1000 resultados para Resistencia insulina


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En el presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo un estudio sobre las propiedades mecánicas de chapa de dos aceros avanzado de alta resistencia. La búsqueda de un modelo teórico que defina su comportamiento en régimen plástico, así como la comparativa de sus resultados con el fin de predecir su comportamiento en etapas de conformado, y ayudar a optimizar los resultados en simulación mediante elementos finitos. También se añade un ejemplo de simulación para ver la importancia de la precisión del cálculo de las propiedades mecánicas en este campo.

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Les procianidines són un tipus de compostos fenòlics que es troben en aliments com la xocolata, i en begudes com el vi negre. Actualment es coneix que les procianidines exerceixen efectes beneficiosos sobre la salut, especialment sobre el sistema cardiovascular. Estudis realitzats pel grup de recerca “Nutrigenòmica” d’aquesta universitat, mostren indicis que les procianidines afecten la funció secretora d’insulina del pàncrees. En aquest estudi s’han avaluat els efectes que du a terme l’extracte de procianidines de pinyol de raïm (GSPE) sobre la síntesi i la secreció d’insulina en el pàncrees, mitjançant experiments realitzats in vitro, amb la línia cel•lular pancreàtica MIN-6, i in vivo, en models de rata sans i amb síndrome metabòlica. In vitro, s’observa que GSPE realitza una acció inhibidora de la secreció d’insulina en les cèl•lules MIN-6 en condicions basals de glucosa, essent a una concentració de 1 mg/l de GSPE on s’observa un efecte més clar. Els responsables d’aquesta inhibició són els àcids fenòlics i els monòmers presents en l’extracte. En condicions d’estimulació aquest extracte produeix una certa activació de la secreció d’insulina, en la mateixa línia cel•lular, a l’exposar les cèl•lules a una dosi de 10 mg/l. In vivo, l’assaig de l’expressió gènica de la insulina mostra que GSPE redueix la transcripció d’aquest gen, i que aquest efecte depèn tant de la dosi com del període d’administració de l’extracte. Estudis preliminars per determinar el mecanisme d’acció de GSPE, indiquen que aquestes molècules modulen l’expressió del gen de Pdx-1, el qual és un factor de transcripció que estimula l’expressió del gen de la insulina. Amb els resultats obtinguts es pot concloure que GSPE actua frenant tant la síntesi com la secreció d’insulina, tot i que s’ha d’aprofundir més en la descripció de l’efecte observat, i els mecanismes moleculars pels quals te lloc.

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Los patrones de tomate se han propuesto como una alternativa no química al uso del bromuro de metilo. En este estudio se evaluó la respuesta de resistencia de diez patrones de tomate (comerciales y experimentales) a nematodos del género Meloidogyne mediante un ensayo de campo realizado en un invernadero de plástico cuyo suelo se hallaba infestado por Meloidogyne javanica. Al finalizar la campaña agrícola (marzo a julio), siete de los patrones ensayados mostraron altos niveles de resistencia, uno presentó resistencia intermedia y dos resultaron ser susceptibles al nematodo.

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L’actualitat política de moltes de les democràcies d’ Occident està plena de desacords entre les pretensions dels estats de regular cada cop més la vida de les persones i la negativa d’aquestes a sotmetre’s als seus mandats, en nom de la llibertat de consciència. Davant d’aquesta realitat, hom es pot preguntar, si la democràcia, que és el model culminant del Estat modern, és compatible, donat els seus pressupostos, amb la llibertat individual que reclamen els que senten la seva vida envaïda pel poder. Per donar resposta a aquesta qüestió, s’ha de recórrer l’evolució de les teories de la resistència al llarg de la història del pensament polític i les concepcions del poder que la van sustentar per arribar als ciments dels sistemes actuals i veure si aquests són compatibles amb el respecte a la llibertat individual protegida, entre d’altres per la llibertat de consciència.

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Diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto la asociación entre hiperglucemia y peor pronóstico en el paciente hospitalizado, tanto en el campo médico como en el quirúrgico. Esta asociación no implica una relación causa-efecto en el peor pronóstico, y los estudios realizados en este tema no han concluido definitivamente, si la hiperglucemia es una mera manifestación de la gravedad de la enfermedad, o si realmente predispone a un peor pronóstico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar el impacto en la morbimortalidad hospitalaria del tratamiento intensivo de la glucemia en pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático. Diversos estudis han posat de manifest l´associació entre hiperglucèmia i pitjor pronòstic en el pacient hospitalitzat, tant en el camp mèdic como en el quirúrgic. Aquesta associació no implica una relació causa-efecte en el pitjor pronòstic, i els estudis realitzats en aquest tema no han conclòs definitivament, si la hiperglucèmia és una mera manifestació de la gravetat de la malaltia, o si realment predisposa a un pitjor pronòstic. L`objectiu d´aquest treball és estudiar l´impacte en la morbimortalitat hospitalària del tractament intensiu de la glucèmia en pacients sotmesos a trasplantament hepàtic.

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La diabetis mellitus és un trastorn metabòlic a causa del dèficit de secreció d'insulina i a un augment de la seva resistència perifèrica. En el present estudi es van determinar les causes específiques de mortalitat en pacients amb diabetis mellitus. Es va observar que la mortalitat cardiovascular segueix sent la principal causa de mort en pacients amb diabetis metllitus tipus 2, seguida de la mortalitat per neoplàsies. La mortalitat total i específica per patologia cardiovascular o per neoplàsies va ser significativament superior en els pacients homes.

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La manometría convencional es el “gold standard” para diagnosticar trastornos motores del esófago, pero la información que da sobre la repercusión funcional de estas alteraciones es escasa. La manometría de alta resolución permite estudiar con detalle la motilidad esofagogástrica mediante la generación de mapas topográficos de presiones desde la orofaringe hasta el estómago. Hipótesis: Si la generación de mapas topográficos de presiones en el esófago mediante manometría de alta resolución demuestra la resistencia al flujo esofagogástrico. Objetivo: Comprobar si un test con sobrecarga de agua puede mostrar la presencia de resistencia al flujo esofagogástrico en pacientes con acalasia. Método: Estudiamos 2 grupos de pacientes con alteración de la motilidad esofágica. Un grupo de 8 pacientes que cumplen criterios manométricos de acalasia y, como grupo control, 8 pacientes con disfunción del peristaltismo esofágico ( DPE). A cada paciente se le realizó un test de sobrecarga que consistía en la ingesta rápida de 200 ml de agua mientras se registraban las presiones esofágicas. Resultados: Los pacientes con acalasia ingirieron el agua más lentamente que los pacientes con DPE (82± 14 seg vs 34± 6 seg, p&0,05). Mientras la unión gastroesofágica (UGE) permaneció contraída en el grupo de pacientes con acalasia (46,6± 6 mm Hg; p&0,05), permaneció relajada durante el tiempo del ingesta en pacientes con DPE ( 16,6 ± 4,7 mm Hg). La unión esófago-gástrica (UGE) experimentó una migración proximal en pacientes con acalasia de 1,3 ± 0 cm mientras que en el grupo control no migró (0 cm; p&0,05). La ingesta de agua se asoció a un incremento de la presión del esófago distal (2 cm por encima de la UGE) significativamente mayor en los pacientes con acalasia que en los pacientes con DPE (42,2 ± 20 vs 9,5± 7,9 mm Hg respectivamente, p&0,05) lo que produjo un incremento del gradiente de presión esófago-gástrico en pacientes con acalasia (16± 0,9 mmHg) que no se observó en los pacientes con DPE (0,1 ± 0,4 mmHg ; p&0,05). Conclusión: Un test con sobrecarga de agua durante la medición de la topografía y de las presiones esofágicas demuestra obstrucción al flujo esofagogástrico en los pacientes con acalasia. Este test podría contribuir a valorar la repercusión funcional en pacientes con acalasia y podría servir para el seguimiento de pacientes con acalasia tratados.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a programme of strength-stamina exercises during haemodialysis, in improving muscular strength, quality of life and functional capacity to carry out everyday activities. A quantitative, experimental pre-test and post-test study was carried out. A programme of strength-stamina exercises in combination with neuromuscular electrostimulation was applied to 10 patients undergoing haemodialysis. These were three simple exercises adapted to the position in which haemodialysis was carried out. All the patients showed a significant improvement in strength, measured using functional tests to carry out everyday activities: walking (6-MWT) and sit-to-stand tests (10-STS). These tests were measured before and after the training programme. They also showed an improvement in the physical dimension of the quality of life measured using the specific questionnaire for renal patients, KDQOL-SFTM.

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Background. Urotensin II (UII) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, which signals through a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) known as GPR14 or urotensin receptor (UTR). UII exerts a broad spectrum of actions in several systems such as vascular cell, heart muscle or pancreas, where it inhibits insulin release. Objective. Given the reported role of UII in insulin secretion, we have performed a genetic association analysis of the UTS2 gene and flanking regions with biochemical parameters related to insulin resistance (fasting glucose, glucose 2 hours after a glucose overload, fasting insulin and insulin resistance estimated as HOMA). Results and Conclusions. We have identified several polymorphisms associated with the analysed clinical traits, not only at the UTS2 gene, but also in thePER3 gene, located upstream from UTS2. Our results are compatible with a role for UII in glucose homeostasis and diabetes although we cannot rule out the possibility that PER3 gene may underlie the reported associations.

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BACKGROUND: The elongase of long chain fatty acids family 6 (ELOVL6) is an enzyme that specifically catalyzes the elongation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons. ELOVL6 is expressed in lipogenic tissues and it is regulated by sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1). OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether ELOVL6 genetic variation is associated with insulin sensitivity in a population from southern Spain. DESIGN: We undertook a prospective, population-based study collecting phenotypic, metabolic, nutritional and genetic information. Measurements were made of weight and height and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment. The type of dietary fat was assessed from samples of cooking oil taken from the participants' kitchens and analyzed by gas chromatography. Five SNPs of the ELOVL6 gene were analyzed by SNPlex. RESULTS: Carriers of the minor alleles of the SNPs rs9997926 and rs6824447 had a lower risk of having high HOMA_IR, whereas carriers of the minor allele rs17041272 had a higher risk of being insulin resistant. An interaction was detected between the rs6824447 polymorphism and the intake of oil in relation with insulin resistance, such that carriers of this minor allele who consumed sunflower oil had lower HOMA_IR than those who did not have this allele (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variations in the ELOVL6 gene were associated with insulin sensitivity in this population-based study.

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Hemodialysis patients present an increase in plasma homocysteine (Hcy) due to methylation impairment caused by uremia and the deficiency of the co-factors needed (vitamin B, folic acid). This correlates with a more common development of premature vascular disease. There is no consensus on the therapy, with a poor response to oral administration of conventional doses of folic acid. In this work, we assessed the response of hyperhomocysteinemia in 73 regular hemodialysis patients after the administration of 50 mg of parenteral folinic acid for 18 months. Plasma homocysteine of the patients at the time of the study beginning presented mean values of 22.67 (micromol/L). During the first year of supplementation the mean value was kept at 20 micromol/L. From the first year to the end of the 18-months observation period the mean homocysteine levels were 19.58 micromol/L. Although we found a clear trend towards a decrease in plasma homocysteine levels during the treatment period, there were no significant differences. Homocysteine levels did not come back to normal in none of the patients treated.

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BACKGROUND. Transsexual persons afford a very suitable model to study the effect of sex steroids on uric acid metabolism. DESIGN. This was a prospective study to evaluate the uric acid levels and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) in a cohort of 69 healthy transsexual persons, 22 male-to-female transsexuals (MFTs) and 47 female-to-male transsexuals (FMTs).The subjects were studied at baseline and 1 and 2 yr after starting cross-sex hormone treatment. RESULTS. The baseline levels of uric acid were higher in the MFT group.Compared with baseline, uric acid levels had fallen significantly after 1 yr of hormone therapy in the MFT group and had risen significantly in the FMT group. The baseline FEUA was greater in the FMT group. After 2 yr of cross-sex hormone therapy, the FEUA had increased in MFTs (P = 0.001) and fallen in FMTs (P = 0.004).In MFTs, the levels of uric acid at 2 yr were lower in those who had received higher doses of estrogens (P = 0.03),and the FEUA was higher (P = 0.04).The FEUA at 2 yr was associated with both the estrogen dose (P = 0.02) and the serum levels of estradiol-17beta (P =0.03).In MFTs, a correlation was found after 2 yr of therapy between the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and the serum uric acid (r = 0.59; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS. Serum levels of uric acid and the FEUA are altered in transsexuals as a result of cross-sex hormone therapy.The results concerning the MFT group support the hypothesis that the lower levels of uric acid in women are due to estrogen-induced increases in FEUA.

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Hyperuricaemia is one of the components of metabolic syndrome. Both oxidative stress and hyperinsulinism are important variables in the genesis of this syndrome and have a close association with uric acid (UA). We evaluated the effect of an oral glucose challenge on UA concentrations. The study included 656 persons aged 18 to 65 years. Glycaemia, insulin, UA and plasma proteins were measured at baseline and 120 min after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The baseline sample also included measurements of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and HDL-cholesterol. Insulin resistance was calculated with the homeostasis model assessment. UA levels were significantly lower after the OGTT (281.93 (sd 92.19) v. 267.48 (sd 90.40) micromol/l; P < 0.0001). Subjects with a drop in UA concentrations >40.86 micromol/l (>75th percentile) had higher plasma TAG levels (P = 0.0001), baseline insulin (P = 0.02) and greater insulin resistance (P = 0.034). Women with a difference in plasma concentrations of UA above the 75th percentile had higher baseline insulin levels (P = 0.019), concentration of plasma TAG (P = 0.0001) and a greater insulin resistance index (P = 0.029), whereas the only significant difference in men was the level of TAG. Multiple regression analysis showed that the basal TAG levels, insulin at 120 min, glycaemia at 120 min and waist:hip ratio significantly predicted the variance in the UA difference (r2 0.077). Levels of UA were significantly lower after the OGTT and the individuals with the greatest decrease in UA levels are those who have greater insulin resistance and higher TAG levels.

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BACKGROUND Adipose tissue lipid storage and processing capacity can be a key factor for obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diabetes. Lipid uptake is the first step to adipose tissue lipid storage. The aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression of factors involved in lipid uptake and processing in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue according to body mass index (BMI) and the degree of insulin resistance (IR). METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS VLDL receptor (VLDLR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acylation stimulating protein (ASP), LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene expression was measured in VAT and SAT from 28 morbidly obese patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) or high IR, 10 morbidly obese patients with low IR, 10 obese patients with low IR and 12 lean healthy controls. LPL, FABP4, LRP1 and ASP expression in VAT was higher in lean controls. In SAT, LPL and FABP4 expression were also higher in lean controls. BMI, plasma insulin levels and HOMA-IR correlated negatively with LPL expression in both VAT and SAT as well as with FABP4 expression in VAT. FABP4 gene expression in SAT correlated inversely with BMI and HOMA-IR. However, multiple regression analysis showed that BMI was the main variable contributing to LPL and FABP4 gene expression in both VAT and SAT. CONCLUSIONS Morbidly obese patients have a lower gene expression of factors related with lipid uptake and processing in comparison with healthy lean persons.