A função adaptativa da transmissão cultural

O principal objetivo deste artigo é sugerir como podemos explicar a transmissão cultural dentro de um quadro evolucionista geral, aceitável da perspectiva naturalista. Para fazer isso, primeiro reconsiderarei duas das principais teorias que foram propostas com o mesmo objetivo, a saber, a sociobiologia e a memética. Em relação primeira, preservarei a ideia de que a origem dos traços culturais reside em uma adaptação biológica. Relativamente segunda teoria, aceitarei que há um sentido, em que os traços culturais são adaptados, que difere do simples "incremento da fitness biológica". O segundo objetivo, estreitamente relacionado com o primeiro, é explicar porque certos fenômenos culturais não biologicamente adaptativos, as mal-adaptações, mantêm-se e, assim, apresentar um esquema interpretativo adaptacionista, mas não genocêntrico, para a compreensão das dinâmicas culturais. A fim de articular minhas teses em uma proposta original, farei uso das ideias de Boyd e Richerson e introduzirei a distinção entre adaptações de primeira e de segunda ordem.

Gedächtniswesen und Bildparasiten. ›Lebende Bilder‹ als Weltseuche?

W. J. T. Mitchell, einer der großen gegenwärtigen Theorie-Gurus der Bildertheorie, veröffentlichte 2005 ein Buch mit dem merkwürdigen Titel What Do Pictures Want? In deutscher Übersetzung wurde daraus, mit einem beglaubigenden Vorwort von Hans Belting, Das Leben der Bilder und eine regelrechte Theorie der visuellen Kultur. Bilder sollen Mitchell zufolge eigenen Trieben und Sehnsüchten folgen. Dahinter verbergen sich offensichtlich jene ›kulturellen Replikatoren‹, die Meme, die der umstrittene Biologe Richard Dawkins 1976 in die Welt setzte. – Es lohnt sich, die Entwicklung dieser ›Bildparasiten‹ im menschlichen Gedächtniswesen zu verfolgen.

The Philanthropy Scale: a Sociological Perspective in Measuring New Forms of Pro Social Behaviour

In wealthy countries, philanthropy is conspicuous back on stage. It appears in new forms, worldwide. As a result, scholarly attention for philanthropy is growing. Philanthropic goals refer to persons, groups and communities who, in most cases, are not personally known to the giver. In research, however, philanthropic motivations of individuals are usually measured by socio-psychological scales which presuppose direct interactions. Measuring philanthropy could therefore be improved by incorporating a sociological frame of reference as well. As a starting point, this article presents a preliminary version of the philanthropy scale that has been tested in the panel survey of the Giving in the Netherlands (GIN) study. The results are discussed in terms of shortcomings and challenges for further research.

Gedächtniswesen & Bildparasiten. ›Lebende Bilder‹ als Weltseuche?

W. J. T. Mitchell, einer der großen gegenwärtigen Theorie-Gurus der Bildertheorie, veröffentlichte 2005 ein Buch mit dem merkwürdigen Titel What Do Pictures Want? In deutscher Übersetzung wurde daraus, mit einem beglaubigenden Vorwort von Hans Belting, Das Leben der Bilder und eine regelrechte Theorie der visuellen Kultur. Bilder sollen Mitchell zufolge eigenen Trieben und Sehnsüchten folgen. Dahinter verbergen sich offensichtlich jene ›kulturellen Replikatoren‹, die Meme, die der umstrittene Biologe Richard Dawkins 1976 in die Welt setzte. – Es lohnt sich, die Entwicklung dieser ›Bildparasiten‹ im menschlichen Gedächtniswesen zu verfolgen.

Multi-Environment Model Estimation for Motility Analysis of Caernorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-known model organism used to investigate fundamental questions in biology. Motility assays of this small roundworm are designed to study the relationships between genes and behavior. Commonly, motility analysis is used to classify nematode movements and characterize them quantitatively. Over the past years, C. elegans' motility has been studied across a wide range of environments, including crawling on substrates, swimming in fluids, and locomoting through microfluidic substrates. However, each environment often requires customized image processing tools relying on heuristic parameter tuning. In the present study, we propose a novel Multi-Environment Model Estimation (MEME) framework for automated image segmentation that is versatile across various environments. The MEME platform is constructed around the concept of Mixture of Gaussian (MOG) models, where statistical models for both the background environment and the nematode appearance are explicitly learned and used to accurately segment a target nematode. Our method is designed to simplify the burden often imposed on users; here, only a single image which includes a nematode in its environment must be provided for model learning. In addition, our platform enables the extraction of nematode ‘skeletons’ for straightforward motility quantification. We test our algorithm on various locomotive environments and compare performances with an intensity-based thresholding method. Overall, MEME outperforms the threshold-based approach for the overwhelming majority of cases examined. Ultimately, MEME provides researchers with an attractive platform for C. elegans' segmentation and ‘skeletonizing’ across a wide range of motility assays.

Liberación y esquizofrenia en "Tengo" de Nicolás Guillén

Escrito en el apogeo de la Revolución Cubana, “Tengo," que comparte el nombre del libro donde aparece, es una celebración eufórica del triunfo del hombre común y corriente. También documenta el punto de cambio de la doxa, al mostrar cómo “Juan sin nada" se convirtió en “Juan con todo". Esta investigación utiliza la teoría bourdieusiana para documentar cómo los cambios sociales deben aparecer en el nivel de habitus antes de manifestarse en el nivel físico. Este fallo tiene consecuencias muy importante para el poeta como “maestro de memes".

ARED: human AU-rich element-containing mRNA database reveals an unexpectedly diverse functional repertoire of encoded proteins

The adenylate uridylate-rich elements (AREs) mediate the rapid turnover of mRNAs encoding proteins that regulate cellular growth and body response to exogenous agents such as microbes, inflammatory and environmental stimuli. However, the full repertoire of ARE-containing mRNAs is unknown. Here, we explore the distribution of AREs in human mRNA sequences. Computational derivation of a 13-bp ARE pattern was performed using multiple expectation maximization for motif elicitations (MEME) and consensus analyses. This pattern was statistically validated for the specificity towards the 3′-untranslated region and not coding region. The computationally derived ARE pattern is the basis of a database which contains non-redundant full-length ARE-mRNAs. The ARE-mRNA database (ARED; http://rc.kfshrc.edu.sa/ared) reveals that ARE-mRNAs encode a wide repertoire of functionally diverse proteins that belong to different biological processes and are important in several disease states. Cluster analysis was performed using the ARE sequences to demonstrate potential relationships between the type and number of ARE motifs, and the functional characteristics of the proteins.

Quebec, Canada, 1694 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Quebec : ville de l'Amerique septentrionale dans la Nouvelle France avec titre d' eveché située sur le fleuve de St. Laurent a 310 degz 17 minutes de longitudes et 46 degr. 55 minutes de latitudes : elle fut assiegée par les Anglois sur les François par qui elle est encore possedée l'an 1670 depuis le 16.e Octobre jusqu'a 22 du meme mois, monsr. de Frontenac estant pour lors gouverneur du paijs qui leur fit honteusement lever le siege, H.v. Loon fecit. It was published Chez le Sr. de Fer in 1694. Scale [ca. 1:23,000]. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 19N NAD 1983 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings with names of landowners, fortification, English ships and lines-of-fire, ground cover, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes index and notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Quebec, Canada, 1694 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Quebec : ville de l'Amerique septentrional dans la Nouvelle France avec titre d'evehé situe [sic] sur le fleuve de St. Laurent a 310 degrez 17 min. de la longitudes et 46 degrez 55 min. de latitudes : elle fut assiegéé [sic] par les Anglois les Francois [sic] par qui elle est encore possedéé [sic] l'an 1670 depuis le 16 Octobre jusqu 'au [sic] 22 du meme mois, monsieur de Frontenac etant pour lors gouverneur du pais, qui leur fit honeteusement lever le siege. Scale [ca. 1:24,000]. Map in French. Manuscript copy after Fer's Quebec map of 1694, engraved by H.v.Loon. Unknown copy date. Made for Francis Parkman. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 19N NAD 1983 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings with names of landowners, fortification, ground cover, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Dublin, Ireland, 1756 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A plan of the city of Dublin and the environs on the same scale of London, Paris, & Rome = Plan de Dublin et de ces environs sur la meme echelle de ceux de Londres, Paris, et Rome, by John Rocque Chorographer to his R.H., the Prince of Wales = par J. Roche chorographe de S. A.R. Monseigneur le Prince de Galles; J.J. Perret, sculpt. It was published by J. Rocque in 1756. Scale [ca. 1:2,500]. Covers a portion of Dublin, Ireland. Map in English and French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Irish National Grid coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Depths shown by soundings. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

West & Central Africa, ca. 1752 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Guinea propria : nec non Nigritiae vel terrae Nigrorum maxima pars : Geographis hodiernis dicta utraque Aethiopia Inferior, & huius quidem pars australis ex delineationibus Anvillianis itineri Guineensi D. de Marchais insertis secundum Leges proiectionis stereographicae Hasianae, designata & edita studio & labore Homannianorum Heredum A. 1743 = Guinée de meme que la plus grande parties du pais des Negres : appellées par les geographes modernes Ethiopie inferieure et meridionale, tirées des morceaux geographiques de Mr. d'Anville, qu'il a inseres au voyage du Chev. de Marchais, & puis dessinées suivant les loix de la nouvelle projection de feu Mr. le prof. Has, par les Heritiers d'Homan. A 1743. It was published by edita studio & labore Homannianorum Heredum ca. 1752. Scale [ca. 1:7,400,000]. Covers portions of West and Central Africa. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Histoire universelle divisée en vingt-quatre livres /

Contiene: t. 1 - t. 3 - t. 4.

Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences : année MDCCI , avec les memoires de mathematique et de physique, pour la même année, tirés des registres de cette Academie.

Contiene: Ann? MDCCI : avec les memoires de mathematique & de physique, pour la meme année.

Oeuvres completes de Voltaire : tome soixante-dixième

Vie de Voltaire par le Marquis de Condorcet ; Choix de pieces justificatives pour la vie de Voltaire ; Mémoires pour servir a la vie de M. de Voltaire ecrits par lui-meme ; Table générale alphabetique des oeuvres de Voltaire en 70 volumes in-8º.

Histoire universelle divisée en vingt-quatre livres /

Contiene: t. 2, t. 4.