Biographia Hibernica : a biographical dictionary of the worthies of Ireland, from the earliest periods to the present time /

Spine title : Worthies of Ireland.

Zoologia medicinalis hibernica or, A treatise of birds, beasts, fishes, reptiles, or insects in this kingdom : giving an account of their medicinal virtues, and their names in English, Irish, and Latin : to which is added, a short treatise of the diagnostic and prognostic parts of medicine .../

Mode of access: Internet.

Archæologia Hibernica : a hand-book of Irish antiquities, pagan and Christian : especially of such as are of easy access from the Irish metropolis /

Includes index.

Flora hibernica, comprising the flowering plants, ferns, characeæ, musci, hepaticæ, lichenes and algæ of Ireland, arranged according to the natural systems, with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnæan system.

Mode of access: Internet.

Infecciones víricas espontáneas en hurones domésticos (Mustela putorius furo)

Programa de doctorado: Sanidad animal

Neoplasias y seudoneoplasias en el hurón (Mustela putorius furo)

El hurón (Mustela putorius furo) se ha convertido en una mascota exótica muy popular. Las enfermedades neoplásicas de los hurones son una sección relevante en la patología quirúrgica veterinaria. En este trabajo se presentan la descripción morfológica y el diagnóstico de 9 neoplasias y otras 3 pseudoneoplasias. Los diagnósticos corresponden a biopsias recibidas en un laboratorio particular de patología veterinaria en Monterrey, N.L., durante el período enero 2010 a diciembre 2014. Los diagnósticos incluyen: tumor de células cebadas (2/12), linfoma (2/12), mesotelioma en peritoneo (1/12), epitelioma sebáceo (1/12), leiomiosarcoma (1/12), cordoma (1/12), carcinoma cortical adrenal (1/12). En algunos casos cuando así lo ameritaba se realizaron tinciones especiales e inmunohistoquímica. Las lesiones pseudoneoplásicas resultaron ser linfadenitis (1/12) esplenomegalia (1/12) y quiste de glándulas apócrinas (1/12). En un hurón se demostró la concomitancia de dos lesiones, quiste de glándulas apócrinas y mastocitoma. En este estudio se reconoció un cordoma y un carcinoma cortical de adrenal, neoplasias raras en animales pero frecuentes en el hurón. Sin embargo, no se identificó el insulinoma, también referido frecuentemente en hurones. Esto puede deberse al escaso número de muestras. La presentación espontánea de neoplasias en el hurón constituye un área de enorme interés en patología quirúrgica veterinaria y también en patología comparada.

Mechanisms and molecular regulation of mammalian tooth replacement

In most non-mammalian vertebrates, such as fish and reptiles, teeth are replaced continuously. However, tooth replacement in most mammals, including human, takes place only once and further renewal is apparently inhibited. It is not known how tooth replacement is genetically regulated, and little is known on the physiological mechanism and evolutionary reduction of tooth replacement in mammals. In this study I have attempted to address these questions. In a rare human condition cleidocranial dysplasia, caused by a mutation in a Runt domain transcription factor Runx2, tooth replacement is continued. Runx2 mutant mice were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Runx2 function. Microarray analysis from dissected embryonic day 14 Runx2 mutant and wild type dental mesenchymes revealed many downstream targets of Runx2, which were validated using in situ hybridization and tissue culture methods. Wnt signaling inhibitor Dkk1 was identified as a candidate target, and in tissue culture conditions it was shown that Dkk1 is induced by FGF4 and this induction is Runx2 dependent. These experiments demonstrated a connection between Runx2, FGF and Wnt signaling in tooth development and possibly also in tooth replacement. The role of Wnt signaling in tooth replacement was further investigated by using a transgenic mouse model where Wnt signaling mediator β-catenin is continuously stabilized in dental epithelium. This stabilization led to activated Wnt signaling and to the formation of multiple enamel knots. In vitro and transplantation experiments were performed to examine the process of extra tooth formation. We showed that new teeth were continuously generated and that new teeth form from pre-existing teeth. A morphodynamic activator-inhibitor model was used to simulate enamel knot formation. By increasing the intrinsic production rate of the activator (β-catenin), the multiple enamel knot phenotype was reproduced by computer simulations. It was thus concluded that β-catenin acts as an upstream activator of enamel knots, closely linking Wnt signaling to the regulation of tooth renewal. As mice do not normally replace teeth, we used other model animals to investigate the physiological and genetic mechanisms of tooth replacement. Sorex araneus, the common shrew was earlier reported to have non-functional tooth replacement in all antemolar tooth positions. We showed by histological and gene expression studies that there is tooth replacement only in one position, the premolar 4 and that the deciduous tooth is diminished in size and disappears during embryogenesis without becoming functional. The growth rates of deciduous and permanent premolar 4 were measured and it was shown by competence inference that the early initiation of the replacement tooth in relation to the developmental stage of the deciduous tooth led to the inhibition of deciduous tooth morphogenesis. It was concluded that the evolutionary loss of deciduous teeth may involve the early activation of replacement teeth, which in turn suppress their predecessors. Mustela putorius furo, the ferret, has a dentition that resembles that of the human as ferrets have teeth that belong to all four tooth families, and all the antemolar teeth are replaced once. To investigate the replacement mechanism, histological serial sections from different embryonic stages were analyzed. It was noticed that tooth replacement is a process which involves the growth and detachment of the dental lamina from the lingual cervical loop of the deciduous tooth. Detachment of the deciduous tooth leads to a free successional dental lamina, which grows deeper into the mesenchyme, and later buds the replacement tooth. A careful 3D analysis of serial histological sections was performed and it was shown that replacement teeth are initiated from the successional dental lamina and not from the epithelium of the deciduous tooth. The molecular regulation of tooth replacement was studied and it was shown by examination of expression patterns of candidate regulatory genes that BMP/Wnt inhibitor Sostdc1 was strongly expressed in the buccal aspect of the dental lamina, and in the intersection between the detaching deciduous tooth and the successional dental lamina, suggesting a role for Sostdc1 in the process of detachment. Shh was expressed in the enamel knot and in the inner enamel epithelium in both generations of teeth supporting the view that the morphogenesis of both generations of teeth is regulated by similar mechanisms. In summary, histological and molecular studies on different model animals and transgenic mouse models were used to investigate tooth replacement. This thesis work has significantly contributed to the knowledge on the physiological mechanisms and molecular regulation of tooth replacement and its evolutionary suppression in mammals.

Viral metagenomic analysis of feces of wild small carnivores

Background: Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the enormous virus diversity that exists among wild animals. This exemplifies the required expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in wildlife, as well as the potential transmission of these viruses to domestic animals or humans. Methods: In the present study we evaluated the viral diversity of fecal samples (n = 42) collected from 10 different species of wild small carnivores inhabiting the northern part of Spain using random PCR in combination with next-generation sequencing. Samples were collected from American mink (Neovison vison), European mink (Mustela lutreola), European polecat (Mustela putorius), European pine marten (Martes martes), stone marten (Martes foina), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) and Eurasian badger (Meles meles) of the family of Mustelidae; common genet (Genetta genetta) of the family of Viverridae; red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of the family of Canidae and European wild cat (Felis silvestris) of the family of Felidae. Results: A number of sequences of possible novel viruses or virus variants were detected, including a theilovirus, phleboviruses, an amdovirus, a kobuvirus and picobirnaviruses. Conclusions: Using random PCR in combination with next generation sequencing, sequences of various novel viruses or virus variants were detected in fecal samples collected from Spanish carnivores. Detected novel viruses highlight the viral diversity that is present in fecal material of wild carnivores.

Inferring Population Genetic Structure in Widely and Continuously Distributed Carnivores: The Stone Marten (Martes foina) as a Case Study

The stone marten is a widely distributed mustelid in the Palaearctic region that exhibits variable habitat preferences in different parts of its range. The species is a Holocene immigrant from southwest Asia which, according to fossil remains, followed the expansion of the Neolithic farming cultures into Europe and possibly colonized the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Neolithic (ca. 7,000 years BP). However, the population genetic structure and historical biogeography of this generalist carnivore remains essentially unknown. In this study we have combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing (621 bp) and microsatellite genotyping (23 polymorphic markers) to infer the population genetic structure of the stone marten within the Iberian Peninsula. The mtDNA data revealed low haplotype and nucleotide diversities and a lack of phylogeographic structure, most likely due to a recent colonization of the Iberian Peninsula by a few mtDNA lineages during the Early Neolithic. The microsatellite data set was analysed with a) spatial and non-spatial Bayesian individual-based clustering (IBC) approaches (STRUCTURE, TESS, BAPS and GENELAND), and b) multivariate methods [discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and spatial principal component analysis (sPCA)]. Additionally, because isolation by distance (IBD) is a common spatial genetic pattern in mobile and continuously distributed species and it may represent a challenge to the performance of the above methods, the microsatellite data set was tested for its presence. Overall, the genetic structure of the stone marten in the Iberian Peninsula was characterized by a NE-SW spatial pattern of IBD, and this may explain the observed disagreement between clustering solutions obtained by the different IBC methods. However, there was significant indication for contemporary genetic structuring, albeit weak, into at least three different subpopulations. The detected subdivision could be attributed to the influence of the rivers Ebro, Tagus and Guadiana, suggesting that main watercourses in the Iberian Peninsula may act as semi-permeable barriers to gene flow in stone martens. To our knowledge, this is the first phylogeographic and population genetic study of the species at a broad regional scale. We also wanted to make the case for the importance and benefits of using and comparing multiple different clustering and multivariate methods in spatial genetic analyses of mobile and continuously distributed species.

Dog chromosome-specific paints reveal evolutionary inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in the American mink and human

Forty chromosome-specific paint probes of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris, 2n = 78) were used to delineate conserved segments on metaphase chromosomes of the American mink (Mustela vison, 2n = 30) by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Half of the 38 canine autosomal probes each painted one pair of homologous segments in a diploid mink metaphase, whereas the other 19 dog probes each painted from two to five pairs of discrete segments. In total, 38 canine autosomal paints highlighted 71 pairs of conserved segments in the mink. These painting results allow us to establish a complete comparative chromosome map between the American mink and domestic dog. This map demonstrates that extensive chromosome rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of the dog and American mink. The 38 dog autosomes could be reconstructed from the 14 autosomes of the American mink through at least 47 fissions, 25 chromosome fusions, and six inversions. Furthermore, comparison of the current dog/mink map with the published human/dog map discloses 23 cryptic intrachromosomal rearrangements in 10 regions of conserved synteny in the human and American mink genomes and thus further refined the human/mink comparative genome map. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel.

艾虎对不同猎物的选择性

在室内条件下,将高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）、高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）和根田鼠（Microtus oeconomus）作为艾虎（Mustela eversmanni）的猎物选择对象,研究艾虎对猎物的选择性及艾虎捕杀猎物的行为时间分配.实验结果表明：艾虎对三种猎物的搜寻时间和搜寻频次基本一致,在搜寻猎物的过程中并非已知洞道系统中所存在的食物信息,是一种机会主义的捕食者;艾虎除了具有典型鼬科动物捕杀猎物的方法外,能够根据猎物的大小、活动性和反捕食能力采用不同的捕杀方法,在捕杀猎物的过程中首先捕杀高原鼢鼠,其致死部位全部为头部,其次捕杀高原鼠兔,其致死部位除了头部外,明显增加了颈部的比例,最后捕杀根田鼠,其致死部位主要是头部和胸部;艾虎在捕杀猎物的过程中,追击根田鼠的时间最多,追击鼢鼠的时间最少,而用于捕杀根田鼠的时间最少,用于捕杀鼢鼠的时间最多,艾虎捕杀高原鼠兔后单位时间内获得的能量值最大,其次为捕杀高原鼢鼠,而捕杀根田鼠后单位时间内活动的能量值最小.因此,在室内条件下艾虎对猎物的选择性主要依赖于其本身处理猎物的行为时间分配和猎物的反捕食行为,使单位时间内获得的能量值最大[动物学报 52（3）：437-443,2006].

艾虎对猎物和捕食者气味的反应

在室内条件下通过双通道选择实验确定艾虎（Mustela eversmanni）在通过不同气味源的场所中的取食量以及利用时间和利用频次，由此分析捕食者气味和猎物气味对艾虎取食行为的影响。研究结果表明，在无任何气味源存在时，艾虎在对照气味和对照气味组这两个场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次基本一致。在猎物高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）气味和对照气味组及高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）气味和对照气味组的两组实验中，艾虎在通过猎物气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次与对照气味场所中比较也无明显的差异，但是在天敌动物赤狐（Vulpes vulpes）气味存在的条件下，艾虎明显减少在通过赤狐气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次。同时，当间接捕食风险天敌动物赤狐气味存在时，艾虎明显增加了总的取食量，减少了在巢箱中居住的时间，而将更多的时间停留在无风险的场所中，这说明艾虎能够利用天敌动物赤狐的气味，采用增加取食量和减少高风险区域活动时间的策略来降低被捕食风险。

Adiciones al catálogo de líquenes de la isla de Madeira (Portugal)

Se comentan 12 especies de líquenes que no estaban citadas anteriormente para la isla de Madeira. Blarneya hibernica es nueva cita para la región Macaronésica.