Do jogo de fortuna ou azar

Currently, gambling doesn’t have a strong social disapproval. However, the phenomenon of gambling raises several issues related to property protection, compulsive gambling, the youngest personality development, the State taxes and social development measures, which some authors believe to be the protected legal interest in the criminalization of illegal gambling exploitation. However, the authorization system, and because several of those interests, constitutionally protected, are also violated in the authorized gambling places, it appears that the legislator intended to define the legal interest as the order and public tranquility. The purpose of this study is to understand what is protected with the illegal gambling exploitation. This will involve defining the concept of exploitation and the concept of gambling. Still, we will try to know if there are situations without ethical and social resonance and what their consequences.

Macro-nutrientes no lençol freático em Floresta Intacta, Floresta de Manejo e Pastagem no norte de Mato Grosso

A remoção de uma cobertura florestal e sua substituição por outras formas de uso do solo tem sido uma constante no norte do estado de Mato Grosso podendo alterar os ciclos hidrológicos e biogeoquímicos dos ecossistemas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visou identificar a variação do fósforo e nitrogênio das águas do lençol freático em áreas de Floresta de Transição madura e intacta (Floresta Intacta), Floresta de Transição Manejada (Floresta Manejada) e Pastagem localizadas no norte de Mato Grosso. Foram realizadas mensalmente medidas do nível do lençol freático, de coletas de amostras de água para análises físico-químicas e medições de precipitação e temperatura do ar, no período de janeiro/2005 a novembro/2006. Verificou-se uma sazonalidade na precipitação e na temperatura do ar. No período de estiagem as águas do lençol freático apresentaram maiores teores de nitrogênio e de fósforo total nas três áreas em estudo. Os maiores valores de nitrogênio e fósforo foram detectados nos ecossistemas florestais (Florestas Intacta e Manejada) como indicativo da função da cobertura vegetal na ciclagem dos nutrientes.

Asfixia perinatal e problemas cardíacos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a gravidade das complicações cardíacas na asfixia neonatal, sua evolução e correlacioná-las com o grau e duração do processo hipóxico. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 90 bebês nos últimos 7 anos com grau de Apgar <6 no 5°min de vida. Pelo protocolo, após o exame físico e os cuidados intensivos, eram submetidos a dosagem do pH arterial, CPK-MB, DHL, glicemia, além da realização de radiografia de tórax, eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma, seriados e repetidos a cada semana. Aqueles que faleceram eram levados à necropsia. RESULTADOS: Dos 90, 73 (81%) eram prematuros, 30 (41%) eram apropriados para a idade gestacional (AIG) e 43 (59%) eram pequenos(PIG). Em 21 (23%) casos havia pH arterial <7,2. Os quadros clínicos mais observados foram: pneumonia em 28 (31%), anemia 24 (26%) e icterícia moderada 12 (5%), entre outros. Ao exame físico observaram-se: sopro sistólico em 46 (50%), ictus propulsivo 18 (20%) e ICC em 8 (9%). No ECG, os sinais mais freqüentes foram alterações de repolarização (ST e T) em 44 (49%). No ecocardiograma, observou-se persistência do canal arterial (PCA) em 20 (22%), regurgitação tricúspide em 6 (7%), hipertensão pulmonar em 6 (8%), hipocontratilidade de VE e dilatação de VD em 4 (5%). Dos 23 óbitos, 14 foram estudados e as alterações mais freqüentes foram necrose de fibras em 8 (68%) casos e em 4 (29%) congestão, vacuolização e perda de estriação. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria teve evolução favorável mesmo naqueles que tiveram acidemia importante. Muitas alterações de ECG e ecocardiograma se normalizaram. Daqueles que evoluíram para o óbito, as lesões mais graves ocorreram nos que sofreram, por mais tempo, processo anóxico.

Rheumatic carditis treated with high doses of pulsetherapy methylprednisolone. Results in 70 children over 12 years

PURPOSE: To report the result of patients treated with IV methylprednisolone divided into three groups and compare their follow-up during the last 12 years. METHODS: Seventy children with active rheumatic carditis (76 episodes) in heart failure Class III and IV (NYHA) were studied. The diagnosis was based on modified Jones' criteria. After ruling out infections and strongyloidiasis, treatment with IV methylprednisolone bolus was started three times a week until the laboratory tests became negative. Patients were divided into 3 groups, according to the time of hospital admittance: Groups 1, 2 and 3, comprising of 40, 18 and 12 children, respectively. RESULTS: Eighteen children in Group 1 (45%) were in their 1st attack: 2 series of pulsetherapy were used in 10 (25%), 3 in 9 (23%) and 4 in 21 (52%). In Group 2, 14 cases (77%) were in their 1st attack: 2 series were used in 7 (39%), 4 in 9 (50%) and 5 in 2 (11%). The echocardiogram showed a flail mitral valve in 12 (66%) of these patients (1 death occurred after mitral valvoplasty). In Group 3, 6 patients needed 5 or more series of pulsetherapy and a flail mitral valve was present in 5 (41%). One child underwent mitral valve replacement while still in the active phase, after 8 series of pulsetherapy, and another died. The number of patients who needed 5 or more series was significantly higher in Group 3. CONCLUSION: There were variations in the presentation and evolution of the cases during these 12 year. The established pulsetherapy protocol continues to be useful to treat severe cases.

Study of the cardiac alterations in HIV-infected children consequent to the antiretroviral therapy: prospective study of 47 cases

OBJECTIVE: Detect of cardiac alterations in children with AIDS and compare their evolution with the administration of only one anti-retroviral and the recent cases who received drugs in combination. METHODS: We prospectively studied 47 children in 3 groups: group 1, 20 cases treated only with zidovudine; group 2, 10 patients treated initially with zidovudine and later with a combination of drugs and in group 3, 17 patients, who receiced two or three since the beginning. In all patients it was done chest X-ray, EKG and echocardiography every 6 months and after death complete pathological study. RESULTS: Among the 45 patients cases 26 (57%) were index cases. Malnutrition, diarrhea tachycardia, signs of congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion, abnormal ventricular repolarization and arrhythmias were more frequent in group 1. Echocardiographic abnormalities were present in 10 (50%) children of group 1. They were less frequent in the others two groups. In regard to the outcome in group 1, two patients had worsening of sings of cardiomyopaty and 4 died. Cardiac dysfunction in all cases of group 2 and 3 improved with the medication. CONCLUSION:- The children who received combination and their cardiac alterations had more favorable outcome than those who received only one drug.

Dinámica estructural

Las actividades propuestas para el presente proyecto incluyen la realización de tareas experimentales y de modelación numérica de estructuras con los siguientes objetivos generales: ii. Evaluar la validez de los modelos numéricos de sistemas estructurales complejos, a la luz del comportamiento medido de los mismos en escala natural bajo condiciones de carga operativas y de ensayos. ii. Desarrollar técnicas de interpretación de ensayos a los efectos de identificación de parámetros estructurales tales como rigidez y amortiguamiento y de detección de daños. Para alcanzar estos objetivos generales se han previsto estudios de importantes estructuras en escala natural, que por su escala e importancia en la infraestructura del país merecen especial atención: el edificio de Central Nuclear de Atucha. (...) Se aspira a que las conclusiones de los estudios a realizar sean de utilidad para diseñar y reparar otras estructuras de la infraestructura del medio. Entre los objetivos específicos del proyecto se incluyen: 1. Aplicar la técnica de Análisis Espectral de Ondas Superficiales para identificar las propiedades dinámicas de los estratos de suelo en el emplazamiento de la central nuclear de Atucha II y su uso para modelación analítica de los ensayos de impacto realizados. 2. Identificación de propiedades mecánicas de la estructura de puentes atirantados a través del registro y análisis de vibraciones ambientales, con el objeto de proveer información objetiva para la toma de decisiones en la reparación de la misma. (...) 3. Corroborar con ensayos de estructuras en escala natural la utilidad del ensayo dinámico impulsivo para determinar la rigidez estática de una estructura.

Assessment of immunity induced in mice by glycoproteins derived from different strains and species of Leishmania

A comparative study was undertaken on the immunogenic properties of 63kDa glycoproteins obtained from five different strains/species of Leishmania and assessed in C57BL/10 mice. The humoral immune response was assessed by ELISA against the five different antigens of the immunized animals. The cellular immune response was derived from Leishmania. The response was found to be species-specific in all of determined by means of the cytokine profiles secreted by the spleen cells of immunized animals. The presence of ³-IFN and IL-2, and the absence of IL-4 in the supernatants of cells stimulated by L. amazonensis antigen established that the cellular response is of Th1 type. The five glycoproteins tested were equally effective in protecting C57BL/10 mice against challenge by L. amazonensis. About 50% of the immunized animals were protected for six months.

Comparative evaluation of phenol and thimerosal as preservatives for a candidate vaccine against American cutaneous leishmaniasis

For decades thimerosal has been used as a preservative in the candidate vaccine for cutaneous leishmaniasis, which was developed by Mayrink et al. The use of thimerosal in humans has been banned due to its mercury content. This study addresses the standardization of phenol as a new candidate vaccine preservative. We have found that the proteolytic activity was abolished when the test was conducted using the candidate vaccine added to merthiolate (MtVac) as well as to phenol (PhVac). The Montenegro's skin test conversion rates induced by MtVac and by PhVac was 68.06% and 85.9%, respectively, and these values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The proliferative response of peripheral mononuclear blood cells shows that the stimulation index of mice immunized with both candidate vaccines was higher than the one in control animals (p < 0.05). The ability of the candidate vaccines to induce protection in C57BL/10 mice against a challenge with infective Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes was tested and the mice immunized with PhVac developed smaller lesions than the mice immunized with MtVac. Electrophoresis of phenol-preserved antigen revealed a number of proteins, which were better preserved in PhVac. These results do in fact encourage the use of phenol for preserving the immunogenic and biochemical properties of the candidate vaccine for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

A geoprocessing approach for studying and controlling schistosomiasis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Geographical information systems (GIS) are tools that have been recently tested for improving our understanding of the spatial distribution of disease. The objective of this paper was to further develop the GIS technology to model and control schistosomiasis using environmental, social, biological and remote-sensing variables. A final regression model (R² = 0.39) was established, after a variable selection phase, with a set of spatial variables including the presence or absence of Biomphalaria glabrata, winter enhanced vegetation index, summer minimum temperature and percentage of houses with water coming from a spring or well. A regional model was also developed by splitting the state of Minas Gerais (MG) into four regions and establishing a linear regression model for each of the four regions: 1 (R² = 0.97), 2 (R² = 0.60), 3 (R² = 0.63) and 4 (R² = 0.76). Based on these models, a schistosomiasis risk map was built for MG. In this paper, geostatistics was also used to make inferences about the presence of Biomphalaria spp. The result was a map of species and risk areas. The obtained risk map permits the association of uncertainties, which can be used to qualify the inferences and it can be thought of as an auxiliary tool for public health strategies.

Genótipos de bananeira em três ciclos na Zona da Mata Mineira

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante três ciclos, as principais características vegetativas dos genótipos Prata Anã, Grande Naine, Caipira, Nam, Pioneira, FHIA-01, FHIA-18, PV03-44 e SH3640, com a finalidade de incorporar novos genótipos aos sistemas de produção comercial. Conduziu-se um experimento na Zona da Mata Mineira durante três ciclos da cultura, em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos (genótipos) e três repetições (ciclos). Avaliaram-se porte, precocidade, número de folhas, resistência à sigatoka-amarela (Mycosphaerela musicola) e perfilhamento da planta. A variedade Grande Naine apresentou o menor porte, enquanto Prata Anã, FHIA-01 e SH3640, o maior diâmetro. Os genótipos que apresentaram maior precocidade foram Pioneira e FHIA-18. 'Nam' e 'Caipira' apresentaram os maiores números e maior precocidade de perfilhos. Foram identificados como superiores os genótipos FHIA-01, FHIA-18 e SH3640.

Adubação nitrogenada em ciclos consecutivos e seu impacto na produção e na qualidade do pêssego

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de N sobre o teor foliar do nutriente, o crescimento de ramos, a produção e a qualidade química e física dos frutos de pêssego. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2000 a 2002, em um pomar de pessegueiro da cultivar Chimarrita, enxertada no porta-enxerto Aldrighi, em Pinto Bandeira, RS, em um solo Cambissolo Húmico. Os tratamentos foram 0, 22, 44, 66 e 88 kg ha-1 de N por ano. Em todas as safras, folhas foram coletadas para análise de N total. Após a queda das folhas, foi determinado o comprimento de ramos do ano. Na maturação, os frutos foram colhidos e foram determinados o diâmetro, a massa, a produção, o N total, os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez total titulável e a firmeza da polpa, esta última repetida após pré-resfriamento com circulação forçada de ar e armazenamento em câmara fria. A aplicação de N em pessegueiros aumenta o teor do nutriente nas folhas e nos frutos. A adubação nitrogenada não afeta o comprimento dos ramos do ano, o diâmetro, a massa, a produção, a acidez total titulável e a firmeza da polpa dos frutos de pêssego.