209 resultados para Outskirts
Resumo:
Khartoum like many cities in least developing countries (LDCs) still witnesses huge influx of people. Accommodation of the new comers leads to encroachment on the cultivation land leads to sprawl expansion of Greater Khartoum. The city expanded in diameter from 16.8 km in 1955 to 802.5 km in 1998. Most of this horizontal expansion was residential. In 2008 Khartoum accommodated 29% of the urban population of Sudan. Today Khartoum is considered as one of 43 major cities in Africa that accommodates more than 1 million inhabitants. Most of new comers live in the outskirts of the city e.g. Dar El-Salam and Mayo neighbourhoods. The majority of those new comers built their houses especially the walls from mud, wood, straw and sacks. Selection of building materials usually depends on its price regardless of the environmental impact, quality, thermal performance and life of the material. Most of the time, this results in increasing the cost with variables of impacts over the environment during the life of the building. Therefore, consideration of the environmental impacts, social impacts and economic impacts is crucial in the selection of any building material. Decreasing such impacts could lead to more sustainable housing. Comparing the sustainability of the available wall building materials for low cost housing in Khartoum is carried out through the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. The purpose of this paper is to compare the most available local building materials for walls for the urban poor of Khartoum from a sustainability point of view by going through the manufacturing of the materials, the use of these materials and then the disposal of the materials after their life comes to an end. Findings reveal that traditional red bricks couldn’t be considered as a sustainable wall building material that will draw the future of the low cost housing in Greater Khartoum. On the other hand, results of the comparison lead to draw attention to the wide range of the soil techniques and to its potentials to be a promising sustainable wall material for urban low cost housing in Khartoum.
Resumo:
To optimise the placement of small wind turbines in urban areas a detailed understanding of the spatial variability of the wind resource is required. At present, due to a lack of observations, the NOABL wind speed database is frequently used to estimate the wind resource at a potential site. However, recent work has shown that this tends to overestimate the wind speed in urban areas. This paper suggests a method for adjusting the predictions of the NOABL in urban areas by considering the impact of the underlying surface on a neighbourhood scale. In which, the nature of the surface is characterised on a 1 km2 resolution using an urban morphology database. The model was then used to estimate the variability of the annual mean wind speed across Greater London at a height typical of current small wind turbine installations. Initial validation of the results suggests that the predicted wind speeds are considerably more accurate than the NOABL values. The derived wind map therefore currently provides the best opportunity to identify the neighbourhoods in Greater London at which small wind turbines yield their highest energy production. The model does not consider street scale processes, however previously derived scaling factors can be applied to relate the neighbourhood wind speed to a value at a specific rooftop site. The results showed that the wind speed predicted across London is relatively low, exceeding 4 ms-1 at only 27% of the neighbourhoods in the city. Of these sites less than 10% are within 10 km of the city centre, with the majority over 20 km from the city centre. Consequently, it is predicted that small wind turbines tend to perform better towards the outskirts of the city, therefore for cities which fit the Burgess concentric ring model, such as Greater London, ‘distance from city centre’ is a useful parameter for siting small wind turbines. However, there are a number of neighbourhoods close to the city centre at which the wind speed is relatively high and these sites can only been identified with a detailed representation of the urban surface, such as that developed in this study.
Resumo:
The anthropogenic heat emissions generated by human activities in London are analysed in detail for 2005–2008 and considered in context of long-term past and future trends (1970–2025). Emissions from buildings, road traffic and human metabolism are finely resolved in space (30 min) and time (200 × 200 m2). Software to compute and visualize the results is provided. The annual mean anthropogenic heat flux for Greater London is 10.9 W m−2 for 2005–2008, with the highest peaks in the central activities zone (CAZ) associated with extensive service industry activities. Towards the outskirts of the city, emissions from the domestic sector and road traffic dominate. Anthropogenic heat is mostly emitted as sensible heat, with a latent heat fraction of 7.3% and a heat-to-wastewater fraction of 12%; the implications related to the use of evaporative cooling towers are briefly addressed. Projections indicate a further increase of heat emissions within the CAZ in the next two decades related to further intensification of activities within this area.
Resumo:
Sensible heat fluxes (QH) are determined using scintillometry and eddy covariance over a suburban area. Two large aperture scintillometers provide spatially integrated fluxes across path lengths of 2.8 km and 5.5 km over Swindon, UK. The shorter scintillometer path spans newly built residential areas and has an approximate source area of 2-4 km2, whilst the long path extends from the rural outskirts to the town centre and has a source area of around 5-10 km2. These large-scale heat fluxes are compared with local-scale eddy covariance measurements. Clear seasonal trends are revealed by the long duration of this dataset and variability in monthly QH is related to the meteorological conditions. At shorter time scales the response of QH to solar radiation often gives rise to close agreement between the measurements, but during times of rapidly changing cloud cover spatial differences in the net radiation (Q*) coincide with greater differences between heat fluxes. For clear days QH lags Q*, thus the ratio of QH to Q* increases throughout the day. In summer the observed energy partitioning is related to the vegetation fraction through use of a footprint model. The results demonstrate the value of scintillometry for integrating surface heterogeneity and offer improved understanding of the influence of anthropogenic materials on surface-atmosphere interactions.
Resumo:
A Lan House, surgida no Brasil como um meio de entretenimento para os jovens, se tornou, em um curto espaço de tempo, uma febre nas periferias das grandes cidades brasileiras. Essa disseminação se deu, principalmente, após o programa “Computador para Todos” lançado pelo Governo Federal a título de política pública de inclusão digital. Assim, as Lan Houses se constituíram em uma oportunidade de acesso ao computador e à Internet para aqueles que não teriam ingresso à rede se não fosse a existência desse tipo de instituição comercial (CDI, 2010), sendo a segunda principal provedora de acesso público às TIC no país (CETIC, 2010). Diante desse cenário, este estudo se propõe a descrever a trajetória na implantação das Lan Houses no Brasil, sob a ótica da Teoria Ator-Rede, identificando os atores relevantes na formação de uma rede sociotécnica, por meio do método de estudo de caso único realizado no bairro Jardim Catarina, em São Gonçalo. O trabalho apresenta, ainda, o modelo heurístico de inclusão digital para avaliar se este tipo de estabelecimento apresenta fatores relevantes para fomentar a inclusão digital. O resultado desta análise revela que as Lan Houses não são um agente de inclusão digital, apesar de sua relevância para as regiões com menores índices de renda e, por conseguinte, restritas ao uso de computadores e Internet, como o bairro Jardim Catarina.
Resumo:
Esta dissertação objetiva-se a pesquisar o padrão de escolha dos moradores de Duque de Caxias em relação à oferta de produtos e serviços de lazer disponíveis no município e na região metropolitana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Considerando a relação cidade, cidadania e qualidade de vida, no caso do município de Duque de Caxias, periferia da Região Metropolitana – RJ verifica-se a indisponibilidade de equipamentos urbanos e ausência de ordenamento territorial capaz de suprir as necessidades humanas da população local. O desenvolvimento econômico no município ocasionou o processo de implantação de complexos industriais na região, acelerando o fenômeno da urbanização e criando grande déficit na oferta de políticas públicas como segurança, saúde e serviços de lazer aos seus moradores. Por meio de aplicação de pesquisa de campo, através do acesso a mídia interativa, foram entrevistados vinte moradores do município sobre suas preferências e hábitos relacionados ao lazer. Com base na técnica da análise de conteúdo, verificou-se que para os entrevistados as atividades de lazer que buscam dentro do próprio município em que residem estão principalmente ligadas aos interesses sociais. Em relação às opções relacionadas a boates e restaurantes, o pequeno número de opções disponíveis ao morador, por melhores que sejam quanto à qualidade, fazem com que busquem em cidades próximas. Entende-se ainda, que se fazem necessário que se invista em opções de lazer de qualidade e voltado para o lazer intelectual, já que são quase inexistentes.
Resumo:
Parafraseando Robert Ezra Park, os jornaleiros têm uma história; mas os jornaleiros têm, ainda, uma história natural. A evolução do modelo de distribuição e comercialização de publicações impressas, que culmina nas modernas bancas de jornais, aponta para o tratamento de licenças e concessões para a operacionalização de uma atividade comercial em espaço público urbano. As bancas se constituem, portanto, em um espaço regulado pelo poder público e operacionalizado por iniciativa privada, a título precário. Por que se chegou a este modelo e quais as suas implicações é uma das principais questões abordadas por este trabalho. Entre outros pontos, esta tese tem como objetivo compreender (1) em que medida políticos e homens públicos são capazes de atuar na regulação da liberdade de imprensa através do controle e fiscalização sobre as bancas de jornais; (2) como se dão as articulações dos profissionais vendedores e distribuidores de jornais e revistas diante destas regulações, quais são suas reivindicações comuns e como é construída sua memória em torno destas ações; (3) em que circunstâncias se desenvolvem as negociações entre jornaleiros e homens de imprensa e como estas relações são capazes de ampliar a penetração de determinados impressos junto ao público, atuando de maneira decisiva na conformação da opinião pública; e, finalmente, (4) qual a importância dos jornaleiros e das bancas de jornais e revistas no processo histórico de construção política da opinião sobre a notícia e na apreensão social da informação nas grandes cidades. Nesse sentido, embora evidenciado pelo modelo atual de distribuição adotado pelas principais cidades do país, o papel dos jornaleiros como agentes de fundamental relevância cultural e política na cadeia produtiva dos periódicos impressos tem sido subjugado ante a análises que se concentram nas técnicas ou no discurso jornalístico, quando muito nas cercanias dos estudos de recepção e na apropriação da cultura popular – jamais na investigação sobre esta instituição que silenciosamente tem ocupado nosso imaginário por todos esses anos: as bancas de jornais e revistas.
Resumo:
A presente monografia tem por foco de estudo os loteamentos populares que são a forma mais usual de produção produção de habitação para a população-de-baixa renda nas grandes cidades brasileiras. A margem dos programas habitacionais empreendidos por organismos estatais, por demais burocratizados e ínfimos se comparados à demanda que deveriam suprir, os loteamentos periféricos empreendidos por particulares sempre existiram nos arredores das grandes cidades.
Resumo:
Em 1998, a partir da iniciativa da Associação de Moradores do Conjunto Palmeira (ASMOCONP), foi fundado na periferia de Fortaleza o Banco Palmas, com a função de estimular a produção e o consumo no bairro, a fim de reorganizar e fortalecer o desenvolvimento da economia local. Iniciou-se, assim, a experiência com os bancos comunitários de desenvolvimento no país, que hoje já são mais de 100 distribuídos em 19 estados da federação, em comunidades de baixa renda e baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Trata-se de iniciativas sem fins lucrativos, integralmente geridas pelos membros da comunidade em que atuam, que oferecem serviços financeiros aos moradores do bairro, informadas pelos princípios da economia solidária, com o objetivo de gerar trabalho e renda. Para tanto, utilizam-se de mecanismos como o microcrédito e a emissão de uma moeda social circulante local, paralela ao Real. Os bancos comunitários de desenvolvimento geralmente não possuem organização jurídica formal. São projetos de microfinanças criados no âmbito de ONGs. Valem-se, portanto, do marco normativo do terceiro setor e não são submetidos à regulação financeira. Utilizando o método do estudo de caso, o presente trabalho busca descrever o fenômeno do surgimento e da multiplicação de bancos comunitários de desenvolvimento pelo país, esclarecendo como esses bancos criaram normas próprias para regular as suas atividades, como essa ordem normativa funciona e como ela se relaciona com o direito estatal brasileiro. Para uma melhor compreensão dessa complexa realidade normativa, algumas ideias e conceitos desenvolvidos em outras ciências sociais são utilizados. Com isso, o presente estudo busca evidenciar os limites da regulação financeira e discutir as políticas de inclusão financeira e de economia solidária que vêm sendo implementadas recentemente pelo Poder Público no Brasil.
Resumo:
Essa dissertação busca analisar os movimentos sociais que atuam no campo da comunicação na cidade de São Paulo, especialmente aqueles grupos, organizações e coletivos que atuam diretamente na produção de conteúdos de comunicação. Os grupos aqui estudados são compostos predominantemente por jovens, moradores das periferias da cidade de São Paulo, cujo objetivo é se engajar em disputas simbólicas por meio de uma produção jornalística alternativa na construção do imaginário coletivo. São grupos que fazem um contraponto à mídia hegemônica a partir da construção de narrativas alternativas e contra-hegemonicas, historicamente invisibilizadas pelos veículos de comunicação tradicionais, e representam projetos que lutam por mudanças radicais na sociedade e pela emancipação e protagonismo das jovens e dos jovens moradores de periferia, das negras e dos negros, e das classes subalternas cujas vozes são silenciadas
Resumo:
In Natal s urban growth process it is given that the performance period of the National Housing Bank (BNH, 1964-1986) was marked by the intense expansion of the urban grid and configuration of outskirts, through the construction of social housing developments. Implanted in segregated areas of the existing formal city, the population installed in these complexes was also excluded from their rights, considering that the housing defines itself not only by the physical dwelling, but also by its access to urban infrastructure, facilities, services, and others. From this reality and the verification of the city s exclusion and sociospatial segregation processes, we aimed to quantitatively demonstrate levels of social exclusion in Natal, based on the methodology developed by Sposati (2000) and adapted by Genovez (2002), which relates IBGE s (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) database underlying variables such as income, schooling and dwelling s quality. The research unveiled some spatial patterns promoted by the social housings: in these areas islands were developed with higher indicators than surrounding areas, revealing internal hierarchies in the city s outskirts
Resumo:
This is an ethnographic and comparative study of the Maracatus Solar (2006) and Reis de Paus (1960), whose aim was to verify what is ancient and traditional in the new maracatu practiced by the guild Solar and conversely, what is new or modern in the old maracatu ritualized by guild Reis de Paus. It is worth noting that through this case study it is also intended to ethnographically observe and better understand the processes of ruptures and continuities between modernization and tradition, and the relationship between the global and the local. The communication system, the dancing, the music, the costumes and the loas (letters) were analyzed using the technique of participant observation as well as secondary materials such as newspapers, blogs and magazines. The interviews were open, non-directive, but recorded to facilitate understanding the speech of revelers. The research has shown that all the symbolic elements of aesthetic expression of the maracatu are permeated by clashes of historical contexts and of political representation, which, in another instance, also enunciates a fight of micro-community resistance regarding the renewal process and the social development that plague modern megalopolis. It is In this interim, between modernity and tradition that today it can be spoken about the existence of hybrid identity in the maracatu regarding a context mediated by the overall above mentioned values and customs specific of the new generations. However, one can not deny that the forms of negotiations with modernity also require the establishment of a link with the specific singularity of a popular culture that is not excluded, but also should not get invaded by the idea of authenticity. Therefore, performing this study was above all an opportunity to understand also the community life in the city outskirts, understanding society, culture and everyday social relations maintained between humans that produce and make it all happen. The Solar and Reis de Paus do not join in opposition between themselves nor by their similarity. What is most striking among them is the renewal of a tradition that reinvents itself in the form of popular representation across the street parade
Resumo:
Because of disability in public policy development in mind to attend issues of sanitation in the municipalities, companies known as "clean-blue" appeared proposing to solve a simple collection and management of wastewater produced in single or multifamily residences, commercial, hospitals, etc. In the case of an activity in which there are no worries about the fate of sewage, emerged some doubts about the degree of health and environmental safety in these companies. Traditionally, most of them makes the provision of waste depleted soil or wetland, open, usually located on the outskirts of cities (MENESES, 2001). In turn, the sludge from septic tanks exhausted, provided no technical criteria - in the soil, rivers and as an agricultural fertilizer put in risk the health of the population and environmental quality. This work was entered in the search network 5 of the Notice of the Research Program in Sanitation - PROSAB-5, aimed to study the theme 'Characterization and study of alternative ways of treating sludge from septic tanks in the city of Natal, RN', proposing to evaluate the performance of the use of stabilization ponds as a system to handle waste from septic tanks exhausted. A series of lakes studied belong to one of the largest clean-pit of Natal, consisting of two anaerobic ponds, one facultative and maturation, and a tank disinfection, the wastewater being released in the Potengi River. Samples were collected between the months of October 2007 to October 2008, at six points previously defined and judged as more appropriate to what is proposed study. The analysis results in field and laboratory showed the most significant removal of COD (88.93%), total suspended solids (94.87%), organic nitrogen (66.87%) and thermotolerant coliforms (99.88%). Some results have not reached the expected because the system under study had operating problems that have undermined the efficiency of the reactors
Resumo:
This is work itself insert in the mathematics education field of the youth and adult education to aim to practitioners of the educational action into the mathematics area performing to with this is teaching kind, adopting to as parameter the Mathematics Molding approach. The motive of the research is to draw up a application proposal of the molding mathematics as teaching and learning geometry alternative in the youth and adult education. The research it develops in three class of the third level (series 5th and 6th) of he youth and adults education in the one school municipal from the Natal outskirts. Its have qualitative nature with participating observation approach, once performing to directly in to research environment as a mathematics teacher of those same classes. We are used questionnaires, lesson notes and analyses of the officials documents as an basis of claim instruments. The results indicates that activity used the mathematic moldings were appreciated the savoir-faire of the student in to knowledge construction process, when search develop to significant learning methods, helping to student build has mathematics connections with other knowledge areas and inside mathematics himself, so much that enlarges your understanding and assist has in your participation in the other socials place, over there propitiate to change in student and teacher posture with relation to mathematic classroom dynamics