Parque eólico offshore de Ondarroa(País Vasco)

La finalidad de este documento es la redacción del proyecto de un futuro parque eólico Off-Shore en la costa del País Vasco, de la manera más clara, detallada y simple posible. Se tratará de cumplir los siguientes objetivos: Servir de soporte técnico para llevar a cabo la realización del parque eólico offshore en la costa vasca, en el término municipal de Ondárroa. Estudiar de manera detallada las posibles alternativas y obtener la solución más óptima y viable tanto funcional como económicamente.Ilustrar el modo de realización de los parques eólicos offshore junto con otros proyectos análogos a modo de guía para futuros proyectos de este tipo.Impulsar la construcción de parques eólicos marinos en España, para cumplir el Plan de Energías Renovables 2005-2011 integrado en el marco comunitario e internacional, ya que la C.E.E. se ha propuesto que las energías renovables participen con un 20% en el consumo energético total de la Unión en el año 2020.Motivar a las Diputaciones del País Vasco y a sus juntas municipales respecto a la apuesta por este modo de energía renovable, pionero a día de hoy en España, como ejemplo para otras Comunidades Autónomas y otras Administraciones Públicas potenciando la implantación de este nuevo modelo de tecnología sensible con el medioambiente. Por tanto, La energía eólica marina se considera como uno de los recursos renovables que más decididamente pueden contribuir a conseguir los objetivos anteriores en la Unión Europea.

OMNIWORKS: Omnidirectional vision for human-UAV co-working

The OMNIWORKS project objective is to develop an autonomous and modular aerial inspection system for an off-shore meteorological mast up to 90m in length. The UAV was equipped with an omni-directional camera and vertical take-off/landing capabilities that should be simple enough to operate as to not need the interventions of a professional pilot under challenging situations. Therefore the tests included different aspects used to evaluate both the technical performance of the UAV behavior as well as the operators? point of view.

Parque eólico offshore en Arteixo (A Coruña)

El presente conjunto de documentos tiene como finalidad la realización del proyecto: “Parque Eólico Off Shore en Arteixo (A Coruña)”. Nuestro parque eólico se sitúa en la provincia de A Coruña (Galicia, España) más concretamente en la fachada litoral norte perteneciente a la Costa da Morte. La ubicación pertenece al término municipal de Arteixo, frente a punta Regueiro. El futuro gallego en el ámbito de la energía eólica es muy esperanzador, debido fundamentalmente a la irrupción de la eólica offshore. Galicia, por tradición, siempre ha basado su economía en la pesca, la cual dependía de dos factores: mar y viento. Por lo tanto, Galicia dispone de las capacidades, conocimientos y experiencia para hacer de su pasado una ventaja de cara al futuro eólico offshore

Sampling intervals, fluxes, percentages of total flux, organic carbon and lithogen for sediment trap CB9

We combined the analysis of sediment trap data and satellite-derived sea surface chlorophyll to quantify the amount of organic carbon export to the deep sea in the upwelling induced high production area off northwest Africa. In contrast to the generally global or basin-wide adoption of export models, we used a regionally fitted empirical model. Furthermore, the application of our model was restricted to a dynamically defined region of high chlorophyll concentration in order to restrict the model application to an environment of more homogeneous export processes. We developed a correlation-based approximation to estimate the surface source area for a sediment trap deployed from 11 June 1998 to 7 November 1999 at 21.25°N latitude and 20.64°W longitude off Cape Blanc. We also developed a regression model of chlorophyll and export of organic carbon to the 1000 m depth level. Carbon export was calculated for an area of high chlorophyll concentration (>1 mg/m**3) adjacent to the coast on a daily basis. The resulting zone of high chlorophyll concentration was 20,000-800,000 km**2 large and yielded a yearly export of 1.123 to 2.620 Tg organic carbon. The average organic carbon export within the area of high chlorophyll concentration was 20.6 mg/m**2d comparable to 13.3 mg/m**2d as found in the sediment trap results if normalized to the 1000 m level. We found strong interannual variability in export. The period autumn 1998 to summer 1999 was exceeding the mean of the other three comparable periods by a factor of 2.25. We believe that this approach of using more regionally fitted models can be successfully transferred even to different oceanographic regions by selecting appropriate definition criteria like chlorophyll concentration for the definition of an area to which it is applicable.

Acoustic telemetry studies of bonefish (Albula vulpes ) movement around Andros Island, Bahamas: Implications for species management

Bonefish (Albula spp.) support an economically important catch-and-release recreational fishery, as well as artisanal harvesting, in The Bahamas. Little is known about the large-scale movement patterns of bonefish, yet such information is essential for proper species conservation and management. ^ I used acoustic telemetry to determine large-scale movement patterns of bonefish around Andros, Bahamas, in conjunction with presumed spawning migrations. I conclude that bonefish travel long distances from shallow flats to pre-spawning aggregation sites in proximity to off-shore reef locations. Off-shore movement to deeper reef locations occurs around both new and full moons. This study has also confirmed anecdotal reports that the North Bight is an important spawning migration corridor for bonefish. ^ This information is critical for the protection of bonefish and identifies important habitats (e.g. migration corridors and pre-spawning aggregations) on Andros that warrant protection from coastal degradation or fishing pressures. ^

Acoustic Telemetry Studies of Bonefish (Albula vulpes) Movement Around Andros Island, Bahamas: Implications for Species Management

Bonefish (Albula spp.) support an economically important catch-and-release recreational fishery, as well as artisanal harvesting, in The Bahamas. Little is known about the large-scale movement patterns of bonefish, yet such information is essential for proper species conservation and management. I used acoustic telemetry to determine large-scale movement patterns of bonefish around Andros, Bahamas, in conjunction with presumed spawning migrations. I conclude that bonefish travel long distances from shallow flats to pre-spawning aggregation sites in proximity to off-shore reef locations. Off-shore movement to deeper reef locations occurs around both new and full moons. This study has also confirmed anecdotal reports that the North Bight is an important spawning migration corridor for bonefish. This information is critical for the protection of bonefish and identifies important habitats (e.g. migration corridors and pre-spawning aggregations) on Andros that warrant protection from coastal degradation or fishing pressures.

Bacteria growth, enzyme activities and TEP during KOSMOS 2011 mesocosm experiment in the Raunefjord

Marine bacteria are the main consumers of freshly produced organic matter. Many enzymatic processes involved in the bacterial digestion of organic compounds were shown to be pH sensitive in previous studies. Due to the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, seawater pH is presently decreasing at a rate unprecedented during the last 300 million years but the consequences for microbial physiology, organic matter cycling and marine biogeochemistry are still unresolved. We studied the effects of elevated seawater pCO2 on a natural plankton community during a large-scale mesocosm study in a Norwegian fjord. Nine Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Future Ocean Simulations (KOSMOS) were adjusted to different pCO2 levels ranging initially from ca. 280 to 3000 µatm and sampled every second day for 34 days. The first phytoplankton bloom developed around day 5. On day 14, inorganic nutrients were added to the enclosed, nutrient-poor waters to stimulate a second phytoplankton bloom, which occurred around day 20. Our results indicate that marine bacteria benefit directly and indirectly from decreasing seawater pH. During the first phytoplankton bloom, 5-10% more transparent exopolymer particles were formed in the high pCO2 mesocosms. Simultaneously, the efficiency of the protein-degrading enzyme leucine aminopeptidase increased with decreasing pH resulting in up to three times higher values in the highest pCO2/lowest pH mesocosm compared to the controls. In general, total and cell-specific aminopeptidase activities were elevated under low pH conditions. The combination of enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of organic matter and increased availability of gel particles as substrate supported up to 28% higher bacterial abundance in the high pCO2 treatments. We conclude that ocean acidification has the potential to stimulate the bacterial community and facilitate the microbial recycling of freshly produced organic matter, thus strengthening the role of the microbial loop in the surface ocean.

Modelagem e simulação da solubilidade de sais em sistemas aquosos com Monoetilenoglicol

Primary processing of natural gas platforms as Mexilhão Field (PMXL-1 ) in the Santos Basin, where monoethylene glycol (MEG) has been used to inhibit the formation of hydrates, present operational problems caused by salt scale in the recovery unit of MEG. Bibliographic search and data analysis of salt solubility in mixed solvents, namely water and MEG, indicate that experimental reports are available to a relatively restricted number of ionic species present in the produced water, such as NaCl and KCl. The aim of this study was to develop a method for calculating of salt solubilities in mixed solvent mixtures, in explantion, NaCl or KCl in aqueous mixtures of MEG. The method of calculating extend the Pitzer model, with the approach Lorimer, for aqueous systems containing a salt and another solvent (MEG). Python language in the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Eclipse was used in the creation of the computational applications. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposed calculation method for a systematic series of salt (NaCl or KCl) solubility data in aqueous mixtures of MEG at various temperatures. Moreover, the application of the developed tool in Python has proven to be suitable for parameter estimation and simulation purposes

FTE-LEACH: um protocolo energeticamente eficiente e tolerante a falhas aplicado às redes industriais de sensores sem fio

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of distributed devices in an area in order to monitor physical variables such as temperature, pressure, vibration, motion and environmental conditions in places where wired networks would be difficult or impractical to implement, for example, industrial applications of difficult access, monitoring and control of oil wells on-shore or off-shore, monitoring of large areas of agricultural and animal farming, among others. To be viable, a WSN should have important requirements such as low cost, low latency, and especially low power consumption. However, to ensure these requirements, these networks suffer from limited resources, and eventually being used in hostile environments, leading to high failure rates, such as segmented routing, mes sage loss, reducing efficiency, and compromising the entire network, inclusive. This work aims to present the FTE-LEACH, a fault tolerant and energy efficient routing protocol that maintains efficiency in communication and dissemination of data.This protocol was developed based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and suitable for industrial networks with limited energy resources

Ice furrow mapping in the Laptev Sea

During the "Polarstern"-expeditions ARK-IX/4 (1993) and ARK-XI/1 (1995), organised by the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), acoustic subbottom profiles (Parasound) have been collected in the Laptev Sea Shelf, Siberia. These data have been interpreted as an indicator of ice scours frequency and off-shore permafrost patterns. An additional acoustic profile data-base was available by the results of the expedition of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) of the year 1994. The area of the expedition was located closer to the shelf, therefore supports a better understanding of ice scours frequency in shallower marine environments. The data-file consists of a 2930 km Parasound-traverse and has been subdivided into 586 working profiles. They are characterised by their location, number of ice scours, interpreted patterns of reflection and their extension and morphology. The data have been evaluated statistically and graphically and were presented in a map. Different patterns of sea floor reflection were established by different environments, outer influences (e.g. size of the icebergs, direction of the drift of icebergs) and the climatic history of the region. In the north-westerly region of the Laptev Sea at the continental slope of Severnaya Zemlya the sea floor in shallower depths has been ploughed intensely by recent icebergs. In some regions (40-60m), as an effect of intensely ploughing, the sea floor is hardly defined in acoustic profiles come along with relocation of marine deposits. Glacial diamiet deposits prevented the development of deep scours. Up to 355m deeper scours result from lower sea levels. The marginal north-easterly region of the Laptev Sea is characterised exclusively by this type of scour. Morphology and depth of these scours can be compared with those of the westerly Vilkitsky-Street so that similar conditions of development may be expected. Both, the north-easterly Laptev Sea and the Vilkitsky-Street, are not dominated by patterns ofrecent icebergs. In contrary the shelf-regions north-easterly ofthe Taimyr peninsula and north-westerly of the New Siberian Islands have been modified evidently by recent icebergs, which drifted with prevalent currents anticlockwise along the shelf edge of the Laptev Sea and cause the deepest scours of the whole region. The off-shore permafrost at the inner shelf regions has an important influence on the scours intensity. The permafrost layer can be recognised by the maximum depth of ice scours. It is represented by a Parasound reflector that can be made up for distances. The age of the ice scours cannot be determined absolutely by Parasound data but a relative order can be estimated whenever two scours are situated close to each other. When the Parasound-traverse ofthe expedition ARK-IX/4 (1993) (77°24'N 133°30'E-77°30'N 133°40'E) was repeated partially in expedition ARK-XI/l (1995) the ice scours of 1993 remained unchanged and uneroded and no new ice scours had been detected. It can be concluded that scours persist for a long time in the Laptev Sea, though after all with an average of 3 ice scours per kilometer there are not many at all in the Laptev Sea.

Impacts of oil exploration and exploitation activities on marine environment

Iran possess huge oil reservoir and occupies second place in OPEC. Recent investigation has revealed that reservoir capacity in the country amount to 60 billion barrel of oil. Many measures has been carried out to increase production capacity of oil fields to 4.2 million barrel per day. Thus any distribution in oil exploration may leave adverse effects on social and economic activities. Unfortunately due to absence of a comprehensive CPM on environmental impact assessment, lots of environmental distribution has been occurred in land and off-shore. It is well known that implementation of EIA can reduce environmental hazards. In the present investigation, all major and minor activities associated with oil exploration is identified and subsequently their effects on physical, chemical and biological environment (aquatic) has been brought out. In this context, economical, social and cultural effects of marine oil exploration is also discussed. Subsequently, all methods of EIA were studied and best mitigation plans were drawn up both for exploitation and exploration phases.

The effect of Lampara net on the catch rates and size of the fishing harvest of Rastrineobola argentae (mukene) in selected parts of Lake Victoria, Uganda

This study was undertaken in Napoleon gulf, and part of the off shore area of Lake Victoria Uganda in the landing site of Lufu in Buvuma district in the month of October 2015 for three days of sampling. It was conducted in four landing sites; Busana, Kikondo from Buikwe district and Lufu landing site from Buvuma district. The main aim was to determine the effect of Lampara net on the catch rate and size of the Rastrineobola argentae (mukene) harvested on Lake Victoria using various mesh sizes. The study focused on the 5mm and 10 mm mesh sizes of the Lampara net. A total of 109 boats were sampled; from the 5 mm mesh sizes indicated catch rates of 78-200 kg/boat/day and yet for 10 mm mesh size was at 248 kg/boat day. Statistical tests were carried out on the these two mesh sizes using One way Anova and indicated in catches was (Anova F=7.476; P<0.05) and for the price values was (Anova F=5.488 ; P<0.05). This is an indication that despite the fact that the mukene fishery is on the increase, a time will come when it also be depleted so a need to use the rightful fishing gear of 10mm mesh size is advisable for the biodiversity conservation.

Identification, diversity and distribution patterns of fish larvae in Khark & Kharko Coralline Islands ecosystem – Persian Gulf, by GIS method

Khark & Kharko Islands are the last Northern point for fringing coral reefs in Iranian side of the Persian Gulf. These Coralline habitats are the Protected Area and Wildlife Refugees with the total area of 2400 ha which located in the territory of Bushehr Province. This research carried out during 2006-2007 with monthly sampling from 12 stations, which selected around Islands and inshore waters with maximum depth of 20 meter. Sampling was conducted using by Bongo-Net plankton sampler with 500μ of mesh size. Totally, 1808 specimen from 45 family fish larvae was identified in studied area, including: 21 coralline fish larva families and 24 shore fish larvae such as pelagic and demersal fishes which some of them known as indicator, sentinel or endemic species for coral reef ecosystems. The results was shown that coral reef diversity in coral reefs (Khark & Kharko Islands) is more than other habitats such as estuary and river mouth, creeks, mangrove forest sites, and off shore water of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Iranian side. Among Identified families, Clupeidae, Blenniidae, Sillaginidae, Atherinidae and Tripterygiidae; with more abundance were dominant families in studied area. The pick of fish larvae abundance family were estimated in spring. There were significant differences between seasonally abundance and sub areas, but there were not significant differences in diversity indexes between Khark and Kharko stations with coastal stations (p< 0.05). The mean abundance of fish larvae were estimated 18.7083 larvae under 10m² of sea surface, and the mean diversity indexes and evenness were estimated 0.7135 and 0.565342 consequently, that was showed the area is under ecological stress for fish larvae, and wasn’t stable. Therefore, from the ecological point of view, only some of the fish larvae groups as like Clupeidae were dominant. Thus, they were the main cause of the fish larvae abundance change in studied area. Due to geographical location of Khark and Kharko Islands and among the environmental parameters, Its seems that the condition of sea current is the main cause for present or absent and distribution patterns of fish larvae in area. Abundance of fish larvae in west of Islands was higher than eastern parts in the spring. But this condition will be reversed in eastern part of Island and several coastal stations, so that the Islands surrounding clock wise current to cause fish larvae distribution patterns.

Habitat selection and phenotypic diversity in the anchovy of the Bay of Biscay

Diversity among individuals in a population is an important feature linking vital rates with behaviour and spatial occupation. We measured the growth increments in the otolith of individual fishes collected on the annual fisheries survey PELGAS from 2001 to 2015. Individuals who grew larger at juvenile stage occupied later in life more off-shore habitats. Further, we analysed the allozymes of 13 different loci from 2001 to 2006. Alleles of the enzyme IDH showed different frequencies in inshore and offshore habitats. The population spatially segregates along a coast to off-shore gradient with individuals showing different early growth and allele frequencies. Results show how individuals in a population segregate spatially in different habitats in relation with phenotypic diversity. This implies modelling the population with individual-based and physiological approaches to fully grasp its dynamics. It also implies developing management strategies to conserve infra-population diversity as a means to garantee the occupation of the full range of habitats.