Explanatory factors of CO2 per capita emission inequality in the European Union

The design of European mitigation policies requires a detailed examination of the factors explaining the unequal emissions in the different countries. This research analyzes the evolution of inequality in CO2 per capita emissions in the European Union (EU-27) in the 1990-2006 period and its explanatory factors. For this purpose, we decompose the Theil index of inequality into the contributions of the different Kaya factors. The decomposition is also applied to the inequality between and within groups of countries (North Europe, South Europe, and East Europe). The analysis shows an important reduction in inequality, to a large extent due to the smaller differences between groups and because of the lower contribution of the energy intensity factor. The importance of the GDP per capita factor increases and becomes the main explanatory factor. However, within the different groups of countries the carbonization index appears to be the most relevant factor in explaining inequalities.

Testing for convergence clubs in income per-capita: A predictive density approach

The paper proposes a technique to jointly test for groupings of unknown size in the cross sectional dimension of a panel and estimates the parameters of each group, and applies it to identifying convergence clubs in income per-capita. The approach uses the predictive density of the data, conditional on the parameters of the model. The steady state distribution of European regional data clusters around four poles of attraction with different economic features. The distribution of incomeper-capita of OECD countries has two poles of attraction and each grouphas clearly identifiable economic characteristics.

Breaking the panels: an application to the GDP per capita

This paper proposes a test statistic for the null hypothesis of panel stationarity that allows for the presence of multiple structural breaks. Two different speci¿cations are considered depending on the structural breaks affecting the individual effects and/or the time trend. The model is ¿exible enough to allow the number of breaks and their position to differ across individuals. The test is shown to have an exact limit distribution with a good ¿nite sample performance. Its application to a typical panel data set of real per capita GDP gives support to the trend stationarity of these series

Breaking the panels: an application to the GDP per capita

This paper proposes a test statistic for the null hypothesis of panel stationarity that allows for the presence of multiple structural breaks. Two different speci¿cations are considered depending on the structural breaks affecting the individual effects and/or the time trend. The model is ¿exible enough to allow the number of breaks and their position to differ across individuals. The test is shown to have an exact limit distribution with a good ¿nite sample performance. Its application to a typical panel data set of real per capita GDP gives support to the trend stationarity of these series

Redistribució, nivell de preus i renda per càpita a les comarques gironines

Aquest article analitza el nivell de vida (renda per càpita) i el nivell de preus a les comarques gironines

The causal factors of international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita: a regression-based inequality decomposition analysis

This paper uses the possibilities provided by the regression-based inequality decomposition (Fields, 2003) to explore the contribution of different explanatory factors to international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita. In contrast to previous emissions inequality decompositions, which were based on identity relationships (Duro and Padilla, 2006), this methodology does not impose any a priori specific relationship. Thus, it allows an assessment of the contribution to inequality of different relevant variables. In short, the paper appraises the relative contributions of affluence, sectoral composition, demographic factors and climate. The analysis is applied to selected years of the period 1993–2007. The results show the important (though decreasing) share of the contribution of demographic factors, as well as a significant contribution of affluence and sectoral composition.

Redistribució, nivell de preus i renda per càpita a les comarques gironines

Aquest article analitza el nivell de vida (renda per càpita) i el nivell de preus a les comarques gironines

An analysis of linkage between foreign direct investment and GDP per Capita in Pakistan : A time series analysis

This study aims to investigate the relation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan. The study is based on a basic Cobb-Douglas production function. Population over age 15 to 64 is used as a proxy for labor in the investigation. The other variables used are gross capital formation, technological gap and a dummy variable measuring among other things political stability. We find positive correlation between GDP per capita in Pakistan and two variables, FDI and population over age 15 to 64. The GDP gap (gap between GDP of USA and GDP of Pakistan) is negatively correlated with GDP per capita as expected. Political instability, economic crisis, wars and polarization in the society have no significant impact on GDP per capita in the long run.

Avaliação do impacto da iniciativa hospital amigo da criança nas taxas de aleitamento materno em clientela do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre/RS

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) nas taxas de aleitamento materno nos primeiros seis meses de vida da criança. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo observacional prospectivo, que acompanhou duas coortes de crianças nascidas em hospital de Porto Alegre (Brasil), uma antes (n=187) e outra após (n=250) a implantação da IHAC. Todas as crianças saudáveis, com peso de nascimento igual ou maior do que 2.500g e com amamentação iniciada. O acompanhamento foi realizado mediante visitas domiciliares ou contato telefônico no final do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto mês de vida da criança, ou até interrupção do aleitamento materno se ocorrida antes dos seis meses. RESULTADOS: As curvas de sobrevida nos primeiros seis meses mostraram freqüências do aleitamento materno e do aleitamento materno exclusivo maiores entre as crianças nascidas após a implantação da IHAC. As crianças nascidas antes da IHAC tiveram uma prevalência 66% maior de ter o leite materno exclusivo interrompido no final do 1º mês e uma prevalência de interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno 55% maior no 4º mês de idade, após ajuste para variáveis idade, renda per capita, estado civil e sexo do bebê. O impacto positivo nas taxas de aleitamento materno exclusivo praticamente se limitou aos dois primeiros meses. A população menos privilegiada foi aparentemente a mais beneficiada com a Iniciativa. CONCLUSÕES: A IHAC aumentou significativamente as taxas de aleitamento materno nos primeiros seis meses de vida, sobretudo o exclusivo. No entanto, o impacto foi de curta duração para a amamentação exclusiva, o que aponta para a necessidade de estratégias de sustentação dessa prática.

Pro-poor growth and social programmes in Brazil

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as propoor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between growth patterns and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, we assess the contribution of different income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more pro-poor social security benefits.

Linkages between growth, poverty and the labour market

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages growth patterns, and labour market performances. Through the decomposition analysis, growth in per capita income is explained in terms of four labour market components: the employment rate, hours of work, the labour force participation rate, and productivity. The proposed methodology are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance.

O conceito de desenvolvimento do Iseb rediscutido

O Iseb foi um Instituto de Pesquisas de um Grupo de Intelectuais Nacionalistas Que, nos Anos 50, Tentaram Entender o Brasil Numa Visão Global que Incorporava os Aspectos Sociais e Políticos. Definiram o Desenvolvimento como Sendo um Processo Nacional de Mudanças Radicais de Natureza Capitalista. Mais Especificamente, como um Processo de Industrialização que Levasse a um Crescimento Auto-Sustentado da Renda Per Capita. no Processo de Formação Nacional e de Institucionalização de um Mercado Nacional, a Burguesia se Associaria À Burocracia Estatal e Aos Trabalhadores, Tendo por Objetivo Comum o Interesse Nacional. suas Idéias Forma Criticadas Pela Escola de Sociologia de são Paulo, que Veio a Surgir Dez Anos Depois, e que Criticava o Nacionalismo e Insistia na Tese do Conflito de Classes. as Falhas no Pensamento do Iseb, Entretanto, não Decorrem Desses Aspectos. Superestimaram a Capacidade de o Setor Moderno Absorver o Excedente de Mão-De-Obra Existente no Setor Tradicional Enquanto que Subestimaram a Possibilidade de a Crise Originária do Endividamento Externo Poder por um Fim ao Processo da Transformação Nacional.

How does corruption hurt growth? Evidences about the effects of corruption on factors productivity and per capita income

Corruption is a phenomenon that plagues many countries and, mostly, walks hand in hand with inefficient institutional structures, which reduce the effectiveness of public and private investment. In countries with widespread corruption, for each monetary unit invested, a sizable share is wasted, implying less investment. Corruption can also be a burden on a nation’s wealth and economic growth, by driving away new investment and creating uncertainties regarding private and social rights. Thus, corruption can affect not only factors productivity, but also their accumulation, with detrimental consequences on a society’s social development. This article aims to analyze and measure the influence of corruption on a country’s wealth. It is implicitly admitted that the degree of institutional development has an adverse effect on the productivity of production factors, which implies in reduced per capita income. It is assumed that the level of wealth and economic growth depends on domestic savings, foster technological progress and a proper educational system. Corruption, within this framework, is not unlike an additional cost, which stifles the “effectiveness” of the investment. This article first discusses the key theories evaluating corruption’s economic consequences. Later, it analyzes the relation between institutional development, factor productivity and per capita income, based on the neoclassical approach to economic growth. Finally, it brings some empirical evidence regarding the effects of corruption on factor productivity, in a sample of 81 countries studied in 1998. The chief conclusion is that corruption negatively affects the wealth of a nation by reducing capital productivity, or its effectiveness.

Avaliação de políticas públicas: estudo do comportamento de indicadores relacionados com a saúde em municípios do estado de Pernambuco após a emenda Constitucional Nº 29

The Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), defined by the Constitution of 1988, is almost 20 years old and is a landmark for health public policies. In these 20 years, the law was altered several times with the objective of prioritizing the investment of public money in such a needy area as health. Among these changes, it is important to single out the Constitutional Amendment number 29, issued on 13th September 2000, which determined the minimum investment in health. According to this amendment, as from the year 2000, the municipalities should invest in health services a minimum of 7% of the revenue from taxes and transferences from the Federal and State governments. This value was to rise gradually to 15% by 2004. Since every public policy should be systematically evaluated and considering the assumption that, according to the incrementalist theory, more money invested in health would tend to solve the crisis in the health system, this dissertation consists of a study of a set of health indicators in some municipalities of the State of Pernambuco after the Amendment 29. The evaluation period spanned 4 years, from 2002 to 2005 and the area chosen for the study was located in southern agreste region of the state. Ten health indicators were selected, all of which included in the Administrative Rule no 493, of the Health Ministry. It was found that in the chosen period the average investment in health was greater than 15% of the municipalities¿ revenue since 2002. However, the value of the investment per capita, considering the municipality's share of it, which was half of the total investment, decreased from 2002 to 2004 and increased in 2005. It was also found that the municipalities with the lowest per capita income were the ones with the highest investment per capita in health. As regards children mortality in the region, it was on average 33 for every 1000 children born, which is classified as ¿medium¿ according to the above mentioned Administrative Rule no 493. No statistically significative correlation was found between the amount of money invested in health and children mortality.

Análise do processo de convergência de renda nos estados brasileiros: 1970-2005

Este artigo examina a hipótese de convergência de renda per capita entre os estados brasileiros no período de 1970 a 2005. Comentam-se os resultados encontrados para sigmaconvergência medida através de indicadores de desigualdade, como o índice de Theil e coeficiente de variação. Para testar a existência ou não de convergência aplica-se além da metodologia tradicional de beta convergência baseada em regressões de cross-section, a técnica de estimação de GMM em primeira diferença para painel dinâmico. Além disso, com a finalidade de obter a distribuição de renda de longo prazo da economia, utiliza-se a metodologia de cadeia de Markov proposta por Quah (1993). A conclusão do estudo é de que os estados brasileiros já estão muito próximos ao seu steady-state. A velocidade de convergência quando se utiliza o método de GMM eleva-se para 15%, enquanto os resultados obtidos para estudos de cross-section giram por volta de 1%.