Content validity and reliability of test of gross motor development in Chilean children

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate a Spanish version of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) for the Chilean population. METHODS Descriptive, transversal, non-experimental validity and reliability study. Four translators, three experts and 92 Chilean children, from five to 10 years, students from a primary school in Santiago, Chile, have participated. The Committee of Experts has carried out translation, back-translation and revision processes to determine the translinguistic equivalence and content validity of the test, using the content validity index in 2013. In addition, a pilot implementation was achieved to determine test reliability in Spanish, by using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method. We evaluated whether the results presented significant differences by replacing the bat with a racket, using T-test. RESULTS We obtained a content validity index higher than 0.80 for language clarity and relevance of the TGMD-2 for children. There were significant differences in the object control subtest when comparing the results with bat and racket. The intraclass correlation coefficient for reliability inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability was greater than 0.80 in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The TGMD-2 has appropriate content validity to be applied in the Chilean population. The reliability of this test is within the appropriate parameters and its use could be recommended in this population after the establishment of normative data, setting a further precedent for the validation in other Latin American countries.

La ironía en el transfer intercultural : aproximación pragmática en la traducción al castellano de relatos satíricos de Mijaíl Zoschenko y Mijaíl Bulgákov

El presente estudio está dedicado a analizar la traducción de la ironía en una obra de ficción literaria, más concretamente en los relatos satíricos de Mijaíl Zoschenko y Mijaíl Bulgákov en su versión castellana. Metodológicamente, el estudio presenta un enfoque pragmático, y se inscribe en las aportaciones pragmáticas de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, que permiten analizar el texto literario como un acto de comunicación y un discurso dialógico, inscribiéndolo en un contexto extralingúístico relevante. Abordaremos el análisis de lo "no dicho": el subtexto irónico que subyace como un significado implícito no-deducible de los medios lingüísticos en sí mismos, y donde cobran una gran importancia los factores comunicativos: la situación, la intención del hablante, el principio cooperativo (según Paul Grice) y toda una serie de presupuestos que pueden o no compartir los interlocutores. Partiendo del supuesto de la existencia de diferentes tipos textuales en toda traducción, la ficción literaria se abordará como un tipo de texto que presenta características particupares. En este sentido, el relato satírico de la época soviética se contempla como un género específico que implica, a su vez, una estrategia específica de traducción. Como es sabido, en los textos humorísticos predomina el efecto perlocutivo. Así pues, dependerá del tradutor que el texto transferido a otra cultura, y a menudo a otra época, consiga el mismo efecto humorístico, o similar, al que tuvo el original en su contexto histórico-cultural.

Validación de la versión española del cuestionario sobre la práctica basada en la evidencia en enfermería

Background: The lack of adequate instruments prevents the possibility of assessing the competence of health care staff in evidence-based decision making and further, the identification of areas for improvement with tailored strategies. The aim of this study is to report about the validation process in the Spanish context of the Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) from Upton y Upton. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional, descriptive psychometric validation study was carried out. For cultural adaptation, a bidirectional translation was developed, accordingly to usual standards. The measuring model from the questionnaire was undergone to contrast, reproducing the original structure by Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA), including the reliability of factors. Results: Both EFA (57.545% of total variance explained) and CFA (chi2=2359,9555; gl=252; p<0.0001; RMSEA=0,1844; SRMR=0,1081), detected problems with items 7, 16, 22, 23 and 24, regarding to the original trifactorial version of EBPQ. After deleting some questions, a reduced version containing 19 items obtained an adequate factorial structure (62.29% of total variance explained), but the CFA did not fit well. Nevertheless, it was significantly better than the original version (chi2=673.1261; gl=149; p<0.0001; RMSEA=0.1196; SRMR=0.0648). Conclusions: The trifactorial model obtained good empiric evidence and could be used in our context, but the results invite to advance with further refinements into the factor “attitude”, testing it in more contexts and with more diverse professional profiles.

Spatial analysis of the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and drinking water hardness.

Previously published scientific papers have reported a negative correlation between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular mortality. Some ecologic and case-control studies suggest the protective effect of calcium and magnesium concentration in drinking water. In this article we present an analysis of this protective relationship in 538 municipalities of Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) from 1991-1998. We used the Spanish version of the Rapid Inquiry Facility (RIF) developed under the European Environment and Health Information System (EUROHEIS) research project. The strategy of analysis used in our study conforms to the exploratory nature of the RIF that is used as a tool to obtain quick and flexible insight into epidemiologic surveillance problems. This article describes the use of the RIF to explore possible associations between disease indicators and environmental factors. We used exposure analysis to assess the effect of both protective factors--calcium and magnesium--on mortality from cerebrovascular (ICD-9 430-438) and ischemic heart (ICD-9 410-414) diseases. This study provides statistical evidence of the relationship between mortality from cardiovascular diseases and hardness of drinking water. This relationship is stronger in cerebrovascular disease than in ischemic heart disease, is more pronounced for women than for men, and is more apparent with magnesium than with calcium concentration levels. Nevertheless, the protective nature of these two factors is not clearly established. Our results suggest the possibility of protectiveness but cannot be claimed as conclusive. The weak effects of these covariates make it difficult to separate them from the influence of socioeconomic and environmental factors. We have also performed disease mapping of standardized mortality ratios to detect clusters of municipalities with high risk. Further standardization by levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water shows changes in the maps when we remove the effect of these covariates.

Randomised controlled study in the primary healthcare sector to investigate the effectiveness and safety of auriculotherapy for the treatment of uncomplicated chronic rachialgia: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND Uncomplicated chronic rachialgia is a highly prevalent complaint, and one for which therapeutic results are contradictory. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment with auriculopressure, in the primary healthcare sector, carried out by trained healthcare professionals via a 30-hour course. METHODS/DESIGN The design consists of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial, with placebo, with two parallel groups, and including an economic evaluation. Patients with chronic uncomplicated rachialgia, whose GP is considering referral for auriculopressure sensory stimulation, are eligible for inclusion. Sampling will be by consecutive selection, and randomised allocation to one of the two study arms will be determined using a centralised method, following a 1:1 plan (true auriculopressure; placebo auriculopressure). The implants (true and placebo) will be replaced once weekly, and the treatment will have a duration of 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure will be the change in pain intensity, measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 100 mm, at 9 weeks after beginning the treatment. A follow up study will be performed at 6 months after beginning treatment. An assessment will also be made of the changes measured in the Spanish version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, of the changes in the Lattinen test, and of the changes in quality of life (SF-12). Also planned is an analysis of cost-effectiveness and also, if necessary, a cost-benefit analysis. DISCUSSION This study will contribute to developing evidence on the use of auriculotherapy using Semen vaccariae [wang bu liu xing] for the treatment of uncomplicated chronic rachialgia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN01897462.

Análisis de las incoherencias entre texto e imagen en Los Simpson

En los productos audiovisuales, el canal oral y el visual transmiten información simultáneamente. Si la coherencia de sentido entre texto e imagen desaparece en el doblaje, el objetivo de verosimilitud no se satisface. En este trabajo analizo y clasifico las incoherencias texto-imagen y aporto posibles soluciones a este recurrente problema.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of the contents and styles of irrational thoughts assessed by "The Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory"

The factor structure of a back translated Spanish version (Lega, Caballo and Ellis, 2002) of the Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory (ABI) (Burgess, 1990) is analyzed in a sample of 250 university students.The Spanish version of the ABI is a 48-items self-report inventory using a 5-point Likert scale that assesses rational and irrational attitudes and beliefs. 24-items cover two dimensions of irrationality: a) areas of content (3 subscales), and b) styles of thinking (4 subscales).An Exploratory Factor Analysis (Parallel Analysis with Unweighted Least Squares method and Promin rotation) was performed with the FACTOR 9.20 software (Lorenzo-Seva and Ferrando, 2013).The results reproduced the main four styles of irrational thinking in relation with the three specific contents of irrational beliefs. However, two factors showed a complex configuration with important cross-loadings of different items in content and style. More analyses are needed to review the specific content and style of such items.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of the contents and styles of irrational thoughts assessed by "The Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory"

The factor structure of a back translated Spanish version (Lega, Caballo and Ellis, 2002) of the Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory (ABI) (Burgess, 1990) is analyzed in a sample of 250 university students.The Spanish version of the ABI is a 48-items self-report inventory using a 5-point Likert scale that assesses rational and irrational attitudes and beliefs. 24-items cover two dimensions of irrationality: a) areas of content (3 subscales), and b) styles of thinking (4 subscales).An Exploratory Factor Analysis (Parallel Analysis with Unweighted Least Squares method and Promin rotation) was performed with the FACTOR 9.20 software (Lorenzo-Seva and Ferrando, 2013).The results reproduced the main four styles of irrational thinking in relation with the three specific contents of irrational beliefs. However, two factors showed a complex configuration with important cross-loadings of different items in content and style. More analyses are needed to review the specific content and style of such items.

Ironía y autotraducción: de Epitelis tendríssims a El hotel de los cuentos y otros relatos neuróticos de Carme Riera

Erotismo e ironía fueron los componentes fundamentales sobre los que Carme Riera construyó los relatos de la colección Epitelis tendríssims, que la escritora mallorquina publicó en 1981. Sin embargo, en el intervalo de veintisiete años que media entre el original y la traducción de la propia autora, la percepción de ambos ingredientes por parte del público lector ha variado de manera considerable. Este artículo tiene por objeto analizar los procedimientos de actualización y las adaptaciones que Riera introduce en la versión castellana con el propósito de salvaguardar estas narraciones de la usura del tiempo.

La evaluación del estrés y del trauma: presentación de la versión española de la escala de trauma acumulativo (CTS)

This paper reviews some of the most usual definitions of stress and trauma including the notion of accumulative trauma. Then, the Spanish version of the Cumulative Trauma Scale by Kira et al (2008) is presented. It has been developed by following a process of translation and by applying it to two small groups of subjects to test it for comprehension (pilot test).

Prevalence of Problematic Mobile Phone Use in British Adolescents

The problematic use of mobile phones among adolescents has not been widely studied. There are very few instruments for assessing potential technological addiction to mobile phones, or for categorizing different types of users or uses. The most widely used scale is the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS), which is used to study adult populations, and has been applied in various forms in international contexts. The aims of this study were to adapt the Spanish version of this scale (MPPUSA) to British adolescents, and then to estimate the prevalence of possible problematic users. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,529 secondary school pupils aged between 11 and 18 years, with 1,026 completed questionnaires being collected. The analysis showed that the factor and construct validity and reliability were comparable to those obtained in previous studies. The prevalence of problematic users among the students was 10%, and the typical problematic user tended to be an adolescent between 11 and 14 years old, studying in a public school, who considered themselves to be an expert user of this technology, who made extensive use of his/her mobile phone, and who attributed the same problem of use among their peers. These users presented notable scores in all the symptoms covered by the scale used to assess problematic use. In conclusion, the adaptation of the MPPUSA as a screening scale for British adolescents presents good sensitivity and specificity for detecting the main addictive symptoms proposed in this validated version.

Clinical usefulness of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder

Background: The relevance of persistent cognitive deficits to the pathogenesis and prognosis of bipolar disorders (BD) is understudied, and its translation into clinical practice has been limited by the absence of brief methods assessing cognitive status in Psychiatry. This investigation assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) for the detection of cognitive impairment in BD. Methods: After short training, psychiatrists at 40 outpatient clinics administered the SCIP three times over two weeks to a total of 76 consecutive type I BD admissions. Experienced psychologists also administered a comprehensive battery of standard neuropsychological instruments to clinical sample and 45 healthy control subjects. Results: Feasibility was supported by a brief administration time (approximately 15 minutes) and minimal scoring errors. The reliability of the SCIP was confirmed by good equivalence of forms, acceptable stability (ICC range 0.59 to 0.87) and adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha of 0.74). Construct validity was granted by extraction of a single factor (accounting 52% of the variance), acceptable correlations with conventional neuropsychological instruments, and a clear differentiation between bipolar I and normal samples. Efficiency was also provided by the adequate sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The sample size is not very large. The SCIP and the neurocognitive battery do not cover all potentially relevant cognitive domains. Also, sensitivity to change remains unexplored. Conclusion: With minimal training, physicians obtained a reliable and valid estimate of cognitive impairment in approximately 15 minutes from an application of the SCIP to type I BD patients.

Clinical usefulness of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder

Background: The relevance of persistent cognitive deficits to the pathogenesis and prognosis of bipolar disorders (BD) is understudied, and its translation into clinical practice has been limited by the absence of brief methods assessing cognitive status in Psychiatry. This investigation assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) for the detection of cognitive impairment in BD. Methods: After short training, psychiatrists at 40 outpatient clinics administered the SCIP three times over two weeks to a total of 76 consecutive type I BD admissions. Experienced psychologists also administered a comprehensive battery of standard neuropsychological instruments to clinical sample and 45 healthy control subjects. Results: Feasibility was supported by a brief administration time (approximately 15 minutes) and minimal scoring errors. The reliability of the SCIP was confirmed by good equivalence of forms, acceptable stability (ICC range 0.59 to 0.87) and adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha of 0.74). Construct validity was granted by extraction of a single factor (accounting 52% of the variance), acceptable correlations with conventional neuropsychological instruments, and a clear differentiation between bipolar I and normal samples. Efficiency was also provided by the adequate sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The sample size is not very large. The SCIP and the neurocognitive battery do not cover all potentially relevant cognitive domains. Also, sensitivity to change remains unexplored. Conclusion: With minimal training, physicians obtained a reliable and valid estimate of cognitive impairment in approximately 15 minutes from an application of the SCIP to type I BD patients.

Inteligencia emocional en adolescentes de dos colegios de Bogotá y variables asociadas

En 1990 Mayer y Salovey acuñan el término Inteligencia Emocional. La Trait Meta-Mood Scale 24 (TMMS-24) es la versión española de la primera medida de autoinforme de la IE basada en el modelo de Mayer y Salovey. Objetivo: Explorar las diferencias en el grado de desarrollo de la IE asociadas a género, edad y escolaridad. Método: Diseño observacional de corte transversal, comparativo entre dos grupos de adolescentes escolarizados en educación oficial, uno en colegio femenino y el otro en colegio masculino. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 451 adolescentes, 224 mujeres con una edad de 14,04 ±1,58 años y 227 hombres con una edad de 14,25 ±1,68 años. Los alfas de Cronbach de la TMMS-24 para esta investigación fueron de 0,802 en Percepción, 0,756 en Comprensión y 0,748 en Regulación. Las mujeres puntuaron mejor que los hombres en Percepción (p=0,007). Se encontró mayor puntuación en Regulación en los grados 6º, 7º y 11º en las mujeres (p=0,005). No hubo evidencia de relación entre la edad y la IE. Conclusiones: La TMMS-24 es una medida de la IE con una adecuada consistencia interna al ser empleada en adolescentes entre los 12 y 17 años de edad de colegios de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este estudio muestra la importancia de combinar métodos de evaluación de la IE con el fin de mejorar su valoración, así como la necesidad de realizar más investigación acerca de IE en nuestro medio.

Validación de la nueva versión de la escala unificada para la evaluación de la enfermedad de Parkinson (MDS-UPDRS) en español. Resultados de la fase I : (validación lingüística)

La enfermedad de Parkinson es el segundo trastorno neurodegenerativo más frecuente, afectando del 1 al 2% de las personas mayores de 60 años a nivel mundial.(1) No hay un test diagnóstico ni un marcador clínico confiable y fácilmente aplicable para el diagnóstico de ésta enfermedad así como tampoco para la progresión y respuesta a los tratamientos. Por esta razón, se desarrolló en 1987 la escala unificada de evaluación de la Enfermedad de Parkinson (UPDRS, por sus siglas en inglés Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale), instrumento disponible en su idioma original, no validado al español para su utilización en Colombia.OBJETIVO. Realizar la validación lingüística de la escala unificada para la evaluación de la enfermedad de Parkinson (UPDRS-MDS) de su versión original en inglés en su versión en español para Colombia. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO. Estudio de validación de escala. POBLACIÓN. Pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad que cumplan con criterios para el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Parkinson según Los criterios diagnósticos “Disease Society Brain Bank de Londres de 1992, avalado por especialista en trastorno del movimiento. TAMAÑO MUESTRAL. 15 pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson para la prueba piloto de la escala UPDRS traducida del Inglés al Español. ANALISIS ESTADÍSTICO. Medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión en variables cuantitativas y proporciones para variables cualitativas.