Relaciones UE-Ucrania 1991-2003: Una política de reacción

El estudio revisa la evolución de los instrumentos de la acción exterior de la CE/UE hacia Ucrania desde la independencia de este país, en diciembre de 1991. Las principales conclusiones del estudio son: 1) Ucrania ha ido ascendiendo de manera lineal en la agenda de política exterior de la Unión. 2) La prioridad que ha guiado la acción exterior hacia Ucrania ha sido el mantenimiento de la estabilidad en este país para evitar las externalidades negativas que su desestabilización podría comportar para la seguridad de la Unión. 3) Aunque el interés securitario ha sido fundamental a lo largo de todo el período analizado, la agenda de seguridad de la UE se ha ampliado considerablemente. 3) La política de la UE hacia Ucrania se ha guiado más por la reacción ante los acontecimientos en el contexto europeo e internacional que por un diseño o estrategia clara hacia este país. 4) La política de vecindad intenta paliar este déficit de estrategia.

La Pacificación en el mundo actual. Estrategias europeas para la resolución de conflictos

¿Cómo se podría comprometer la Comunidad Internacional, en un mundo globalizado, para la resolución de conflictos?. En el siglo XXI, pasa necesariamente por un cuestionamiento de los métodos tradicionalmente empleados para la resolución de conflictos y la seguridad (frente a nuevos escenarios nuevas estrategias). Éstas toman forma en las doctrinas de la prevención, transformación, resolución de conflictos, gestión de crisis, y seguridad multidimensional/colectiva. Trasladándolo a Europa, la implantación de políticas comunes en las zonas en conflicto, urge cada día más. No existe una acción exterior colectiva ante el estallido de una crisis, porque al final siempre acaban prevaleciendo las decisiones de los Estados más poderosos. Es este mismo proceso decisional, anclado en las posturas realistas, el que bloquea o retarda todo intento de reacción común. Mientras, la violencia se sucede y asistimos impotentes a escenarios bélicos o escaladas, bajo la mirada atrapada de Occidente. La UE se enfrenta a un desafío cada vez más presente, por conseguir una acción globalizadora en materia de derechos humanos, porque frente a la globalización económica surge la necesidad de contrarestar sus efectos, globalizando también los derechos humanos. Cabría revisar las respuestas y capacidades europeas ante el estallido de una crisis.

Relació entre el percentatge i número absolut de cèl·lules Natural Killer i de l’expressió dels seus receptors NKG2D i NKp46 i les diferents formes de presentació de la Tuberculosi. Resultats preliminars.

La tuberculosi pot localitzar-se al pulmó: TB-P o altres òrgans: TB-EP, segons el compromís del sistema immunitari de l’hoste, on hi intervenen les cèl.lules Natural Killer-NK. L’estudi analitza el percentatge i número absolut d’NK i l’expressió dels receptors d’activació, NKG2D - NKp46, en 15 malalts/TB-P, 15 malalts/TB-EP i 15 sans, trobant-se augmentades en percentatge en el grup TB-P, disminuïdes en número absolut en els TB-EP i TB-P, i valors més alts d’ NKG2D, sobretot, malalts de TB-EP. Les coincidències amb d’altres estudis i les troballes preliminars obren possibilitats a investigacions en el camp de la TB-EP i la reacció immune.

Full Exploration of the Diels–Alder Cycloaddition on Metallofullerenes M3N@C80 (M=Sc, Lu, Gd): The D5h versus Ih Isomer and the Influence of the Metal Cluster

In this work a detailed investigation of the exohedral reactivity of the most important and abundant endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) is provided, that is, Sc3N@Ih-C80 and its D5h counterpart Sc3N@D5h-C80, and the (bio)chemically relevant lutetium- and gadolinium-based M3N@Ih/D5h-C80 EMFs (M=Sc, Lu, Gd). In particular, we analyze the thermodynamics and kinetics of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition of s-cis-1,3-butadiene on all the different bonds of the Ih-C80 and D5h-C80 cages and their endohedral derivatives. First, we discuss the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the cycloaddition reaction on the hollow fullerenes and the two isomers of Sc3N@C80. Afterwards, the effect of the nature of the metal nitride is analyzed in detail. In general, our BP86/TZP//BP86/DZP calculations indicate that [5,6] bonds are more reactive than [6,6] bonds for the two isomers. The [5,6] bond D5h-b, which is the most similar to the unique [5,6] bond type in the icosahedral cage, Ih-a, is the most reactive bond in M3N@D5h-C80 regardless of M. Sc3N@C80 and Lu3N@C80 give similar results; the regioselectivity is, however, significantly reduced for the larger and more electropositive M=Gd, as previously found in similar metallofullerenes. Calculations also show that the D5h isomer is more reactive from the kinetic point of view than the Ih one in all cases which is in good agreement with experiments

Dynamical features of reaction-diffusion fronts in fractals

The speed of front propagation in fractals is studied by using (i) the reduction of the reaction-transport equation into a Hamilton-Jacobi equation and (ii) the local-equilibrium approach. Different equations proposed for describing transport in fractal media, together with logistic reaction kinetics, are considered. Finally, we analyze the main features of wave fronts resulting from this dynamic process, i.e., why they are accelerated and what is the exact form of this acceleration

Effect of initial conditions on the speed of reaction-diffusion fronts

The effect of initial conditions on the speed of propagating fronts in reaction-diffusion equations is examined in the framework of the Hamilton-Jacobi theory. We study the transition between quenched and nonquenched fronts both analytically and numerically for parabolic and hyperbolic reaction diffusion. Nonhomogeneous media are also analyzed and the effect of algebraic initial conditions is also discussed

Anisotropic dispersion, space competition, and the slowdown of the Neolithic transition

The front speed of the Neolithic (farmer) spread in Europe decreased as it reached Northern latitudes, where the Mesolithic (huntergatherer) population density was higher. Here, we describe a reaction diffusion model with (i) an anisotropic dispersion kernel depending on the Mesolithicpopulation density gradient and (ii) a modified population growth equation. Both effects are related to the space available for the Neolithic population. The model is able to explain the slowdown of the Neolithic front as observed from archaeological data

Hyperbolic reaction-diffusion equations for a forest fire model

Forest fire models have been widely studied from the context of self-organized criticality and from the ecological properties of the forest and combustion. On the other hand, reaction-diffusion equations have interesting applications in biology and physics. We propose here a model for fire propagation in a forest by using hyperbolic reaction-diffusion equations. The dynamical and thermodynamical aspects of the model are analyzed in detail

Reaction-diffusion wave fronts: Multigeneration biological species under climate change

A generalization of reaction-diffusion models to multigeneration biological species is presented. It is based on more complex random walks than those in previous approaches. The new model is developed analytically up to infinite order. Our predictions for the speed agree to experimental data for several butterfly species better than existing models. The predicted dependence for the speed on the number of generations per year allows us to explain the change in speed observed for a specific invasion

Speed of reaction-diffusion fronts in spatially heterogeneous media

The front speed problem for nonuniform reaction rate and diffusion coefficient is studied by using singular perturbation analysis, the geometric approach of Hamilton-Jacobi dynamics, and the local speed approach. Exact and perturbed expressions for the front speed are obtained in the limit of large times. For linear and fractal heterogeneities, the analytic results have been compared with numerical results exhibiting a good agreement. Finally we reach a general expression for the speed of the front in the case of smooth and weak heterogeneities

Speed of reaction-transport processes

We present an approach to determining the speed of wave-front solutions to reaction-transport processes. This method is more accurate than previous ones. This is explicitly shown for several cases of practical interest: (i) the anomalous diffusion reaction, (ii) reaction diffusion in an advective field, and (iii) time-delayed reaction diffusion. There is good agreement with the results of numerical simulations

Speed of wave-front solutions to hyperbolic reaction-diffusion equations

The asymptotic speed problem of front solutions to hyperbolic reaction-diffusion (HRD) equations is studied in detail. We perform linear and variational analyses to obtain bounds for the speed. In contrast to what has been done in previous work, here we derive upper bounds in addition to lower ones in such a way that we can obtain improved bounds. For some functions it is possible to determine the speed without any uncertainty. This is also achieved for some systems of HRD (i.e., time-delayed Lotka-Volterra) equations that take into account the interaction among different species. An analytical analysis is performed for several systems of biological interest, and we find good agreement with the results of numerical simulations as well as with available observations for a system discussed recently

Time-delayed reaction-diffusion fronts

A time-delayed second-order approximation for the front speed in reaction-dispersion systems was obtained by Fort and Méndez [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 867 (1999)]. Here we show that taking proper care of the effect of the time delay on the reactive process yields a different evolution equation and, therefore, an alternate equation for the front speed. We apply the new equation to the Neolithic transition. For this application the new equation yields speeds about 10% slower than the previous one

Reaction-diffusion waves of advance in the transition to agricultural economics

In a previous paper [J.Fort and V.Méndez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 867 (1999)], the possible importance of higher-order terms in a human population wave of advance has been studied. However, only a few such terms were considered. Here we develop a theory including all higher-order terms. Results are in good agreement with the experimental evidence involving the expansion of agriculture in Europe

Time-Delayed Theory of the Neolithic Transition in Europe

The classical wave-of-advance model of the neolithic transition (i.e., the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural economies) is based on Fisher's reaction-diffusion equation. Here we present an extension of Einstein's approach to Fickian diffusion, incorporating reaction terms. On this basis we show that second-order terms in the reaction-diffusion equation, which have been neglected up to now, are not in fact negligible but can lead to important corrections. The resulting time-delayed model agrees quite well with observations