximately 30% of bioplastics used for packaging, being this application, at same time, the main destination for the production of such materials exceeded 1.6 million tonnes in 2013. This thesis deals with the biodegradation of household packaging waste compostable in aerobic medium for two format types and materials, rigid container made of PLA (Class I) and two types of bags made of PBAT + PLA (Classes II and III). There are several studies developed about this issue at laboratory scale but for other kinds of packaging and biopolymers and under composting controlled conditions with some specifically plants projection. This thesis goes one step further and researches the real behaviour of compostable plastic packaging in the composting practice in pile and tunnel technologies, both at pilot and industrial scale, within the procedure and environmental conditions of concrete devices. Therefore, with a followed method, basic requirements fulfilment for compostable packaging have been analysed according to UNE-EN 13432 standard. It has been assessed the biodegradability percentage of the packaging studied, based on loss dry weight after the composting process, and the quality of the compost obtained, based on physical-chemical analysis to check no toxicity provided by the studied materials. Regarding biodegradability levels, results allow to conclude that Class I packaging are composted properly in both technologies and do not require high exigent process conditions for achieving 100% biodegradability levels. Related to Class II packaging, it can be assumed that it is a material that composts properly in pile and tunnel at industrial scale but requires exigent conditions for achieving 100% biodegradability levels for being clearly affected by sample location in the composting mass, especially in tunnel technology case. While 90% of the samples reach 100% of biodegradation in pile at industrial scale, only 50% achieve it in tunnel technology at the same scale. Regarding Class III packaging, it can be said that it is a material properly composted in tunnel at industrial scale but requires certain exigent conditions for reaching 100% biodegradation levels for being possibly affected by sample location in the composting mass. The 75% of the samples tested in tunnel at industrial scale reaches 100% biodegradation. Although this kind of packaging has not been tested on pile technology due to unavailability of samples, it is judged that biodegradability results that could be reached would have been, at least, the same obtained for Class II packaging, as they are very similar materials in composition. Finally, it is concluded that pile technology is more suitable for achieving highest biodegradation levels in bag packaging type of PBAT+PLA. Additionally, the obtained results conclude that, in the designing of composting devices for treatment of organic fraction selectively collected, it would be recommended a recirculation of the refining refuse of composted material in order to increase the probability of such materials to expose to proper environmental conditions. If the waste is grinded before entering the process, the specific surface in contact with organic material would also be increased and therefore biodegradation conditions would be more favourable. Regarding quality of the compost obtained in the tests, physical-chemical and phytotoxicity analysis results reveal that pathogen microorganism and heavy metals concentrations exceed, in most of the samples, the maximum allowed levels by current legislation for fertilizers obtained from wastes. Composition analysis of tested packaging verifies that the reason for this contamination is the organic material used for composting tests, comes from the household waste called ���rest fraction���. This conclusion confirms the need of a selective collection of organic fraction in the origin, as existing studies show the quality improvement of the waste collected in the so-called ���organic fraction selectively collected��� (FORM).

Hurricane Gilbert storm surge data /

At head of title: Coastal Field Data Collection Program.

Heritability estimates for growth in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina using microsatellites to assign parentage

The tropical abalone Haliotis asinina is a wild-caught and cultured species throughout the Indo-Pacific as well as being an emerging model species for the study of haliotids. H. asinina has the fastest recorded natural growth rate of any abalone and reaches sexual maturity within one year. As such, it is a suitable abalone species for selective breeding for commercially important traits such as rapid growth. Estimating the amount of variation in size that is attributable to heritable genetic differences can assist the development of such a selective breeding program. Here we estimated heritability for growth-related traits at 12 months of age by creating a single cohort of 84 families in a full-factorial mating design consisting of 14 sires and 6 dams. Of 500 progeny sampled, 465 were successfully assigned to their parents based on shared alleles at 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Using an animal model, heritability estimates were 0.48 +/- 0.15 for shell length, 0.38 +/- 0.13 for shell width and 0.36 +/- 0.13 for weight. Genetic correlations were > 0.98 between shell parameters and weight, indicating that breeding for weight gains could be successfully achieved by selecting for shell length. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A economia solid��ria sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento end��geno: o caso da cooperativa de coleta seletiva e reciclagem amigos do planeta - Lauro de Freitas/BA (2004/2013)

In recent decades, the collective leadership of the Solidary Economical Enterprises (ESS) that are active in providing collection and recycling services, has been presented as a proposal for the organization of urban space with the creation of new enterprises and solidarity production chains. Are activities that have gained a new stimulus to the creation of the National Secretariat of Solidarity Economy and the National Policy on Solid Waste that assigned a leading role in these social actors. These experiences contribute to building a participatory development path, resembling with the pluralistic perspective of development of the Indian economist Amartya Sen, that goes beyond the simplistic design of the increased income, focusing on the process of expanding freedoms that people enjoy. The aim of this work is to situate the perspective of endogenous development with the Collection Services segment and Material Recycling in the field of Solidarity Economy, through the analysis of the experience of the Cooperative of Selective Collection and Recycling Friends of the planet, located in the municipality of Lauro to Freitas - BA, from 2004 to 2013. for this the following procedures were adopted: analysis of the main contributions of the international literature on the phenomenon of pluriactivity; review of national literature that analyzes the emergence and evolution of the projects of solidarity economy in Brazil; bibliographical and documentary research; and socio-economic evaluation of the EES. The guiding problem of this work, understandably, is: what is the meaning of endogenous perspective with the Materials Collection and Recycling Services segment in the field of Solidarity Economy? It starts with the hypothesis that the development of these practices requires an environment that removes the main sources of deprivation involving the conditions of existence of these enterprises. The results show that not enough development to be built with the participation of social actors, but there are minimally necessary conditions for such experiences can take hold in order to achieve their goals. Thus, not only is it a strictly economic issue, but requires political actions for a process of social transformation.

Inclus��o social de catadores de materiais recicl��veis: estudo da pol��tica nacional de res��duos s��lidos e da efetiva����o do trabalho decente em Natal/RN

The integrated management of municipal solid waste in Brazil is held legally responsible by the city council administration. This is done since the year 2010 with the publication of the National Solid Waste Policy term. According to the policy and law, each city must encourage the implementation of selective collection and the participation of waste picker��s entities aiming social inclusion. However, these actions haven���t yet reached its legal aims. These workers are considered regarding collection actions but are stripped of certain basic labor rights not in conformation with the Decent Work concept. This type of work, according to International Labour Organization, must be seen as work that is properly paid for and must be done regarding conditions of freedom, equity, security and able to provide workers with a dignified life conditions. Thus, this work aims to investigate the implementation process regarding the Solid Waste National Policy in Natal-Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil. This is done considering socio-productive insertion of recyclable material collectors. The research is substantiated by a qualitative approach as well as documental and bibliographical research. A field research considering the cooperatives as well ���in locco" observation and semi-structured interviews were carried out between the time span of 2013 and 2014. In order to investigate decent daily working conditions the research emphasized municipal management actions in Natal towards social inclusion that aim to reflect on the progress and difficulties experimented. It is seen that even when these cooperatives receive government support there are still important struggles that need to be overcome. The worker��s tasks are risky, the work environment in not safe or is adequate in terms of health issues. There is the stigma of it being considered an occupational task, the low individual income distancing the activity regarding parameters of the Green Employment and Decent Work concept. On the other hand, the survey showed potential as the relentless pursuit on behalf of the cooperatives that still search better work condition improvement.

Characteristics of samples obtained during Pokhodsk 2012-2013 campaigns in the joint Russian-German POLYGON Project

Polygonal tundra, thermokarst basins and pingos are common and characteristic periglacial features of arctic lowlands underlain by permafrost in Northeast Siberia. Modern polygonal mires are in the focus of biogeochemical, biological, pedological, and cryolithological research with special attention to their carbon stocks and greenhouse-gas fluxes, their biodiversity and their dynamics and functioning under past, present and future climate scenarios. Within the frame of the joint German-Russian DFG-RFBR project Polygons in tundra wetlands: state and dynamics under climate variability in Polar Regions (POLYGON) field studies of recent and of late Quaternary environmental dynamics were carried out in the Indigirka lowland and in the Kolyma River Delta in summer 2012 and summer 2013. Using a multidisciplinary approach, several types of polygons and thermokarst lakes were studied in different landscapes units in the Kolyma Delta in 2012 around the small fishing settlement Pokhodsk. The floral and faunal associations of polygonal tundra were described during the fieldwork. Ecological, hydrological, meteorological, limnological, pedological and cryological features were studied in order to evaluate modern and past environmental conditions and their essential controlling parameters. The ecological monitoring and collection program of polygonal ponds were undertaken as in 2011 in the Indigirka lowland by a former POLYGON expedition (Schirrmeister et al. [eds.] 2012). Exposures, pits and drill cores in the Kolyma Delta were studied to understand the cryolithological structures of frozen ground and to collect samples for detailed paleoenvironmental research of the late Quaternary past. Dendrochronological and ecological studies were carried out in the tree line zone south of the Kolyma Delta. Based on previous work in the Indigirka lowland in 2011 (Schirrmeister et al. [eds.] 2012), the environmental monitoring around the Kytalyk research station was continued until the end of August 2012. In addition, a classical exposure of the late Pleistocene permafrost at the Achchaygy Allaikha River near Chokurdakh was studied. The ecological studies near Pokhodsk were continued in 2013 (chapter 13). Other fieldwork took place at the Pokhodsk-Yedoma-Island in the northwestern part of the Kolyma Delta.

Cognitive Competence and Life Course Change in Multi-Problem Adolescents

The dissertation reports on two studies. The purpose of Study I was to develop and evaluate a measure of cognitive competence (the Critical Problem Solving Skills Scale ��� Qualitative Extension) using Relational Data Analysis (RDA) with a multi-ethnic, adolescent sample. My study builds on previous work that has been conducted to provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the RDA framework in evaluating youth development programs (Kurtines et al., 2008). Inter-coder percent agreement among the TOC and TCC coders for each of the category levels was moderate to high, with a range of .76 to .94. The Fleiss��� kappa across all category levels was from substantial agreement to almost perfect agreement, with a range of .72 to .91. The correlation between the TOC and the TCC demonstrated medium to high correlation, with a range of r(40)=.68, p Study II reports an investigation of a positive youth development program using an Outcome Mediation Cascade (OMC) evaluation model, an integrated model for evaluating the empirical intersection between intervention and developmental processes. The Changing Lives Program (CLP) is a community supported positive youth development intervention implemented in a practice setting as a selective/indicated program for multi-ethnic, multi-problem at risk youth in urban alternative high schools in the Miami Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS). The 259 participants for this study were drawn from the CLP���s archival data file. The study used a structural equation modeling approach to construct and evaluate the hypothesized model. Findings indicated that the hypothesized model fit the data (��2 (7) = 5.651, p = .83; RMSEA = .00; CFI = 1.00; WRMR = .319). My study built on previous research using the OMC evaluation model (Eichas, 2010), and the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in addition to having effects on targeted positive outcomes, PYD interventions are likely to have progressive cascading effects on untargeted problem outcomes that operate through effects on positive outcomes.

Characterization of MSW rejected fractions to fulfill RDF requirements and utilization

In order to fulfil European and Portuguese legal requirements, adequate alternatives to traditional municipal waste landfilling must be found namely concerning organic wastes and others susceptible of valorisation. According to the Portuguese Standard NP 4486:2008, refuse derived fuels (RDF) classification is based on three main parameters: lower heating value (considered as an economic parameter), chlorine content (considered as a technical parameter) and mercury content (considered as an environmental parameter). The purpose of this study was to characterize the rejected streams resulting from the mechanical treatment of unsorted municipal solid waste, from the plastic municipal selective collection and from the composting process, in order to evaluate their potential as RDF. To accomplish this purpose six sampling campaigns were performed. Chemical characterization comprised the proximate analysis ��� moisture content, volatile matter, ashes and fixed carbon, as well as trace elements. Physical characterization was also done. To evaluate their potential as RDF, the following parameters established in the Portuguese standard were also evaluated: heating value and chlorine content. As expected, results show that the refused stream from mechanical treatment is rather different from the selective collection rejected stream and from the rejected from the compost screening in terms of moisture, energetic matter and ashes, as well as heating value and chlorine. Preliminary data allows us to conclude that studied materials have a very interesting potential to be used as RDF. In fact, the rejected from selective collection and the one from composting have a heating value not very different from coal. Therefore, an important key factor may be the blending of these materials with others of higher heating values, after pre-processing, in order to get fuel pellets with good consistency, storage and handling characteristics and, therefore, combustion behavior.

Percurso profissional. Destaque para a an��lise da produ����o de res��duos urbanos no Alentejo Central - portugal e utiliza����o do modelo DEA na defini����o da meta da recolha seletiva

Neste trabalho de Projeto efetua-se o desenvolvimento do tema da produ����o de Res��duos Urbanos (RU) no Alentejo Central, utilizando-se o modelo DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) para a an��lise das metas da recolha seletiva estabelecidas para 2020. Genericamente, quanto maior �� o grau de desenvolvimento econ��mico de um territ��rio, maior �� a taxa de urbaniza����o e maior �� tamb��m a quantidade de res��duos urbanos produzidos por habitante. O rendimento e a urbaniza����o s��o vari��veis altamente correlacionadas, quando aumenta o rendimento dispon��vel e os padr��es de vida, aumenta tamb��m o consumo de bens e servi��os de modo correspondente, o que leva ao aumento da quantidade de res��duos gerados. Assim, tendo em conta os impactos locais que os RU abandonados trazem, e com o objetivo de quebrar o elo entre crescimento econ��mico e os impactos ambientais associados �� produ����o de res��duos, s��o implementadas, nos pa��ses com elevados n��veis de desenvolvimento, pol��ticas baseadas em modelos integrados de gest��o de RU que permitem a recupera����o, reciclagem e valoriza����o dos materiais, reservando-se a elimina����o (deposi����o em aterro) para fra����es n��o valoriz��veis, o que gera empregos e riqueza. Em Portugal vigora o Plano Estrat��gico para os Res��duos Urbanos (PERSU 2020) que define objetivos e metas nacionais, nomeadamente a meta da recolha seletiva, estabelecendo para 2020 um quantitativo nacional m��nimo a recuperar de 47 kg por habitante por ano. Deste modo, importa caracterizar, para o per��odo de 2002 a 2012, como evoluiu a produ����o de RU em compara����o com a evolu����o do PIB em Portugal. A an��lise foca-se ent��o na produ����o de RU na regi��o do Alentejo em particular no Alentejo Central que evidencia um elevado n��vel per capita em compara����o com o resto do pa��s, situando-se mesmo acima das regi��es do grande Porto e Lisboa. S��o apresentadas poss��veis raz��es para o registo destes elevados n��veis de produ����o de RU n��o se conseguindo, no entanto, avan��ar com evid��ncias. Como o modelo DEA �� utilizado no PERSU 2020 para fundamentar a proje����o das metas da recolha seletiva por sistema de gest��o de res��duos urbanos, fez-se a sua reprodu����o, o que permitiu uma an��lise mais detalhada dos dados e o ensaio de novos resultados considerando, para al��m do n��vel de produ����o de RU, o numero de equipamentos de deposi����o de recolha seletiva como input do modelo; Abstract: Title of the report: Professional career. Emphasis on the analysis of urban waste production in Alentejo Central - Portugal and the use of the DEA in defining the separate collection target This professional report presents the theme of the Urban Waste (UW) production in Central Alentejo, using the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) to analyse the target set for selective collection in 2020. Generally, the higher the degree of economic development of a region, the greater the rate of urbanization and the greater also the amount of municipal waste produced per capita. The variables income and urbanization are highly correlated, if you have an increase in the disposable income and living standards, the consumption of goods and services will increase accordingly, which leads to the increase of the amount of produced waste. Thus, taking into account the local impact that the abandoned UW brings, and in order to break the link between economic growth and the environmental impacts associated with the production of waste, countries with high levels of development implement policies based on integrated UW management models that allow the recovery, recycling and valorisation of materials, restricting the disposal (landfill) to non-recoverable fractions, which creates jobs and wealth. Portugal established a national strategic plan for Urban Waste (PERSU 2020) which defines the goals and national targets, including the selective collection target stating for 2020 a minimum recover of 47 kg per capita per year. Then it is relevant to characterize and compare the evolution of UW production and GDP in Portugal for the period 2002 to 2012. The analysis then focuses on the production of UW in Alentejo, particularly in Central Alentejo region, which shows a high per capita level compared to the rest of the country, placed just above the Greater Porto and Lisbon region. Then we explore several possible reasons for this high level of UW production in this region, but none is successful in producing strong evidence. As the DEA is used in PERSU 2020 to support the projection of the selective collection targets for the municipal waste management systems, in this report we develop the model, which allowed access to the data and a more detailed analyse. Then we introduce and test a new input, the number of separate collection deposition equipment, which gives new results that are compared with the original ones.