Garbage collection optimization for non uniform memory access architectures

Cache-coherent non uniform memory access (ccNUMA) architecture is a standard design pattern for contemporary multicore processors, and future generations of architectures are likely to be NUMA. NUMA architectures create new challenges for managed runtime systems. Memory-intensive applications use the system’s distributed memory banks to allocate data, and the automatic memory manager collects garbage left in these memory banks. The garbage collector may need to access remote memory banks, which entails access latency overhead and potential bandwidth saturation for the interconnection between memory banks. This dissertation makes five significant contributions to garbage collection on NUMA systems, with a case study implementation using the Hotspot Java Virtual Machine. It empirically studies data locality for a Stop-The-World garbage collector when tracing connected objects in NUMA heaps. First, it identifies a locality richness which exists naturally in connected objects that contain a root object and its reachable set— ‘rooted sub-graphs’. Second, this dissertation leverages the locality characteristic of rooted sub-graphs to develop a new NUMA-aware garbage collection mechanism. A garbage collector thread processes a local root and its reachable set, which is likely to have a large number of objects in the same NUMA node. Third, a garbage collector thread steals references from sibling threads that run on the same NUMA node to improve data locality. This research evaluates the new NUMA-aware garbage collector using seven benchmarks of an established real-world DaCapo benchmark suite. In addition, evaluation involves a widely used SPECjbb benchmark and Neo4J graph database Java benchmark, as well as an artificial benchmark. The results of the NUMA-aware garbage collector on a multi-hop NUMA architecture show an average of 15% performance improvement. Furthermore, this performance gain is shown to be as a result of an improved NUMA memory access in a ccNUMA system. Fourth, the existing Hotspot JVM adaptive policy for configuring the number of garbage collection threads is shown to be suboptimal for current NUMA machines. The policy uses outdated assumptions and it generates a constant thread count. In fact, the Hotspot JVM still uses this policy in the production version. This research shows that the optimal number of garbage collection threads is application-specific and configuring the optimal number of garbage collection threads yields better collection throughput than the default policy. Fifth, this dissertation designs and implements a runtime technique, which involves heuristics from dynamic collection behavior to calculate an optimal number of garbage collector threads for each collection cycle. The results show an average of 21% improvements to the garbage collection performance for DaCapo benchmarks.

Advanced thermal analysis of microelectronics using spreading resistance models

Thermal analysis of electronic devices is one of the most important steps for designing of modern devices. Precise thermal analysis is essential for designing an effective thermal management system of modern electronic devices such as batteries, LEDs, microelectronics, ICs, circuit boards, semiconductors and heat spreaders. For having a precise thermal analysis, the temperature profile and thermal spreading resistance of the device should be calculated by considering the geometry, property and boundary conditions. Thermal spreading resistance occurs when heat enters through a portion of a surface and flows by conduction. It is the primary source of thermal resistance when heat flows from a tiny heat source to a thin and wide heat spreader. In this thesis, analytical models for modeling the temperature behavior and thermal resistance in some common geometries of microelectronic devices such as heat channels and heat tubes are investigated. Different boundary conditions for the system are considered. Along the source plane, a combination of discretely specified heat flux, specified temperatures and adiabatic condition are studied. Along the walls of the system, adiabatic or convective cooling boundary conditions are assumed. Along the sink plane, convective cooling with constant or variable heat transfer coefficient are considered. Also, the effect of orthotropic properties is discussed. This thesis contains nine chapters. Chapter one is the introduction and shows the concepts of thermal spreading resistance besides the originality and importance of the work. Chapter two reviews the literatures on the thermal spreading resistance in the past fifty years with a focus on the recent advances. In chapters three and four, thermal resistance of a twodimensional flux channel with non-uniform convection coefficient in the heat sink plane is studied. The non-uniform convection is modeled by using two functions than can simulate a wide variety of different heat sink configurations. In chapter five, a non-symmetrical flux channel with different heat transfer coefficient along the right and left edges and sink plane is analytically modeled. Due to the edge cooling and non-symmetry, the eigenvalues of the system are defined using the heat transfer coefficient on both edges and for satisfying the orthogonality condition, a normalized function is calculated. In chapter six, thermal behavior of two-dimensional rectangular flux channel with arbitrary boundary conditions on the source plane is presented. The boundary condition along the source plane can be a combination of the first kind boundary condition (Dirichlet or prescribed temperature) and the second kind boundary condition (Neumann or prescribed heat flux). The proposed solution can be used for modeling the flux channels with numerous different source plane boundary conditions without any limitations in the number and position of heat sources. In chapter seven, temperature profile of a circular flux tube with discretely specified boundary conditions along the source plane is presented. Also, the effect of orthotropic properties are discussed. In chapter 8, a three-dimensional rectangular flux channel with a non-uniform heat convection along the heat sink plane is analytically modeled. In chapter nine, a summary of the achievements is presented and some systems are proposed for the future studies. It is worth mentioning that all the models and case studies in the thesis are compared with the Finite Element Method (FEM).

Application of low temperature plasmas for restoration/conservation of archaeological objects

The low-temperature low-pressure hydrogen based plasmas were used to study the influence of processes and discharge conditions on corrosion removal. The capacitive coupled RF discharge in the continuous or pulsed regime was used at operating pressure of 100-200 Pa. Plasma treatment was monitored by optical emission spectroscopy. To be able to study influence of various process parameters, the model corroded samples with and without sandy incrustation were prepared. The SEM-EDX analyzes were carried out to verify corrosion removal efficiency. Experimental conditions were optimized for the selected most frequent materials of original metallic archaeological objects (iron, bronze, copper, and brass). Chlorides removal is based on hydrogen ion reactions while oxides are removed mainly by neutral species interactions. A special focus was kept for the samples temperature because it was necessary to avoid any metallographic changes in the material structure. The application of higher power pulsed regime with low duty cycle seems be the best treatment regime. The low pressure hydrogen plasma is not applicable for objects with a very broken structure or for nonmetallic objects due to the non-uniform heat stress. Due to this fact, the new developed plasmas generated in liquids were applied on selected original archaeological glass materials.

Heat transfer in fixed bed: a model non-linearity approach

Studies have been carried out on the heat transfer in a packed bed of glass beads percolated by air at moderate flow rates. Rigorous statistic analysis of the experimental data was carried out and the traditional two parameter model was used to represent them. The parameters estimated were the effective radial thermal conductivity, k, and the wall coefficient, h, through the least squares method. The results were evaluated as to the boundary bed inlet temperature, T-o, number of terms of the solution series and number of experimental points used in the estimate. Results indicated that a small difference in T-o was sufficient to promote great modifications in the estimated parameters and in the statistical properties of the model. The use of replicas at points of high parametric information of the model improved the results, although analysis of the residuals has resulted in the rejection of this alternative. In order to evaluate cion-linearity of the model, Bates and Watts (1988) curvature measurements and the Box (1971) biases of the coefficients were calculated. The intrinsic curvatures of the model (IN) tend to be concentrated at low bed heights and those due to parameter effects (PE) are spread all over the bed. The Box biases indicated both parameters as responsible for the curvatures PE, h being somewhat more problematic. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flow and pressure drop on the shellside of cylindrical heat exchangers

This work presents pressure distributions and fluid flow patterns on the shellside of a cylindrical shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The apparatus used was constructed from glass enabling direct observation of the flow using a dye release technique and had ten traversable pressure instrumented tubes permitting detailed pressure distributions to be obtained. The `exchanger' had a large tube bundle (278 tubes) and main flow areas typical of practical designs. Six geometries were studied: three baffle spacings both with and without baffle leakage. Results are also presented of three-dimensional modelling of shellside flows using the Harwell Laboratory's FLOW3D code. Flow visualisation provided flow patterns in the central plane of the bundle and adjacent to the shell wall. Comparison of these high-lighted significant radial flow variations. In particular, separated regions, originating from the baffle tips, were observed. The size of these regions was small in the bundle central plane but large adjacent to the shell wall and extended into the bypass lane. This appeared to reduce the bypass flow area and hence the bypass flow fraction. The three-dimensional flow modelling results were presented as velocity vector and isobar maps. The vector maps illustrated regions of high and low velocity which could be prone to tube vibration and fouling. Separated regions were also in evidence. A non-uniform crossflow was discovered with, in general, higher velocities in the central plane of the bundle than near the shell wall._The form of the isobar maps calculated by FLOW3D was in good agreement with experimental results. In particular, larger pressure drops occurred across the inlet than outlet of a crossflow region and were higher near the upstream than downstream baffle face. The effect of baffle spacing and baffle leakage on crossflow and window pressure drop measurements was identified. Agreement between the current measurements, previously obtained data and commonly used design correlations/models was, in general, poor. This was explained in terms of the increased understanding of shellside flow. The bulk of previous data, which dervies from small-scale rigs with few tubes, have been shown to be unrepresentative of typical commerical units. The Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Service design program TASC provided the best predictions of the current pressure drop results. However, a number of simple one-dimensional models in TASC are, individually, questionable. Some revised models have been proposed.

Heat transfer performance investigation of nanofluids flow in pipe

Different types of base fluids, such as water, engine oil, kerosene, ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol etc. are usually used to increase the heat transfer performance in many engineering applications. But these conventional heat transfer fluids have often several limitations. One of those major limitations is that the thermal conductivity of each of these base fluids is very low and this results a lower heat transfer rate in thermal engineering systems. Such limitation also affects the performance of different equipments used in different heat transfer process industries. To overcome such an important drawback, researchers over the years have considered a new generation heat transfer fluid, simply known as nanofluid with higher thermal conductivity. This new generation heat transfer fluid is a mixture of nanometre-size particles and different base fluids. Different researchers suggest that adding spherical or cylindrical shape of uniform/non-uniform nanoparticles into a base fluid can remarkably increase the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. Such augmentation of thermal conductivity could play a more significant role in enhancing the heat transfer rate than that of the base fluid. Nanoparticles diameters used in nanofluid are usually considered to be less than or equal to 100 nm and the nanoparticles concentration usually varies from 5% to 10%. Different researchers mentioned that the smaller nanoparticles concentration with size diameter of 100 nm could enhance the heat transfer rate more significantly compared to that of base fluids. But it is not obvious what effect it will have on the heat transfer performance when nanofluids contain small size nanoparticles of less than 100 nm with different concentrations. Besides, the effect of static and moving nanoparticles on the heat transfer of nanofluid is not known too. The idea of moving nanoparticles brings the effect of Brownian motion of nanoparticles on the heat transfer. The aim of this work is, therefore, to investigate the heat transfer performance of nanofluid using a combination of smaller size of nanoparticles with different concentrations considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. A horizontal pipe has been considered as a physical system within which the above mentioned nanofluid performances are investigated under transition to turbulent flow conditions. Three different types of numerical models, such as single phase model, Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model and Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model have been used while investigating the performance of nanofluids. The most commonly used model is single phase model which is based on the assumption that nanofluids behave like a conventional fluid. The other two models are used when the interaction between solid and fluid particles is considered. However, two different phases, such as fluid and solid phases is also considered in the Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase mixture model. Thus, these phases create a fluid-solid mixture. But, two phases in the Eulerian-Lagrangian discrete phase model are independent. One of them is a solid phase and the other one is a fluid phase. In addition, RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) based Standard κ-ω and SST κ-ω transitional models have been used for the simulation of transitional flow. While the RANS based Standard κ-ϵ, Realizable κ-ϵ and RNG κ-ϵ turbulent models are used for the simulation of turbulent flow. Hydrodynamic as well as temperature behaviour of transition to turbulent flows of nanofluids through the horizontal pipe is studied under a uniform heat flux boundary condition applied to the wall with temperature dependent thermo-physical properties for both water and nanofluids. Numerical results characterising the performances of velocity and temperature fields are presented in terms of velocity and temperature contours, turbulent kinetic energy contours, surface temperature, local and average Nusselt numbers, Darcy friction factor, thermal performance factor and total entropy generation. New correlations are also proposed for the calculation of average Nusselt number for both the single and multi-phase models. Result reveals that the combination of small size of nanoparticles and higher nanoparticles concentrations with the Brownian motion of nanoparticles shows higher heat transfer enhancement and thermal performance factor than those of water. Literature suggests that the use of nanofluids flow in an inclined pipe at transition to turbulent regimes has been ignored despite its significance in real-life applications. Therefore, a particular investigation has been carried out in this thesis with a view to understand the heat transfer behaviour and performance of an inclined pipe under transition flow condition. It is found that the heat transfer rate decreases with the increase of a pipe inclination angle. Also, a higher heat transfer rate is found for a horizontal pipe under forced convection than that of an inclined pipe under mixed convection.

Void fraction measurement and signal analysis from multiple-electrode impedance sensors

Void fraction sensors are important instruments not only for monitoring two-phase flow, but for furnishing an important parameter for obtaining flow map pattern and two-phase flow heat transfer coefficient as well. This work presents the experimental results obtained with the analysis of two axially spaced multiple-electrode impedance sensors tested in an upward air-water two-phase flow in a vertical tube for void fraction measurements. An electronic circuit was developed for signal generation and post-treatment of each sensor signal. By phase shifting the electrodes supplying the signal, it was possible to establish a rotating electric field sweeping across the test section. The fundamental principle of using a multiple-electrode configuration is based on reducing signal sensitivity to the non-uniform cross-section void fraction distribution problem. Static calibration curves were obtained for both sensors, and dynamic signal analyses for bubbly, slug, and turbulent churn flows were carried out. Flow parameters such as Taylor bubble velocity and length were obtained by using cross-correlation techniques. As an application of the void fraction tested, vertical flow pattern identification could be established by using the probability density function technique for void fractions ranging from 0% to nearly 70%.

Effects of temperature-dependent viscosity variation on entropy generation, heat and fluid flow through a porous-saturated duct of rectangular cross-section

Effect of temperature-dependent viscosity on fully developed forced convection in a duct of rectangular cross-section occupied by a fluid-saturated porous medium is investigated analytically. The Darcy flow model is applied and the viscosity-temperature relation is assumed to be an inverse-linear one. The case of uniform heat flux on the walls, i.e. the H boundary condition in the terminology of Kays and Crawford, is treated. For the case of a fluid whose viscosity decreases with temperature, it is found that the effect of the variation is to increase the Nusselt number for heated walls. Having found the velocity and the temperature distribution, the second law of thermodynamics is invoked to find the local and average entropy generation rate. Expressions for the entropy generation rate, the Bejan number, the heat transfer irreversibility, and the fluid flow irreversibility are presented in terms of the Brinkman number, the Péclet number, the viscosity variation number, the dimensionless wall heat flux, and the aspect ratio (width to height ratio). These expressions let a parametric study of the problem based on which it is observed that the entropy generated due to flow in a duct of square cross-section is more than those of rectangular counterparts while increasing the aspect ratio decreases the entropy generation rate similar to what previously reported for the clear flow case.

Analysis of heat transfer and entropy generation for a thermally developing Brinkman–Brinkman forced convection problem in a rectangular duct with isoflux walls

Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of the thermally developing forced convection in a porous-saturated duct of rectangular cross-section, with walls maintained at a constant and uniform heat flux, is investigated based on the Brinkman flow model. The classical Galerkin method is used to obtain the fully developed velocity distribution. To solve the thermal energy equation, with the effects of viscous dissipation being included, the Extended Weighted Residuals Method (EWRM) is applied. The local (three dimensional) temperature field is solved by utilizing the Green’s function solution based on the EWRM where symbolic algebra is being used for convenience in presentation. Following the computation of the temperature field, expressions are presented for the local Nusselt number and the bulk temperature as a function of the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate, the aspect ratio, the Darcy number, the viscosity ratio, and the Brinkman number. With the velocity and temperature field being determined, the Second Law (of Thermodynamics) aspect of the problem is also investigated. Approximate closed form solutions are also presented for two limiting cases of MDa values. It is observed that decreasing the aspect ratio and MDa values increases the entropy generation rate.

Controlled expression of recombinant proteins in Physcomitrella patens by a conditional heat-shock promoter: a tool for plant research and biotechnology.

The ability to express tightly controlled amounts of endogenous and recombinant proteins in plant cells is an essential tool for research and biotechnology. Here, the inducibility of the soybean heat-shock Gmhsp17.3B promoter was addressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens, using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and an F-actin marker (GFP-talin) as reporter proteins. In stably transformed moss lines, Gmhsp17.3B-driven GUS expression was extremely low at 25 degrees C. In contrast, a short non-damaging heat-treatment at 38 degrees C rapidly induced reporter expression over three orders of magnitude, enabling GUS accumulation and the labelling of F-actin cytoskeleton in all cell types and tissues. Induction levels were tightly proportional to the temperature and duration of the heat treatment, allowing fine-tuning of protein expression. Repeated heating/cooling cycles led to the massive GUS accumulation, up to 2.3% of the total soluble proteins. The anti-inflammatory drug acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and the membrane-fluidiser benzyl alcohol (BA) also induced GUS expression at 25 degrees C, allowing the production of recombinant proteins without heat-treatment. The Gmhsp17.3B promoter thus provides a reliable versatile conditional promoter for the controlled expression of recombinant proteins in the moss P. patens.

Termination of major ductile strike-slip shear and differential cooling along the Insubric line (Central Alps): U-Pb, Rb-Sr and 40Ar/39Ar ages of cross-cutting pegmatites

To constrain the age of strike-slip shear, related granitic magmatism, and cooling along the Insubric line, 29 size fractions of monazite and xenotime were dated by the U-Pb method, and a series of 25 Rb-Sr and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages were measured on different size fractions of muscovite and biotite. The three pegmatitic intrusions analyzed truncate high-grade metamorphic mylonite gneisses of the Simplon shear zone, a major Alpine structure produced in association with dextral strike-slip movements along the southern edge of the European plate, after collision with its Adriatic indenter. Pegmatites and aplites were produced between 29 and 25 Ma in direct relation to right-lateral shear along the Insubric line, by melting of continental crust having Sr-87/Sr-86 between 0.7199 and 0.7244 at the time of melting. High-temperature dextral strike-slip shear was active at 29.2 +/- 0.2 (2 sigma) Ma, and it terminated before 26.4 +/- 0.1 Ma. During dike injection, temperatures in the country rocks of the Isorno-Orselina and Monte Rosa structural units did not exceed approximate to 500 degrees C, leading to fast initial cooling, followed by slower cooling to approximate to 350 degrees C within several million years. In one case, initial cooling to approximate to 500 degrees C was significantly delayed by about 4 m.y., with final cooling to approximate to 300 degrees C at 20-19 Ma in all units. For the period between 29 and 19 Ma, cooling of the three sample localities was non-uniform in space and time, with significant variations on the kilometre scale. These differences are most likely due to strongly varying heat flow, and/or heterogeneous distribution of unroofing rates within the continuously deforming Insubric line. If entirely ascribed to differences in unroofing, corresponding rates would vary between 0.5 and 2.5 mm/y, for a thermal gradient of 30 degrees/km.

Transonic flow past on enlarged missile nose parts

Numerical computation of a viscid heat-conducting transonic flow over a generic commercial rocket profile with symmetric oversized nose part was carried out. It has been shown that at zero angle of attack for some free-streamvelocity value flow pattern loses its symmetry. This results in non-uniform pressure distribution on rocket surface in angle direction which may yield in additional oscillating stress on the rocket. Also it has been found that obtained non-symmetric flow patterns are stable for small velocity perturbations.

Michelson interferometer with porch swing bearing for portable FTIR spectrometer

The interferometer for low resolution portable Fourier Transform middle infrared spectrometer was developed and studied experimentally. The final aim was a concept for a commercial prototype. Because of the portability, the interferometer should be compact sized and insensitive to the external temperature variations and mechanical vibrations. To minimise the size and manufacturing costs, Michelson interferometer based on plane mirrors and porch swing bearing was selected and no dynamic alignment system was applied. The driving motor was a linear voice coil actuator to avoid mechanical contact of the moving parts. The driving capability for low mirror driving velocities required by the photoacoustic detectors was studied. In total, four versions of such an interferometer were built and experimentally studied. The thermal stability during the external temperature variations and the alignment stability over the mirror travel were measured using the modulation depth of the wide diameter laser beam. Method for estimating the mirror tilt angle from the modulation depth was developed to take account the effect from the non-uniform intensity distribution of the laser beam. The spectrometer stability was finally studied also using the infrared radiation. The latest interferometer was assembled for the middle infrared spectrometer with spectral range from 750 cm−1 to 4500 cm−1. The interferometer size was (197 × 95 × 79) mm3 with the beam diameter of 25 mm. The alignment stability as the change of the tilt angle over the mirror travel of 3 mm was 5 μrad, which decreases the modulation depth only about 0.7 percent in infrared at 3000 cm−1. During the temperature raise, the modulation depth at 3000 cm−1 changed about 1 . . . 2 percentage units per Celsius over short term and even less than 0.2 percentage units per Celsius over the total temperature raise of 30 °C. The unapodised spectral resolution was 4 cm−1 limited by the aperture size. The best achieved signal to noise ratio was about 38 000:1 with commercially available DLaTGS detector. Although the vibration sensitivity requires still improving, the interferometer performed, as a whole, very well and could be further developed to conform all the requirements of the portable and stable spectrometer.

Caractéristiques des structures turbulentes de l'écoulement et du transport en charge de fond en rivière à lit de graviers lors de la montée d'une crue

En rivière à lit de graviers, le transport des sédiments en charge de fond est un processus intermittent qui dépend de plusieurs variables du système fluvial dont la prédiction est encore aujourd’hui inexacte. Les modèles disponibles pour prédire le transport par charriage utilisent des variables d’écoulement moyen et la turbulence n’est généralement pas considérée malgré que les tourbillons contenus dans les écoulements possèdent une quantité d’énergie importante. L’utilisation de nouvelles approches pour étudier la problématique du transport par charriage pourrait nous permettre d’améliorer notre connaissance de ce processus déterminant en rivière alluviale. Dans ce mémoire, nous documentons ces composantes de la dynamique fluviale dans un cours d’eau graveleux en période de crue. Les objectifs du projet de recherche sont : 1) d’examiner l’effet du débit sur les variables turbulentes et les caractéristiques des structures turbulentes cohérentes, 2) d’investiguer l’effet du débit sur les caractéristiques des événements de transport de sédiments individuels détectés à l’aide d’un nouvel algorithme développé et testé et 3) de relier les caractéristiques de l’écoulement turbulent aux événements de transport de sédiments individuels. Les données de turbulence montrent qu’à haut niveau d’eau, l’écoulement décéléré est peu cohérent et a une turbulence plus isotrope où les structures turbulentes cohérentes sont de courte durée. Ces observations se distinguent de celles faites à faible niveau d’eau, en écoulement accéléré, où la plus grande cohérence de l’écoulement correspond à ce qui est généralement observé dans les écoulements uniformes en rivières graveleuses. Les distributions de fréquence des variables associées aux événements de transport individuel (intensité de transport moyenne, durée d’événement et intervalle entre événements successifs) ont des formes différentes pour chaque intensité de crue. À haut niveau d’eau, le transport est moins intermittent qu’à faible débit où les événements rares caractérisent davantage les distributions. L’accélération de l’écoulement à petite échelle de temps joue un rôle positif sur le transport, mais surtout lorsque la magnitude de la crue mobilisatrice est en dessous du niveau plein bord. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les caractéristiques de la turbulence ainsi que les liens complexes entre l’écoulement et le transport par charriage sont fonction du débit.

Échantillonnage des distributions continues non uniformes en précision arbitraire et protocole pour l'échantillonnage exact distribué des distributions discrètes quantiques

La thèse est divisée principalement en deux parties. La première partie regroupe les chapitres 2 et 3. La deuxième partie regroupe les chapitres 4 et 5. La première partie concerne l'échantillonnage de distributions continues non uniformes garantissant un niveau fixe de précision. Knuth et Yao démontrèrent en 1976 comment échantillonner exactement n'importe quelle distribution discrète en n'ayant recours qu'à une source de bits non biaisés indépendants et identiquement distribués. La première partie de cette thèse généralise en quelque sorte la théorie de Knuth et Yao aux distributions continues non uniformes, une fois la précision fixée. Une borne inférieure ainsi que des bornes supérieures pour des algorithmes génériques comme l'inversion et la discrétisation figurent parmi les résultats de cette première partie. De plus, une nouvelle preuve simple du résultat principal de l'article original de Knuth et Yao figure parmi les résultats de cette thèse. La deuxième partie concerne la résolution d'un problème en théorie de la complexité de la communication, un problème qui naquit avec l'avènement de l'informatique quantique. Étant donné une distribution discrète paramétrée par un vecteur réel de dimension N et un réseau de N ordinateurs ayant accès à une source de bits non biaisés indépendants et identiquement distribués où chaque ordinateur possède un et un seul des N paramètres, un protocole distribué est établi afin d'échantillonner exactement ladite distribution.