Le « nanomonde » et le renversement de la distinction entre nature et technique : entre l’artificialisation de la nature et la naturalisation de la technique

Les nanosciences et les nanotechnologies (NST) s’inscrivent dans un champ technoscientifique, le nanomonde, qui a pour socle l’hybridation autant conceptuelle que pratique entre le domaine de la nature et celui de la technique. Dans ce mémoire nous nous intéressons au basculement de la distinction entre le naturel et l’artificiel qui s’ensuit. Un retour socio-historique sur la construction du dualisme nature/artifice propre aux sociétés modernes nous aide alors à saisir les enjeux socio-culturels impliqués dans sa remise en question. La déconstruction, à travers la méthode d’analyse de discours, d’entretiens réalisés avec les principaux chercheurs en NST au Québec illustre empiriquement, tout en le systématisant, le double processus d’artificialisation de la nature et de naturalisation de la technique, pointé théoriquement comme caractéristique de la remise en cause de la distinction entre nature et artifice qu’opère le nanomonde. Nous suggérons que l’artificialisation de la nature et la naturalisation de la technique, loin d’être contradictoires, constituent des éléments d’une dynamique synergique dont le résultat est une désontologisation de la nature comme catégorie de la pensée et une déqualification du monde qui distingue l’activité humaine.

La agencia cognitiva como subproducto de la deliberación pública

Between 2005 and 2007 the Ministry of Social Development of Uruguay implemented the National Plan for Social Emergency (PANES). One of the most outstanding results in the evaluations was the de-naturalization of some socio-cultural phenomena that were strongly rooted within society: domestic violence, social immobility, adult illiteracy. The consideration of these social phenomena as acceptable demonstrates the existence of mechanisms that generate irrational or adaptive preferences. What were the processes that aided in the de-naturalization of these preferences? The evaluation of PANES concludes that one way was the local participation in groups that promote a public deliberation. These results are consistent with the philosophical literature on the importance of deliberation and participation for developing capabilities and autonomy. The hypothesis is as follows: the participation in groups that involve public deliberation can lead to reversing the adaptive preferences that restrict personal autonomy through the creation of an intersubjective and cognitive agency. This agency has three features: a) it involves the expansion of an "inner space" into the person, b) it establishes a reflective distance that allows for the revision of preferences to reconstruct levels of self-esteem, self-respect and self-confidence; c) it is generated as a byproduct of activities set for other purposes.

La migration de retour de la population italienne immigrée au Canada et en Belgique

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Analyse des représentations et des enjeux de pouvoir produisant la personnalité publique politique célèbre au Québec : le cas de Justin Trudeau

Ce mémoire vise à comprendre comment, par la représentation de politiciens en tant que personnalités publiques « célèbres », se pose un ensemble d’enjeux de pouvoir. L’analyse de la récurrence et des particularités de ces représentations, qui circulent dans et à travers le discours, permet de mieux comprendre comment s’exerce le pouvoir par, entre autres, la naturalisation. Cette recherche s’appuie principalement sur les concepts de représentation proposé par Hall (1997) et de pouvoir élaboré par Foucault. Le cas de Justin Trudeau, objet d’un ensemble de discours de célébrité produits à travers le discours médiatique à l’occasion de la course à la chefferie du Parti libéral du Canada (PLC), constitue un terrain riche pour l’analyse. Dans un premier temps, les représentations existantes et en circulation dans des textes médiatiques portant et produisant diverses significations sont analysées discursivement. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse s’attarde aux savoirs que ces représentations participent à produire et aux effets de pouvoir qu’elles induisent. Il est alors possible de comprendre que les représentations dont fait l’objet le politicien célèbre d’aujourd’hui sont organisées par la filiation et que ce mode d’organisation procède à la fois de la biographisation et de l’hétéronormativité.

La naturalización de las emociones: anotaciones a partir de Wittgenstein

En la literatura sobre las emociones, una de las teorías con mayor fuerza es la llamada teoría James-Lange. Este texto intenta hacer una crítica a esta teoría a partir de algunas observaciones de Wittgenstein sobre el uso de conceptos psicológicos, sacando a la luz dos confusiones gramaticales que surgen en ella. Para ello, se construye primero la categoría de «programa de naturalización de las emociones» que recoge las teorías de Descartes, James y Prinz, siguiendo la metodología de Lakatos. Luego, se identifica como problema central el de la naturalización de la intencionalidad. Con esto en mente, se exponen algunas herramientas wittgensteinianas para estudiar la gramática de la pregunta por el objeto y la intencionalidad de las emociones, mostrando que las respuestas del programa de naturalización no son satisfactorias y no respetan las reglas de ciertos usos de lenguaje.

O movimento negro e a Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial: um estudo sobre a luta por sentidos sobre a igualdade racial no Brasil

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo compreender o relacionamento do Movimento Negro e Estado brasileiro no processo de criação da Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (SEPPIR). Pretendemos jogar luz sobre a relação entre Movimento Negro e Estado na constante luta pelo sentido e significado da desigualdade racial. Será que a constituição de uma Secretaria, com status de Ministério de Estado, é capaz de promover mudanças na visão de desigualdade racial institucionalizada pelo Estado brasileiro? Nosso estudo busca entender como o conflito sobre o sentido da desigualdade racial é incorporado às Políticas Públicas. Utilizamos a categoria analítica Movimento Social para compreender o Movimento Negro, identificando alguns frames que orientam a sua ação. Evidenciamos que estes frames se relacionam na constituição do lugar (entendido como uma série de ligações, nas quais os sentidos das relações sociais são construídos, onde há disputas de poder sobre esses sentidos) da SEPPIR. A ação do Movimento Negro coloca em conflito os sentidos institucionalizados pelo Estado, que se utiliza da cooptação para desmobilizar o Movimento. Ao discutirmos a relação entre Movimento e Estado, relacionamos os frames identificados com a naturalização da desigualdade racial. Essa versão institucionalizada atribui principalmente ao nosso passado escravocrata a causa dessa desigualdade, não apontando para a compreensão do papel do racismo na manutenção dessa desigualdade. Sugerimos, assim, que a noção de justiça, reposicionada pelo reconhecimento, e a discussão de direitos humanos podem ser um caminho, não apenas para lutar contra esta naturalização, mas também para irmos além da cooptação.

A produção de subjetividade no sistema capitalista: a prática do psicólogo

Este estudo parte de uma análise crítica da inserção do psicólogo nas organizações de trabalho. Observando a atuação do psicólogo como agente de produção de subjetividade do sistema capitalista, procuro conhecer as formas de produção capitalistica de subjetividade e suas rupturas, no contexto brasileiro de produção, a partir de uma investigação teórica sobre o capitalismo e uma pesquisa de campo em um sindicato vanguarda ou combativo. O tema é então abordado em quatro questões básicas: O poder, analisado a partir da história da industrialização, que segundo interesses determinados produzia corpos úteis e servis para atender a urna demanda de acumulação de capitais e exploração do trabalho humano. A desqualificação no sujeito no trabalho pela parcialização e pelo automatismo do ato que o expropria de seu saber. A despolitização pela produção da submissão e da fragilidade frente ao pai-patrão. Pela redução da liberdade e dignidade que se efetua pela naturalização do determinismo e do sistema social inalterado. A questão do uso e abuso do corpo que produz um ser descartável, negligenciado pelo descaso com a sua saúde. Concluindo faço uma análise do caminho percorrido pelo psicólogo nas organizações procurando realçar as contradições teórico-prática que definem o seu campo de atuação, acreditando estar contribuindo para um enfoque e uma situação mais crítica deste espaço.

A ideologia da encenação: uma análise dos aspectos cênico/ideológicos da encenação produzida pela indústria cultural

The research that led to this dissertation adopted a set of scenic/ideological aspects inherent to the productions of the Culture Industry as its object of research. The intellectual output of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer underscored the approaches on this subject, since it provides the same set of scenic/ideological features to be explored because, according to the authors, scenes produced by the culture industry are linked to the dominant ideology, since they act in favor of maintaining the status quo. The first objective was the definition this set of features inherent to the scene produced by the culture industry, through the exploration of literature produced by Adorno and Horkheimer, so it was possible to define a set composed of nine elements: Construction of characters as characteristic types; Stereotypes; Naturalization of Stereotyped language; Simplistic playwriting; Reuse dramatic formula; Love and sexuality as themes of plots; Utilization of tragic element; Objetive representation; Approximation of fiction and reality. The second goal was the analysis of scene produced by the culture industry nowadays, so that it was possible to verify if any scenic/ideological aspects indicated by Adorno and Horkheimer in the mid-twentieth century were present among the productions from this beginning of the twenty-first century. Through the analysis of three soap operas produced in Brazil in 2012, it was found that the nine scenic/ideological aspects as indicated by Adorno and Horkheimer appeared in the observed productions. Additionally, a new scenic/ideological feature, not indicated by Adorno and Horkheimer is present: the merchandising

Retratos do cotidiano: as mulheres do assentamento rural Santa Vitória

The present work shows trajectories of life of seated women agricultural, with the objective to apprehend on aspects to the experience of its sexuality. The daily one of the seated woman is constructed in a new space, called agricultural nesting whose formation if presents with proper singularity to a social and economic context and politician of the Great River of the North. Its passages of life are permeaty by different violences suffered in its daily one and its sexuality is weaveeed by a set of rules that the naturalization of the subordination of the woman in relation to the man keeps. The societies use the systems of the relations between men and women and transform the biological characteristic into activities human beings

O trabalho doméstico de adolescentes: naturalização da exclusão e submissão

This work demonstrates important aspects of domestic work performed by adolescents between 16 and 18 years in residential spaces. This is to highlight the process of naturalization of invisibility, their source of insecurity and social exclusion, in view of the strong personal relationship of domination. Pointing out the relations of pseudo-affection that can obscure the exploitation of domestic labor. Highlight a preliminary discussion on the composition of social relations embedded in the context of domestic work, with emphasis on reflection on the condition of subordination of young domestic workers as a result of a process of socialization consists of relations of domination - gender and social class, resulting in formation of social identity-forming negative stigma. This paper results from a survey of the work of young maids, held in the city of Aracaju, whose main objective was to understand how they operated the differences and inequalities in the relations of domestic based, including information on adolescents' own. Fieldwork was conducted from August 2009 to January 2010 and data collection techniques were used oral history / life history, questionnaires and use of semi-structured interviews, as well as secondary data from PNAD / IBGE which formed the basis of comparative national situation and local context. It emphasizes the links of domestic work involving teenagers question the lifestyles of working class who are confronted by the various "systems" for each home, which leads to the development of adaptation strategies that make possible the coexistence of a stranger the house at the other. It focuses on how the work goes into their lives in terms of socialization offered by working families to their children's, and as this class habitus is adequate for the job market in domestic employment through a socialization process that sometimes opposes and now reinforces the practices and values seized in family socialization

Habitus e territorialidade na composição da dinâmica imobiliária em Natal/RN

Many have sought to understand the spatial processes, which originate from land development and real estate dynamics, seeking also to build new categories of analysis to put some light on the less evident aspects of this process. The discussion about production of space has been adopted in this study, but has proved insufficient to explain this complex urban reality. Here, it is analysed the ways that, in Natal, the market fosters the material basis for capital accumulation. The research had as methodological basis, the analysis of discourse, having full interviews with institutional agents as background. It aimed at understanding the complex, material configuration in urban space. It thus investigates the theory of practices of existing (private and public) agents towards the real estate market, using several concepts, like production of space (Lefèbvre and Harvey); habitus (Bourdieu); spatial fix (Harvey); and territoriality (Haesbaert). Evidence shows that there has been a process of ‗naturalization of certain practices in the market that has had implications for the production of an urban space that is both segmented and segregated, giving rise also to complex material configurations, including different forms of heterotopies (Foucault). These spaces result from capital s own creative dynamics and of the reach for social realization for different groups of people making a living under different economic conditions of income.

A dança dos monstros: corpo e estética na arte e na Educação Física

The speeches about the body in interface with the technology, that fulfill the contemporary discussions, have been a stage of innumerable ethical, epistemological, aesthetic and ontological reflections. These happened bodies of the biotechnological scene also invade the dance, making several possible dialogues, making old concepts instable, opening way to revealing explorations and bringing with it implications and reflections. In this context, this research has as objective to discuss relations between body and technology in the dance; to understand the aesthetic configurations of the monster in the dance as possibility to question the body; to establish relations between the monstrous body in the dance and the conceptions of body in the Physical Education. We believe to be able to contribute for the reflection in the field of the Physical Education, since the work visualizes to extend the field of the discussions on aesthetic body and, as well as evidencing dialogues between different areas of the knowledge, as the Art and the Physical Education. From the point of view of the method, the work follows orientation of the Phenomenology for an aesthetic image appreciation of the videos in the choreographies In'perfeito and Violência of Cena 11, Dance Group that has marked new aesthetic configurations in the brazilian dance. Thus, we took for us the reflections on the "significant scenes" proposed by Bicudo (2000), to appreciate the dance of Cena 11. We emphasize that, after the identification of the Significant Scenes, it was necessary to approach these scenes from close senses, from which we detach the appearance, the space and the gesture. We evidence that, the bodies revealed by the group Cena 11, show an aesthetic that it interlaces the beauty, the ugly and the grotesque. An aesthetic of the unharmony, capable to transgress the oppositions, dialoguing with multiple antagonisms and that it amplifies the apollonian aesthetic linear rules, so predominant in the history of the dance and the Physical Education. We identify some indicatives that take us to the problematizations on an affective and anarchic body, when questioning the tyranny of the perfect corporality; the naturalization of the pain; the closed gesture in a finished and unique grammar; the standardization of feminine and masculine roles and the negation of the feeling. From these indicatives, we discuss the aesthetic of the deformed bodies of Cena 11, approaching it of the conceptions of body in the Physical Education, sometimes criticizing the rationalists and naturalistic views, sometimes dialoguing with more recent perspectives studied by researchers of this area of knowledge, which point to a reflection on the body under the optics of the sensible

A maternidade na história e a história dos cuidados maternos

Neste artigo, discute-se a naturalização de conceitos e práticas relacionadas à maternidade e aos cuidados maternos, associando-se sua construção social às modificações pelas quais a família tem passado, na Europa e no Brasil, a partir das transformações que permitiram a organização dos Estados modernos e acompanharam a instalação da ordem econômica burguesa. Enfoca-se a maneira como o discurso médico colaborou na promoção de novas formas de relação familiar pelo favorecimento de características específicas para o papel materno, destacando-se a participação tanto da Medicina quanto da Psicologia na instituição das novas configurações que os processos de subjetivação têm assumido na atualidade.

Os argumentos transcendentais: kant e o problema de hume

This work whose title is "The transcendental arguments: Kant Andy Hume's problem" has as its main objective to interpret Kant's answer to Hume's problem in the light of the conjunction of the causality and induction themes which is equivalent to skeptical- naturalist reading of the latter. In this sense, this initiative complements the previous treatment seen in our dissertation, where the same issue had been discussed from a merely skeptical reading that Kant got from Hume thought and was only examined causality. Among the specific objectives, we list the following: a) critical philosophy fulfills three basic functions, a founding, one negative and one would argue that the practical use of reason, here named as defensive b) the Kantian solution of Hume's problem in the first critisism would fulfill its founding and negative functions of critique of reason; c) the Kantian treatment of the theme of induction in other criticisms would will fulfill the defense function of critique of reason; d) that the evidence of Kant's answer to Hume's problem are more consistent when will be satisfied these three functions or moments of criticism. The basic structure of the work consists of three parts: the first the genesis of Hume's problem - our intention is to reconstruct Hume's problem, analyzing it from the perspective of two definitions of cause, where the dilution of the first definition in the second match the reduction of psychological knowledge to the probability of following the called naturalization of causal relations; whereas in the second - Legality and Causality - it is stated that when considering Hume in the skeptic-naturalist option, Kant is not entitled to respond by transcendental argument A􀁴B; A⊢B from the second Analogy, evidence that is rooted in the position of contemporary thinkers, such as Strawson and Allison; in third part - Purpose and Induction - admits that Kant responds to Hume on the level of regulative reason use, although the development of this test exceeds the limits of the founding function of criticism. And this is articulated in both the Introduction and Concluding Remarks by meeting the defensive [and negative] function of criticism. In this context, based on the use of so-called transcendental arguments that project throughout the critical trilogy, we provide solution to a recurring issue that recurs at several points in our submission and concerning to the "existence and / or the necessity of empirical causal laws. In this light, our thesis is that transcendental arguments are only an apodictic solution to the Hume s skeptical-naturalist problem when is at stake a practical project in which the interest of reason is ensured, as will, in short, proved in our final considerations

Trilled sounds in Brazilian Portuguese: Phonetic and phonological characterization

This paper deals with the phonological definition of trills in Brazilian Portuguese. The phonemic existence of two distinctive R's, one soft the other strong, is taken for granted. After reviewing the ideas of some Portuguese-speaking phoneticians on this matter, 146 occurrences of R's - recorded by two informants - were acoustically analyzed, the formants' general aspect and the length of the R segments were studied in the resulting spectrograms. The phonological table displayed in the conclusion does not include any trill. The soft phoneme /r/, instead, is classified as an interrupted apico-alveolar tap with a retroflex allophone. Naturalization between these two units is discarded.t